System for Cross-domain Identity Management: Definitions, Overview, Concepts, and Requirements

Introduction The System for Cross-domain Identity Management (SCIM) family of specifications and is designed to manage resources used in the practice of identity management that need to be communicated across internet domains and services, with users and groups as the default resources supported (and an extensibility model for additional resource definitions). The specifications have two primary goals: 1. A common representation of a resource object and its attributes. 2. Standardized patterns for how those resources can be operated on, including "CRUD" operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) for resource objects and more advanced goals such as search filters, synchronization of large resource populations, etc. These goals are codified as a data model in , which defines resources, attributes, and default schemas, as well as a protocol definition built on HTTP in . By standardizing the data model and protocol for resource management, entire ecosystems can achieve better interoperability, security, and scalability. This document provides definitions, overviews, concepts, flows, and use cases that implementers may need to understand the design and applicability of the SCIM schema and SCIM protocol . Unlike some protocols like Application Bridging for Federated Access Beyond Web (ABFAB) and SAML2 WebSSO, SCIM provides provisioning and de-provisioning of resources in a separate context from authentication. While SCIM is a protocol that standardizes the movement of data only between two parties in an HTTP client-server model, this document discusses implementation patterns that use concepts beyond the core schema and protocol, which are necessary to understand how SCIM actions can fit into larger architectures.

Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in when they appear in ALL CAPS. These words may also appear in this document in lowercase as plain English words, absent their normative meanings. Here is a list of acronyms and abbreviations used in this document: * CRUD: Create, Read, Update, Delete * ERC: External Resource Creator * IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service * IDaaS: Identity as a Service * IdM: Identity Manager * JIT: Just In Time * RC: Resource Creator * RU: Resource Updater * RM: Resource Manager * RS: Resource Subscriber * RO: Resource Object * RA: Resource Attribute * SaaS: Software as a Service * SAML: Security Assertion Markup Language * SCIM: System for Cross-domain Identity Management * SET: Security Event Token * SSO: Single Sign-On

SCIM Components and Architecture The SCIM architecture is a client-server model centered on a normative concept of a "resource." Resources have types (such as a user or a group), and each unique instance of a resource type is represented by a JSON object, accessed via a standardized REST API. Each resource object can be managed individually or in bulk using actions that by default are specified in RFC9110, but may also expand to concepts in extension documents, such as security event tokens (SETs). This model enables organizations to represent information about user populations and the groups those user populations are part of using the core specifications, and to extend to other important resources using extension drafts in the same family, with the high-level concept of performing SCIM actions on resource objects. SCIM actions result in resource objects and associated data "moving" between the client and server, as clients actively push and pull information that reflects changes over time. This communication of data enables systems within domains and across domains to operate on the freshest possible version of object state.

The intent of the SCIM specification is to reduce the cost and complexity of resource management operations by providing common schemas and an extension model, as well as binding documents to offer patterns for exchanging this schema using standard protocols. In essence, it aims to make it fast, cheap, and easy to move resources into, out of, and around applications. The SCIM scenarios are overviews of user stories designed to help clarify the intended scope of the SCIM effort.

Implementation Concepts To understand the use cases, we need to familiarize ourselves with five different concepts of the SCIM protocol: Data Models, Protocol Roles, Orchestrator Roles, Triggers, and Actions.

Data Models SCIM defines two types of data entities: Resources and Attributes.

Resource Object (RO) A JSON object representing a user, group (or extension object like devices) used by the CRUD operations through the SCIM protocol. The Resource Object contains attributes defined by schemas such as those defined in and can be implemented via the endpoints and parameters defined in .

Resource Attribute (RA) A named element of a Resource Object (RO). Attributes are defined in section 2 of and include characteristics like cardinality (single or multiple values), data types (string, boolean, binary, etc.), and characteristics (required, unique, etc.).

Protocol Roles SCIM is based on the HTTP protocol; HTTP client and server roles are defined in and . Any SCIM interaction requires one participant to be a SCIM server and the other to be a SCIM client.

SCIM Server (also known as a SCIM Service Provider) An HTTP web application that provides identity information via the SCIM protocol. A SCIM Server is a RESTful API endpoint offering access to a data model that can be used to push or pull data between two parties. SCIM servers have additional responsibilities such as API security, managing client identifiers and keys, as well as performance management such as API throttling.

SCIM Client A website or application that uses the SCIM protocol to manage identity data maintained by the service provider. The client can initiate SCIM HTTP requests to a target SCIM Server. A SCIM Client is active software that can push or pull data between two parties.

Orchestrator Roles Orchestrators are the operating parties that take part in a SCIM protocol exchange and ensure data is moving in the correct flows. An entity can have one or more orchestrator roles, depending on the overall architecture.

Resource Creator (RC) An entity responsible for creating the Resource Object (RO). Typically, this role is found in HR or Resource Management (RM) applications that are responsible for creating resources and their attributes.

