]> NLnet Labs

philip@nlnetlabs.nl

Cox Communications

tjw.ietf@gmail.com

University of Amsterdam

Jesse.vanZutphen@os3.nl

NLnet Labs

willem@nlnetlabs.nl

int DNS Delegation Internet-Draft DNS Resolver Delegation Authoritative Deployable Extensible This document proposes a mechanism for extensible delegations in the DNS. The mechanism realizes delegations with resource record sets placed below a _deleg label in the apex of the delegating zone. This authoritative delegation point can be aliased to other names using CNAME and DNAME. This document proposes a new DNS resource record type, IDELEG, which is based on the SVCB and inherits extensibility from it. Support in recursive resolvers suffices for the mechanism to be fully functional. The number of subsequent interactions between the recursive resolver and the authoritative name servers is comparable with those for DNS Query Name Minimisation. Additionally, but not required, support in the authoritative name servers enables optimized behavior with reduced (simultaneous) queries. None, mixed or full deployment of the mechanism on authoritative name servers are all fully functional, allowing for the mechanism to be incrementally deployed on the authoritative name servers. About This Document Status information for this document may be found at . Discussion of this document takes place on the deleg Working Group mailing list (), which is archived at . Subscribe at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction This document describes a delegation mechanism for the Domain Name System (DNS) that addresses several matters that, at the time of writing, are suboptimally supported or not supported at all. These matters are elaborated upon in sections , and . In addition, the mechanism described in this document aspires to be maximally deployable, which is elaborated upon in .

Signaling capabilities of the authoritative name servers A new IDELEG resource record (RR) type is introduced in this document, which is based on and inherits the wire and presentation format from SVCB . All Service Binding Mappings, as well as the capability signalling, that are specified in are also applicable to IDELEG, with the exception of the limitations on AliasMode records in . Capability signalling of DNS over Transport Layer Protocol (DoT), DNS Queries over HTTPS and DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections, on default or alternative ports, can all be used as specified in . The IDELEG RR type inherits its extensibility from the SVCB RR type, which is designed to be extensible to support future uses (such as keys for encrypting the TLS ClientHello .)

Note to the RFC Editor: please remove this subsection before publication. The name IDELEG is chosen to avoid confusion with .

Outsourcing operation of the delegation Delegation information is stored at an authoritative location in the zone with this mechanism. Legacy methods to redirect this information to another location, possible under the control of another operator, such as (CNAME ) and DNAME remain functional. One could even outsource all delegation operational practice to another party with a DNAME record on the _deleg label on the apex of the delegating zone. Additional to the legacy methods, a delegation may be outsourced to a set of third parties by having RRs in AliasMode. Unlike SVCB, IDELEG allows for more than a single IDELEG RR in AliasMode in an IDELEG RRset, enabling outsourcing a delegation to multiple different operators.

DNSSEC protection of the delegation With legacy delegations, the NS RRset at the parent side of a delegation as well as glue records for the names in the NS RRset are not authoritative and not DNSSEC signed. An adversary that is able to spoof a referral response, can alter this information and redirect all traffic for the delegation to a rogue name server undetected. The adversary can then perceive all queries for the redirected zone (Privacy concern) and alter all unsigned parts of responses (such as further referrals, which is a Security concern). DNSSEC protection of delegation information prevents that, and is the only countermeasure that also works against on-path attackers. At the time of writing, the only way to DNSSEC-validate and verify delegations at all levels in the DNS hierarchy is to revalidate delegations , which is done after the fact and has other security concerns (). Direct delegation information (provided by IDELEG RRs in ServiceMode) includes the hostnames of the authoritative name servers for the delegation as well as IP addresses for those hostnames. Since the information is stored authoritatively in the delegating zone, it will be DNSSEC-signed if the zone is signed. When the delegation is outsourced, then it's protected when the zones providing the aliasing resource records and the zones serving the targets of the aliases are all DNSSEC-signed.