Resource Updater (RU) An entity responsible for updating specific Resource Attributes (RA) of a Resource Object (RO) or the RO itself. Typically, this role is used in conjunction with other SCIM roles that allow this SCIM entity to manage specific Resource Attributes (RA) and/or Resource Objects (RO).

Resource Manager (RM) An entity that aggregates or transforms Resource Objects (RO) from resource creators/updaters (RC/RU) and makes them available for Resource Subscribers (RS) using multiple SCIM interactions. An example of this role could be an Identity-as-a-Service (IDaaS) cloud service.

Resource Subscriber (RS) An entity that consumes Resource Objects (RO) and typically doesn't create new Objects or Attributes. An example would be a SaaS application that delivers a service and needs to create a database of Objects and would get those from an RM/RC/RU.

External Resource Creator (ERC) An entity that has information about Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA) but does not participate in SCIM flows. Examples include databases or internally-facing applications.

Triggers Triggers are activities that may cause a SCIM action to occur. Triggers can result from business processes like a corporate hiring event, scheduled events such as a Unix bash script running as a cron job, or SSO just-in-time events arriving at a federated relying party that identifies a previously unseen user. Triggers can also be standardized events, such as those in the OpenID Shared Signals Framework. Triggers are used to initiate CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations using SCIM Actions. The use cases described in this document can use one or multiple trigger mechanisms to achieve the goal of the SCIM element.

Periodic Intervals A periodic interval trigger is a pre-configured agreement where a SCIM client or server performs an action at a specific time. This trigger is often recurring and typically initiates an action from the SCIM Client, though in some use cases it can be done by the SCIM Server. An example of a periodic interval trigger could be a UNIX cron job calling a script.

Events Event triggers are activities, contexts, or notifications that could happen at any time. A SCIM client may be configured to perform a given SCIM action in response to a specific event, such as an entry written into an audit log, a signal of a corporate workflow completion, or a device management platform notification. SCIM actions could also be triggered by a Security Event Token (SET) as described in or a SCIM event corresponding to .

Application Triggers Application triggers occur when administrative or end-user interfaces are manipulated. An example of an application trigger might be a user modifying their profile information, resulting in a SCIM client performing an HTTP POST to update the user's resource object at the SCIM server. Another example might be an Identity Administrator creating a new User in the IdM, who immediately wants to update one or more resource Subscribers (typically a SaaS application that is a SCIM Server).

SSO (Single Sign-On) Single Sign-On triggers occur when a user authenticates via federated protocols such as SAML 2.0 or OpenID Connect. If a federated assertion arrives for a user who has not yet been provisioned into the destination application, the application may be triggered to perform just-in-time (JIT) provisioning. This trigger occurs in scenarios where a Single Sign-On flow happens, but not all the resource attributes for the user object are passed in the federated assertion, resulting in a SCIM action to push or pull the remaining needed attributes.

| | | (typically | | (typically an | | an IdM) | (2) | SaaS | | | <-------------------------------> | Application) | | | | | | RC/RU/RM | | RS | | | | | +---------------+ +---------------+ Figure 3: SCIM trigger using Single Sign-On ]]> An SSO trigger creates the user and might create some Resource Attributes (RA) of a Resource Object (RO). SCIM actions will then complement the attributes created initially through SSO JIT with additional Resource Attributes (RA) of the previously created Resource Objects (RO). This use case combines the SCIM protocol with other protocols used for Single Sign-On, especially in the context of JIT (Just-in-Time Provisioning). This is particularly useful with protocols like SAML, which are limited by the number of characters in the URL.

SCIM Actions The SCIM protocol defines interactions between two standardized parties that conform to HTTP RESTful conventions. The protocol enables CRUD operations by mapping these activities to HTTP verbs such as POST, PUT, GET, DELETE, etc. The protocol itself doesn't assume a direction of data flow, and use cases discussed in section 4 are created using the orchestrator roles. A SCIM entity can have multiple roles depending on the objective of the use case being described.

Client active Push A SCIM client uses HTTP verbs POST, PUT, or PATCH to create or update objects and/or attributes at a SCIM server. The SCIM client is actively "pushing" the data to the endpoint. This SCIM action can occur when the SCIM client is the primary Resource Creator/Updater (RC/RU). The most common and widely deployed example is a SCIM client providing information about a RO and its RA to a server, which is also called a SCIM Server in and .

| Server | | | | | | | (2) | | | | <-------------------------------- | | | RM/RC/RU | | RS | | | | | | | | | +----------------+ +----------------+ Figure 4: SCIM action for Client Active Push ]]> There will be push using a HTTP POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE depending on the operation that the Client want to achieve at the Server. The Service Provider will return the RO/RA with additional metadata information to allow for audit.

Client Active Pull A SCIM client uses the HTTP GET verb to request data from a SCIM server. With the action of an active pull, the client will fetch one or multiple objects from the SCIM server. Client active pulls can be used in situations where a client needs to maintain a synchronized large body of objects, such as a device list or user address book, without the need to track individual Resource Objects (RO) or Resource Attributes (RA). There are also cases where the client performs a one-time pull of only one specific RO from a server that manages many ROs. For example, a mobile app (SCIM Client) may fetch the current license entitlement from a Device Manager (SCIM Server).

| | | RC/RU/RM | | RS | | | | | | | | | +----------+ +----------+ Figure 5: SCIM action for Client Active Pull ]]> The SCIM client will perform an HTTP GET to obtain the selected list of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA). The SCIM Server will return the RO and its RA along with additional metadata information to allow for auditing.

Active Dynamic Query A SCIM client uses the HTTP GET verb to request data from a SCIM server. With the action of an active pull, the client will fetch one or multiple objects from the SCIM server. The response data from the SCIM server will include a Dynamic Query (DQ) token that allows the client to subsequent active pulls that will only return RO objects that have changed (including references to deleted objects). The data returned from a dynamic query is usually much smaller, and allows a client to focus only on processing incremental changes rather than performing a full sync every time. With this kind of action, SCIM reconciliations are possible, where the SCIM client can resolve inconsistencies created over time between the client and the SCIM server.

| | | RC/RU/RM | | RS/RU/RS | | | | | | | | | +----------+ +----------+ Figure 6: SCIM action for Client Active Dynamic Query ]]> The SCIM client will perform an HTTP GET requesting a delta list of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA) since the previous SCIM action. The SCIM Service Provider will return the delta list of RO and their RA along with additional metadata information for auditing purposes.

Domain Replication Mode This is an action specifically for triggers that are events. In this mode, there is an administrative relationship spanning multiple operational domains. Data shared in events typically uses the full mode variation of change events, including the data payload attribute. This eliminates the need for a callback to retrieve additional data. "Domain-Based Replication" events (DBR) are used to synchronize resource changes between SCIM service providers within a common administrative domain.

| Server | | | | | | | | RM/RC | (2) | | | | | /RU | -------------> | | | | | | | RS/RC/RU | | RS | | | | | | | +--------+ +---------------+ +---------+ Figure 7: SCIM actions aggregated by a SCIM server then transmitted via SCIM Events using Domain Replication Mode ]]> SCIM Action. SCIM Response. Event SCIM:prov:op id:xyz

Co-Ordinated Provisioning In these relationships, an Event Publisher and Receiver typically exchange resource change events without exchanging data. For the receiver to know the value of the data, the Event Receiver usually makes calls back to the SCIM Event Publisher domain to receive a new copy of the data (e.g., using a SCIM GET request). In any Event Publisher and Receiver relationship, the set of SCIM resources (e.g., users) that are linked or coordinated is managed within the context of an event feed, which MAY be a subset of the total set of resources on either side. For example, an event feed could be limited to users who have consented to the sharing of information between domains. To support this capability, "feed" specific events are defined to indicate the addition and removal of SCIM resources from a feed.

| Server | | | | | | | | RM/RC | (2) | | (4) | | | /RU | -------------> | | --------------> | | | | | RS/RC/RU | | RS | | | | | | | +--------+ +---------------+ +---------+ Figure 8: SCIM actions aggregated by a SCIM server then transmitted via SCIM Events using Co-Ordinated Provisioning ]]> SCIM Action. SCIM Response. Event SCIM:prov:op id:xyz SCIM Active Pull

SCIM Use Cases This section describes some common SCIM use cases, explaining when, where, why, and how they are found in cross-domain environments. The ultimate goal is to provide guidance for developers working on common models, explaining the challenges and components involved. Because SCIM is a protocol where two entities exchange information about resources across domains, the use cases explain how the different components can interact to support simple to complex architectures for cross-domain resource management. Orchestrator roles are mapped to the use cases to simplify the explanation of the multiple functions of the SCIM elements. The use cases build on each other, starting with simple cases and ending with the most complex ones.

Use Cases for Orchestrator Roles

Resource Subscriber (RS) A Resource Subscriber (RS) receives data from a remote corporate data store. This is a very common and simple SCIM use case, where the Resource Object (RO) and its Resource Attributes (RA) are created by another party. The CRUD operations on these resources trigger specific actions to facilitate the information exchange between two entities, typically the SCIM Client and Server. The Resource Subscriber (RS) will decide which RA (Resource Attributes) to consider and how the RO (Resource Object) will appear in its resource database. Typically, we find this kind of use case in small to mid-sized organizations, and it is usually seen in on-premises deployments.

Single-Tenant Resource Subscriber (RS) Resource Subscriber (RS) in a single tenant that can either be the SCIM Client or SCIM Server. Typically, we see this in an on-premise application.