Maximize ease of deployment Delegation information is stored authoritatively within the delegating zone. No semantic changes as to what zones are authoritative for what data are needed. As a consequence, existing DNS software, such as authoritative name servers and DNSSEC signing software, can remain unmodified. Unmodified authoritative name server software will serve the delegation information when queried for. Unmodified signers will sign the delegation information in the delegating zone. Only the recursive resolver needs modification to follow referrals as provided by the delegation information. Such a resolver would explicitly query for the delegations administered as specified in . The number of round trips from the recursive resolver to the authoritative name server is comparable to what is needed for DNS Query Name Minimisation . Additional implementation in the authoritative name server optimizes resolution and reduces the number of simultaneous in parallel queries to that what would be needed for legacy delegations. None, mixed or full deployment of the mechanism on authoritative name servers are all fully functional, allowing for the mechanism to be incrementally deployed on the authoritative name servers. Implementation in the recursive may be less demanding with respect to (among other things) DNSSEC validation because there is no need to make additional exceptions as to what is authoritative at the parent side of a delegation.

Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. This document follows terminology as defined in . Throughout this document we will also use terminology with the meaning as defined below:

Deleg:

The delegation mechanism as specified in this document.

IDELEG delegation:

A delegation as specified in this document

Legacy delegations:

The way delegations are done in the DNS traditionally as defined in .

Delegating zone:

The zone in which the delegation is administered. Sometimes also called the "parent zone" of a delegation.

Subzone:

The zone that is delegated to from the delegating zone.

Delegating name:

The name which realizes the delegation. In legacy delegations, this name is the same as the name of the subzone to which the delegation refers. Delegations described in this document are provided with a different name than the zone that is delegated to. If needed we differentiate by explicitly calling it IDELEG delegation name or legacy delegation name.

Deleg query:

An explicit query for IDELEG RRset at the delegating name as used for IDELEG delegations.

Delegation point:

The location in the delegating zone where the RRs are provided that make up the delegation. In legacy delegations, this is the parent side of the zone cut and has the same name as the subzone. With deleg, this is the location given by the IDELEG delegating name. If needed we differentiate by explicitly calling it IDELEG delegation point or legacy delegation point.

Triggering query:

The query on which resolution a recursive resolver is working.

Target zone:

The zone for which the authoritative servers, that a resolver contacts while iterating, are authoritative.

The IDELEG resource record type The IDELEG RR type is a variant of SVCB for use with resolvers to perform iterative resolution (). The IDELEG type requires registration in the "Resource Record (RR) TYPEs" registry under the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry group (see IDELEG RR type). The protocol-specific mapping specification for iterative resolutions are the same as those for "DNS Servers" . states that SVCB RRsets SHOULD only have a single RR in AliasMode, and that if multiple AliasMode RRs are present, clients or recursive resolvers SHOULD pick one at random. Different from SVCB (), IDELEG allows for multiple AliasMode RRs to be present in a single IDELEG RRset. Note however that the target of an IDELEG RR in AliasMode is an SVCB RRset for the "dns" service type adhering fully to the Service Binding Mapping for DNS Servers as specified in . states that within an SVCB RRset, all RRs SHOULD have the same mode, and that if an RRset contains a record in AliasMode, the recipient MUST ignore any ServiceMode records in the set. Different from SVCB, mixed ServiceMode and AliasMode RRs are allowed in an IDELEG RRset. When a mixed ServiceMode and AliasMode IDELEG RRset is encountered by a resolver, the resolver first picks one of the AliasMode RRs or all ServiceMode RRs, giving all ServiceMode RRs equal weight as each single AliasMode RR. When the result of that choice is an AliasMode RR, then that RR is followed and the resulting IDELEG RRset is reevaluated. When the result of that choice is all ServiceMode RRs, then within that set the resolver adheres to the ServicePriority value. At the delegation point (for example customer._deleg.example.), the host names of the authoritative name servers for the subzone, are given in the TargetName RDATA field of IDELEG records in ServiceMode. Port Prefix Naming is not used at the delegation point, but MUST be used when resolving the aliased-to name servers with IDELEG RRs in AliasMode.

Delegation administration An IDELEG delegation is realized with an IDELEG Resource Record set (RRset) below a specially for the purpose reserved label with the name _deleg at the apex of the delegating zone. The _deleg label scopes the interpretation of the IDELEG records and requires registration in the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry (see _deleg Node Name). The full scoping of delegations includes the labels that are below the _deleg label and those, together with the name of the delegating domain, make up the name of the subzone to which the delegation refers. For example, if the delegating zone is example., then a delegation to subzone customer.example. is realized by a IDELEG RRset at the name customer._deleg.example. in the parent zone. A fully scoped delegating name (such as customer._deleg.example.) is referred to further in this document as the "delegation point". Note that if the delegation is outsourcing to a single operator represented in a single IDELEG RR, it is RECOMMENDED to refer to the name of the operator's IDELEG RRset with a CNAME on the delegation point instead of a IDELEG RR in AliasMode .