Single-Tenant Resource Subscriber that is the SCIM Server It is common today for the SCIM Client, typically performing the roles of RM (Resource Manager), RC (Resource Creator), and RU (Resource Updater), to perform CRUD operations on the database of the RS (Resource Subscriber) using the Active Push method. This action delivers RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes) to the single-tenant RS. A good example would be an on-premises application (most commonly a single-tenant application) that creates its own database of objects for its own use, obtaining the objects from a central IdM (Identity Management) system.

Single-Tenant Resource Subscriber that is the SCIM Client The SCIM Client, which is the RS (Resource Subscriber), will perform CRUD operations on its own database using the Active and/or Delta Pull methods. Source information is available in the SCIM server, which is the IdM (Identity Management) system and is responsible for the roles of RM (Resource Manager), RC (Resource Creator), and RU (Resource Updater) for the RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes). A good example would be an on-premises application (most commonly a single-tenant application) that creates its own database of objects, such as devices, from a central IdM (Identity Management) system. This option is a good solution for situations where the RS (Resource Subscriber) is not reachable from the IdM.

Multi-Tenant Resource Subscriber It only differs from the Single-Tenant Resource Subscriber (RS) by supporting multiple tenants. Typically, we see this in SaaS applications.

Multi-Tenant Resource Subscriber that is the SCIM Server It is the most common today for the SCIM Client, typically performing the roles of RM (Resource Manager), RC (Resource Creator), and RU (Resource Updater), to perform CRUD operations on the database of the RS (Resource Subscriber) using the Active Push method. This action delivers RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes) to the multi-tenant RS (Resrouce Subscriber). A good example would be a SaaS application (most commonly a multi-tenant applications) that creates its own database of objects for its own use, obtaining the objects from a central IdM (Identity Management) system.

|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source A)| ||(Tenant A)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +----------+ |+----------+| | SCIM | || SCIM || | Client B | || Server || | | (1) || || | | -------------------------------->|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source B)| ||(Tenant B)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +----------+ |+----------+| | SCIM | || SCIM || | Client C | || Server || | | (1) || || | | -------------------------------->|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source C)| ||(Tenant C)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +------------+ Figure 11: Multi-Tenant Resource Subscriber that is the SCIM Server ]]> SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Multi-Tenant Resource Subscriber that is the SCIM Client The SCIM Client, which is the RS (Resource Subscriber), will perform CRUD operations on its own database using the Active and/or Delta Pull methods. Source information is available in the SCIM server, which is the IdM (Identity Management) system and is responsible for the roles of RM (Resource Manager), RC (Resource Creator), and RU (Resource Updater) for the RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes). A good example would be a SaaS application (most commonly a multi-tenant application) that creates its own database of objects for each of its tenants, using a central IdM (Identity Management) system. ~~~ Provision Domain +------------+ +----------+ |+----------+| | SCIM | || SCIM || | Server A | || Client || | | (1) || || | | -------------------------------->|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source A)| ||(Tenant A)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +----------+ |+----------+| | SCIM | || SCIM || | Server B | || Client || | | (1) || || | | -------------------------------->|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source B)| ||(Tenant B)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +----------+ |+----------+| | SCIM | || SCIM || | Server C | || Client || | | (1) || || | | -------------------------------->|| || | RC/RU/RM | || RS || | | || || |(Source C)| ||(Tenant C)|| +----------+ |+----------+| +------------+

SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull

Resource Creator (RC/RU) Single-tenant provisioning is done using a Resource Creator/Updater (RC/RU), which is responsible for creating the objects that will be passed across different systems. This is a very common and simple SCIM use case, where the Resource Object (RO) and its Resource Attributes (RA) are created. The CRUD operations on these resources trigger specific actions to facilitate the information exchange between two entities, typically the SCIM Client and Server. It is the responsibility of the Resource Creator/Updater to pass all relevant Resource Attributes (RA) for that specific RS/RM. Typically, we find this kind of use case in small to mid-sized organizations, mainly in on-premises systems, where there is no structured method to handle the resources.

Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater (RC/RU) Resource Creator/Updater in a single tenant that can either be the SCIM Client or SCIM Server. Typically, we see this in an on-premise application.

Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Client It is common today for the SCIM Client, typically performing the roles RC (Resource Creator) and RU (Resource Updater) to perform CRUD operations on the database of the RS (Resource Subscriber) or RM (Resrouce Manager) using the Active Push method. This action delivers RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes) from a single-tenant provision service to a Consumer. A good example would be traditional on-premises HR (Human Resource) applications that creates Resrouce Object (RO) either in central IdM (Identity Management) system or directly in a target aplications. ~~~ Provision Domain +----------+ +----------+ | SCIM | | SCIM | | Client | | Server | | | (1) | | | | --------------------------------> | | | RC/RU | | RS/RM | | | | | | (Source) | |(Consumer)| +----------+ +----------+ Figure 13: Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Client ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Server The SCIM Client, which can be the RS (Resource Subscriber) or RM (Resource Manager), will perform CRUD operations on its own database using the Active and/or Delta Pull methods. Source information is available in the SCIM server, which is the source system responsible for the roles of RC (Resource Creator) and RU (Resource Updater) for the RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes). A good example would be a traditional HR on-premises application (most commonly a single-tenant application) that creates its own database of objects and provides them to a SCIM client. The SCIM client can either be an RS (Resource Subscriber), typically a standalone application that requires object information from the HR application, or an RM (Resource Manager), such as an on-premises IdM that will consolidate and add additional RA (Resource Attributes) to the RO (Resource Objects). This option is a good solution for situations where the RS (Resource Subscriber) or RM (Resource Manager) is not reachable from the HR application. ~~~ Provision Domain +----------+ +----------+ | SCIM | | SCIM | | Server | | Client | | | (1) | | | | --------------------------------> | | | RC/RU | | RS/RM | | | | | | (Source) | |(Consumer)| +----------+ +----------+ Figure 14: Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Server ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull

Multi-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater (RC/RU) It only differs from the Single-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater (RC/RU) by supporting multiple tenants. A typically would be an HR SaaS aplication.

Multi-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Client It is common today for the SCIM Client, typically performing the roles of RC (Resource Creator) and RU (Resource Updater), to perform CRUD operations on the database of the RS (Resource Subscriber) or RM (Resource Manager) using the Active Push method. This action delivers RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes) from a multi-tenant provision service to a consumer. A good example would be any new SaaS HR (Human Resources) application that creates Resource Objects (RO) either in a central IdM (Identity Management) system or directly in target applications. ~~~ Provision Domain +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant A)|| |(Consumer A)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant B)|| |(Consumer B)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant C)|| |(Consumer C)| |+----------+| +------------+ +------------+ Figure 15: Multi-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Client ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Multi-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Server The SCIM Client, which can be the RS (Resource Subscriber) or RM (Resource Manager), will perform CRUD operations on its own database using the Active and/or Delta Pull methods. Source information is available in the SCIM server, which is the source system responsible for the roles of RC (Resource Creator) and RU (Resource Updater) for the RO (Resource Objects) and their RA (Resource Attributes). A good example would be a SaaS HR (Human Resource) application (most commonly a multi-tenant application) that has its own database of objects and provides them to a SCIM client. The SCIM client can either be an RS (Resource Subscriber), typically a standalone application that requires object information from the HR application, or an RM (Resource Manager), such as an on-premises IdM that will consolidate and add additional RA (Resource Attributes) to the RO (Resource Objects). ~~~ Provision Domain +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant A)|| |(Consumer A)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant B)|| |(Consumer B)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC/RU || | RS/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant C)|| |(Consumer C)| |+----------+| +------------+ +------------+ Figure 16: Multi-Tenant Resource Creator/Updater that is the SCIM Server ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull

Resource Management (RM) Typically, one or more upstream object databases populate the Resource Manager (RM), which then provides that resource information to downstream services requiring specific sets of the populated objects. The scenarios described in the next chapter will always outline the concept of upstream services, which are normally the sources of the objects, and downstream services, which are typically the consumers of the objects. A single-tenant Resource Manager (RM) will receive Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA) from an upstream entity, which can be either SCIM or non-SCIM. A good example of a non-SCIM upstream source would be connectors that synchronize users and groups using an HTTP REST interface to copy those objects from a database using legacy protocols like LDAP. Normally, the Resource Manager (RM) will accept objects from multiple sources, and it is its responsibility to understand which Resource Attributes (RA) to obtain from each source. There might also be independent agreements for different groups of Resource Objects (RO). The Resource Manager (RM) can also assume the roles of Resource Creator (RC) and Resource Updater (RU), where some or all of the Resource Objects (RO) or some of their Resource Attributes (RA) are created locally. These kinds of deployments are very common in greenfield deployments.

Single-Tenant Resource Manager (RM) Single-Tenant Resrouce Manager are tipically Identity Manager (IdM) that are on-premises, where the upStream is tipically also on-premise but the Downstream can iether be on-premise, Cloud or hybrid application.

Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server The upstream service will provide one or more sources of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA). If the source is a SCIM Client, it will use the Active Push method to deliver that information to the Resource Manager, which will be the SCIM Server and the consumer of those Resource Objects. The same Resource Manager will act as a SCIM server for the downstream consumer, which will be the SCIM Client performing the actions of Active/Delta Push. This is a partial implementation used by some IdM systems today, where they obtain Resource Objects from legacy databases using non-SCIM protocols and provide Resource Objects (RO) to downstream services, typically SaaS applications that need to create their own database of Resource Objects. ~~~ Provision Domain UpStream +-----------------------+ DownStream +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ | SCIM | || SCIM || SCIM || | SCIM | | Client | || Server || Server || | Client | | RC/RU | (1) || RS/RM || RM/RC/RU || | |
|(Source A)|------->|| || || | |
+----------+ || || || (3) | RS | +----------+ || RC/RU || ||------->| | | Non | || || || | | | SCIM | (2) |! !| || | | | |------->||(Consumer|| || |(Consumer|
|(Source B)| || A,B) ||(Source Z)|| | Z) | +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ +-----------------------+ Figure 17: Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push Non SCIM action SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull

Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Client The upstream service will provide one or more sources of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA). If the source is a SCIM Server, the Resource Manager, which will act as a SCIM Client, will use the Active/Delta Pull method to obtain that information. The same Resource Manager will act as a SCIM Server for the downstream consumer and will perform the action of pushing a select group of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA) to the consumer service. This is a partial implementation used by some IdM systems today, where they obtain Resource Objects from legacy databases using non-SCIM protocols and provide Resource Objects (RO) to downstream services, typically SaaS applications that need to create their own database of Resource Objects. ~~~ Provision Domain UpStream +-----------------------+ DownStream +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ | SCIM | || SCIM || SCIM || | SCIM | | Server | || Client || Client || | Server | | RC/RU | (1) || RS/RM || RM/RC/RU || | |
|(Source A)|------->|| || || | |
+----------+ || || || (3) | RS | +----------+ || RC/RU || ||------->| | | Non | || || || | | | SCIM | (2) |! !| || | | | |------->||(Consumer|| || |(Consumer|
|(Source B)| || A,B) ||(Source Z)|| | Z) | +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ +-----------------------+ Figure 18: Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Client ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull Non SCIM action SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server and SCIM Client The upstream service will provide one or more sources of Resource Objects (RO) and their Resource Attributes (RA). This scenario we will use as SCIM action Active/Delta Pull from the UpStream to the Resource Manager and the same action from it to the DownStream, for the scenarios where the initial Source is a SCIM server and the final Consumer is the SCIM Client. This scenarios we will use as SCIM action Active Push from the UpStream to the Resource Manager and the same action from it to the DownStream, for the scenarios where the initial Source is a SCIM Client and the final Consumer is the SCIM Server. This is a partial implementation used by some IdM systems today, where they obtain Resource Objects from legacy databases using non-SCIM protocols and provide Resource Objects (RO) to downstream services, typically SaaS applications that need to create their own database of Resource Objects. ~~~ Provision Domain UpStream +-----------------------+ DownStream +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ | SCIM | || SCIM || SCIM || | SCIM | | Server | || Client || Server || | Client | | RC/RU | (1) || RS/RM || RM/RC/RU || | |
|(Source A)|------->|| || || | |
+----------+ || || || (3) | RS | +----------+ || RC/RU || ||------->| | | Non | || || || | | | SCIM | (2) |! !| || | | | |------->||(Consumer|| || |(Consumer|
|(Source B)| || A,B) ||(Source Z)|| | Z) | +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ +-----------------------+ Figure 19: Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Client and SCIM Server ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull Non SCIM action SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull ~~~ Provision Domain UpStream +-----------------------+ DownStream +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ | SCIM | || SCIM || SCIM || | SCIM | | Client | || Server || Client || | Server | | RC/RU | (1) || RS/RM || RM/RC/RU || | |
|(Source A)|------->|| || || | |
+----------+ || || || (3) | RS | +----------+ || RC/RU || ||------->| | | Non | || || || | | | SCIM | (2) |! !| || | | | |------->||(Consumer|| || |(Consumer|
|(Source B)| || A,B) ||(Source Z)|| | Z) | +----------+ |+---------++----------+| +---------+ +-----------------------+ Figure 20: Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server and SCIM Client ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push Non SCIM action SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Multi-Tenant Resource Manager (RM) Multi-Tenant Resource Manager are typically Identity Manager (IdM) that are cloud base, normally designated as IDaaS, where the upStream and Downstream are either on-premise or Cloud base.

Multi-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server Same information as Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server but the Provision domain has multiple Tenants

Multi-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Client Same information as Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Client but the Provision domain has multiple Tenants

Multi-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server and SCIM Client Same information as Single-Tenant Resource Manager that is the SCIM Server and SCIM Client but the Provision domain has multiple Tenants

Specific Implementations

Partner Device Registry An important step in making a device work is to provide its details from the manufacturer to the customer. The Resource Object (RO) of the device, provided by the manufacturer, includes its Resource Attributes (RA), such as certificates, pairing protocols, and other relevant details.

Manufacturer details provided to customer by vendor that is the SCIM client The manufacturer is the multi-tenant SCIM client and will push details of devices acquired by specific customers to their SCIM servers. The customer will provide the SCIM server and will receive information from the acquired devices. Additionally, the customer will manage the attributes of those devices, assuming the roles of Resource Subscriber (RS), Resource Updater (RU), and Resource Manager (RM). After the initial creation of the Resource Object (RO) in the customer's device database, it will be the server's responsibility to add and update the Resource Attributes (RA). Typically, the device will reach out to a device manager in the customer's network, which will provide the SCIM server endpoint to the manufacturer. This task can also be done manually at the time of the device acquisition, allowing a SCIM push of the Resource Object (RO) to the customer's device management platform. ~~~ Provision Domain +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant A)|| |(Customer A)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant B)|| |(Costumer B)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Client || | Server | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant C)|| |(Costumer C)| |+----------+| +------------+ +------------+ Figure 21: Manufactor is the SCIM client and push RO to Customers ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Manufacturer details provided by requesting it from Customer that is the SCIM client The manufacturer is the multi-tenant SCIM server that holds the details of the Resource Objects, which it can provide to customers who acquire them. The customer will provide a SCIM client that will perform an Active Pull of the Resource Objects acquired from a specific manufacturer. The SCIM client will have the roles of Resource Subscriber (RS), Resource Manager (RM), and Resource Updater (RU), because after creating the Resource Object (RO) in its object database, it will be responsible for updating and modifying that object. This use case is especially interesting for customers whose Device Manager is not reachable from the Internet. In such cases, the Device Manager will act as a SCIM client and perform the action of pulling the Resource Object (RO) from the multi-tenant SCIM server provided by the manufacturer. ~~~ Provision Domain +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant A)|| |(Consumer A)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant B)|| |(Consumer B)| |+----------+| +------------+ |+----------+| +------------+ || SCIM || | SCIM | || Server || | Client | || || (1) | | || || --------------------------------> | | || RC || | RS/RU/RM | || || | | ||(Tenant C)|| |(Consumer C)| |+----------+| +------------+ +------------+ Figure 22: Manufactor is the SCIM Server and Customers Pull information about Device ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Pull

Device Identity Creation from Commissioner Tool When devices are initially provisioned from the client application (mobile application, web application, etc.), the client application will allow for the provision of additional details about the devices that are specific to that installation. Whether the commissioning tool is already SCIM-enabled or the client application includes the commissioning tool, there will ultimately be a SCIM action to perform an Active Push. This action will provide the additional Resource Attributes (RA) to be added to the Resource Object (RO) that is maintained in the device manager. ~~~ Device Manager Client App Commissioner Tool +--------+ +---------------+ (2) +----+ | | | SCIM client | <------> | RA | | SCIM | (1) | +----+ +----+ | +----+ | Server | <------------- | | RA | | RA | | (2) +----+ | | | +----+ +----+ | <------> | RA | | | +---------------+ +----+ | | Client App + Comissioner Tool | | +--------+ | RC/RU | (1) | RA | | RM/RS | <---------------------------- | SCIM | | | | Client | +--------+ +--------+ Figure 23: Commissioner tool provide Resource Attribtues to Device Manager ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM client performs Active Push Non SCIM action

Client Applications gets directory Services The client application retrieves information about all devices and their attributes from the Device Manager for their environments. The client application typically downloads the full list of devices daily during non-working hours, with an optional on-demand sync. SCIM clients should only be able to access the devices that they manage. ~~~ Device Manager Client App Commissioner Tool +--------+ +---------------+ (2) +----+ | | | SCIM client | <------> | RA | | SCIM | (1) | +----+ +----+ | +----+ | Server | -------------> | | RA | | RA | | (2) +----+ | | | +----+ +----+ | <------> | RA | | | +---------------+ +----+ | | Client App + Comissioner Tool | | +--------+ | RC/RU | (1) | RA | | RM/RS | ---------------------------> | SCIM | | | | Client | +--------+ +--------+ Figure 24: Device manager provides RO and RA to the Devices through Commissioner Tool ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM client performs Active Pull Non SCIM action

Provide Credetials to manage Device The Device Manager can provide Resource Attributes to the client application so that the devices can be configured using the commissioning tool. For example, the Device Manager can provide credentials to the device using the client application as the gateway. Through the commissioning tool, which can be a single entity, these credentials can be delivered to the device. ~~~ Device Manager Client App Commissioner Tool +--------+ +---------------+ (2) +----+ | | (1) | | <------> | RA | | SCIM | -------------> | SCIM Server | +----+ | Client | | | (2) +----+ | | | RS | <------> | RA | +--------+ +---------------+ +----+ Figure 25: Device Manager provide Resource Attributes to the Commissioner tool to configure device ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM client performs Active Push Non SCIM action

Enterprise "Last Mile" Applications When provisioning to line of business Enterprise applications, implementers are often dealing with software that cannot be easily modified. As a result, it may be necessary to perform system integrations that run at the application layer, the database layer, or the framework layer in order to insert or change user data sourced from SCIM infrastructure. Connectors often use a client active pull over a periodic interval to keep the application in sync. It is also common for this pattern to include a just-in-time SSO trigger, so that should a new user try to access the line of business application before the resource has been created by the periodic active pull, they are created instead based on the contents of the user's SAML assertion and then managed going forward by SCIM active pulls.

RA authority in SaaS Application Sometimes, not all the Resource Attributes (RA) of a Resource Object (RO) are owned (created) by the Resource Creator (RC) or Resource Updater (RU). Very specialized Resource Attributes (RA) can be the responsibility of a SaaS application. For example, an IdM should create user records with standard attributes like first name, last name, home address, etc., but the SaaS application should define the email attribute if that SaaS application is an email server.

Implementers Provision Domain is a SCIM Client and a SCIM server The implementer's domain acts as the SCIM Client and is the authority for regular attributes such as first name, last name, home address, etc., of a user. These attributes are created and updated by the Provision Domain, which functions as the Resource Manager (RM), Resource Creator (RC), and Resource Updater (RU). The application is the authority for one or more specific Resource Attributes (RA), such as the email address of a given user. This means the application will serve as the Resource Manager (RM), Resource Creator (RC), and Resource Updater (RU) for those specific attributes only. Both the Provision Domain and the application will function as both the SCIM Client and SCIM Server for the respective Resource Attributes they are responsible for. They will use the SCIM action of Active Push to pass the Resource Attributes of the Resource Object to their counterpart. Thus, both the roles of SCIM Server and SCIM Client exist within the Provision Domain and the application. ~~~ Application Provision Domain Customer A +------------+ +------------+ |+----------+| |+----------+| || SCIM || || SCIM || || Client || || Server || || || (1) || || || || -------------------------------> || || || RM/RC/RU || || RS || || || || || || || || || |+----------+| |+----------+| |+----------+| |+----------+| || SCIM || || SCIM || || Server || || Client || || || (1) || || || || <------------------------------- || || || RS || || RM/RC/RU || || || || || || || || || |+----------+| |+----------+| +------------+ +------------+ Figure 26: Single Ro with diferent RA authority implemented between the Provision Domain and the customer SaaS App ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Implementers Provision Domain is a SCIM Client The implementer's domain acts as the SCIM Client and is the authority for regular attributes, such as first name, last name, home address, etc., of a user. These attributes are created and updated by the Provision Domain, which functions as the Resource Manager (RM), Resource Creator (RC), and Resource Updater (RU). The application is the authority for one or more specific Resource Attributes (RA), such as the email address of a given user. This means the application will serve as the Resource Manager (RM), Resource Creator (RC), and Resource Updater (RU) for those specific attributes only. In this use case, since the Provision Domain is always the SCIM Client and the application is always the SCIM Server, the Active Push method will be used for the regular attributes of the Resource Objects (RO). The Active/Delta Pull method will be used to retrieve the specialized Resource Attributes that are the responsibility of the application. ~~~ Application Provision Domain Customer A +----------+ +----------+ | SCIM | (1) | SCIM | | Client | -------------------------------> | Server | | | | | | | (2) | | | RM/RC/RU | <------------------------------- | RS | | | | | +----------+ +----------+ Figure 27: Single RO with diferent RA authority implemented between the Provision Domain and the customer SaaS App ~~~ SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull

Reconciliations Because of inconsistencies or mistakes in the SaaS App Resource Objects and it attributes might change and there is no visibility of the IdM that it happens. System will do reconciliation to make sure that Resource Objects (RO) and its Resrouce Attributes (RA) are consistent across different systems. If there is a new attributes from SCIM Server in the Delta Pull, the SCIM client will do a push to fix it and make again synchronize

| Server | | | (2) | | | | <------------------------------- | | | RM/RC/RU | (3) | RS | | | -------------------------------> | | +----------+ +----------+ Figure 28: Reconciliation of RO/RA between IDM and Application ]]> Regular SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active/Delta Pull Remediation SCIM action - SCIM Client performs Active Push

Security Considerations Authentication and authorization must be ensured for SCIM operations to guarantee that only authenticated entities can perform SCIM requests and that the requested SCIM operations are authorized. SCIM resources (e.g., Users and Groups) can contain sensitive information. Therefore, data confidentiality must be ensured at the transport layer. There can be privacy issues that extend beyond transport security, such as moving personally identifiable information (PII) offshore between different SCIM elements. Regulatory requirements must be met when migrating identity information between different jurisdictions (e.g., countries and states may have differing privacy regulations). Additionally, privacy-sensitive data elements may be omitted or obscured in SCIM transactions or stored records to protect these data elements for a user. For instance, a role-based identifier might be used instead of an individual's name. Detailed security considerations are specified in Section 7 of the SCIM protocol and Section 9 of the SCIM schema .

IANA Considerations There are no additional IANA considerations to those specified and .

Acknowledgements