Examples

One name server within the subzone

One name server within the subzone

Two name servers within the subzone

Two name servers within the subzone

Outsourced to an operator

Outsourced with CNAME

Instead of using CNAME, the outsourcing could also have been accomplished with an IDELEG RRset with a single IDELEG RR in AliasMode. The configuration below is operationally equivalent to the CNAME configuration above. It is RECOMMENDED to use a CNAME over an IDELEG RRset with a single IDELEG RR in AliasMode (). Note that an IDELEG RRset refers with TargetName to a DNS service , which will be looked up using Port Prefix Naming , but that an CNAME refers to the domain name of the target SVCB RRset instead (or CNAME) which may have a _dns prefix.

Outsourced with an AliasMode IDELEG RR

The operator SVCB RRset could for example be:

Operator zone

DNSSEC-signed name servers within the subzone

DNSSEC-signed deleg zone

customer5.example. is delegated to in an extensible way and customer6.example. is delegated only in a legacy way. customer7.example.'s delegation is outsourced to customer5's delegation. The delegation signals that the authoritative name server supports DoH. customer5.example., customer6.example. and example. are all DNSSEC-signed. The DNSSEC authentication chain links from example. to customer5.example. in the for DNSSEC conventional way with the signed customer5.example. DS RRset in the example. zone. Also, customer6.example. is linked to from example. with the signed customer6.example. DS RRset in the example. zone. Note that both customer5.example. and customer6.example. have legacy delegations in the zone as well. It is important to have those legacy delegations to maintain support for legacy resolvers, that do not support deleg. DNSSEC signers SHOULD construct the NS RRset and glue for the legacy delegation from the IDELEG RRset.

Minimal implementation Support in recursive resolvers suffices for the mechanism to be fully functional. specifies the basic algorithm for resolving IDELEG delegations. In , an optimization is presented that will reduce the number of (parallel) queries especially for when authoritative name server support is still lacking and there are still many zones that do not contain IDELEG delegations.

Recursive Resolver behavior As part of the processing a recursive resolver does, it learns where the zone boundaries are in the DNS name tree. If the triggering query name is already known to be the apex of a zone, then no further delegation point probing will need to be done for this name (subject to the TTL of this information). Otherwise, the triggering query is below the target zone apex and it is unknown whether the triggering query name itself is the name of a delegation or zone. In this case two parallel queries MUST be sent. One for the triggering query in the way that is conventional with legacy delegations (which could be just the triggering query or a minimised query ), and one deleg query with query type IDELEG. The deleg query name is constructed by concatenating the first label below the part that the triggering query name has in common with the target zone, a _deleg label and the name of the target zone. For example if the triggering query is www.customer.example. and the target zone example., then the deleg query name is customer._deleg.example. For another example, if the triggering query is www.faculty.university.example. and the target zone faculty.university.example. then the deleg query name is www._deleg.faculty.university.example. DNAME, CNAME and IDELEG in AliasMode processing happens as before, though note that when following an IDELEG RR in AliasMode the target RR type is SVCB (see ). The eventual deleg query response, after following all redirections caused by DNAME, CNAME and AliasMode IDELEG RRs, has three possible outcomes:

1. An IDELEG RRset in ServiceMode is returned in the response's answer section containing the delegation for the subzone. The IDELEG RRs in the RRset MUST be used to follow the referral. The TargetName data field in the IDELEG RRs in the RRset MUST be used as the names for the name servers to contact for the subzone, and the ipv4hint and ipv6hint parameters MUST be used as the IP addresses for the TargetName in the same IDELEG RR. The NS RRset and glue, in the response of the legacy query that was sent in parallel to the deleg query, MUST NOT be used, but the signed DS record (or NSEC(3) records indicating that there was no DS) MUST be used in linking the DNSSEC authentication chain as which would conventionally be done with DNSSEC as well.
2. The deleg query name does not exist (NXDOMAIN). There is no IDELEG delegation for the subzone, and the referral response for the legacy delegation MUST be processed as would be done with legacy DNS and DNSSEC processing.
3. The deleg query name does exist, but resulted in a NOERROR no answer response (also known as a NODATA response). If the legacy query, did result in a referral for the same number of labels as the subdomain that the deleg query was for, then there was no IDELEG delegation for the subzone, and the referral response for the legacy delegation MUST be processed as would be done with legacy DNS and DNSSEC processing. Otherwise, the subzone may be more than one label below the delegating zone. If the response to the legacy query resulted in a referral, then a new deleg query MUST be spawned, matching the zone cut of the legacy referral response. For example if the triggering query is www.university.ac.example. and the target zone example., and the legacy response contained an NS RRset for university.ac.example., then the deleg query name is university.ac._deleg.example. The response to the new deleg query MUST be processed as described above, as if it was the initial deleg query. If the legacy query was sent minimised and needs a followup query, then parallel to that followup query a new deleg query will be sent, adding a single label to the previous deleg query name. For example if the triggering query is www.university.ac.example. and the target zone is example. and the minimised legacy query name is ac.example. (which also resulted in a NOERROR no answer response), then the deleg query to be sent along in parallel with the followup legacy query will become university.ac._deleg.example. Processing of the responses of those two new queries will be done as described above.

_deleg label presence Absence of the _deleg label in a zone is a clear signal that the zone does not contain any IDELEG delegations. Recursive resolvers SHOULD NOT send any additional deleg queries for zones for which it is known that it does not contain the _deleg label at the apex. The state regarding the presence of the _deleg label within a resolver can be "unknown", "known not to be present", or "known to be present". The state regarding the presence of the _deleg label can be deduced from the response of the deleg query, if the target zone is signed with DNSSEC. No additional queries are needed. If the target zone is unsigned, the procedure as described in the remainder of this section SHOULD be followed.

Test _deleg label presence (unsigned zones only) When the presence of a _deleg label is "unknown", a _deleg presence test query SHOULD be sent in parallel to the next query for the unsigned target zone (though not when the target name server is known to support _deleg, which is discussed in ). The query name for the test query is the _deleg label prepended to the apex of zone for which to test presence, with query type NS. The testing query can have three possible outcomes:

1. The _deleg label does not exist within the zone, and an NXDOMAIN response is returned. The non-existence of the _deleg label MUST be registered for the duration indicated by the "minimum" RDATA field of the SOA resource record in the authority section, adjusted to the boundaries for TTL values that the resolver has (). For the period the non-existence of the _deleg label is registered, the label is "known not to be present" and the resolver SHOULD NOT send any (additional) deleg queries.
2. The _deleg label does exist within the zone but contains no data. A NOERROR response is returned with no RRs in the answer section. The existence of the _deleg name MUST be registered for the duration indicated by the "minimum" RDATA field of the SOA resource record in the authority section, adjusted to the resolver's TTL boundaries. For the period the existence of the empty non-terminal at the _deleg label is registered, the label is "known to be present" and the resolver MUST send additional deleg queries as described in .
3. The _deleg label does exist within the zone, but is a delegation. A NOERROR legacy referral response is returned with an NS RRset in the authority section. The resolver MUST record that the zone does not have valid IDELEG delegations deployed for the duration indicated by the NS RRset's TTL value, adjusted to the resolver's TTL boundaries. For the period indicated by the NS RRset's TTL value, the zone is considered to not to have valid IDELEG delegations, and MUST NOT send any (additional) deleg queries.

Optimized implementation Support for authoritative name servers enables optimized query behavior by resolvers with reduced (simultaneous) queries. specifies how deleg supporting authoritative name servers return referral responses for delegations. In we specify how resolvers can benefit from those authoritative servers.

Authoritative name server support Deleg supporting authoritative name servers include the IDELEG delegation information (or the NSEC(3) records showing the non-existence) in the authority section of referral responses to legacy DNS queries. For example, querying the zone from for www.customer5.example. A, will return the following referral response:

A deleg referral response >HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 54349 ;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; www.customer5.example. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: customer5.example. 3600 IN NS ns.customer5.example. customer5.example. 3600 IN DS ... customer5.example. 3600 IN RRSIG DS ... customer5._deleg.example. 3600 IN IDELEG 1 ( ns.customer5.example. alpn=h2,h3 ipv4hint=198.51.100.5 ipv6hint=2001:db8:5::1 dohpath=/dns-query{?dns} ) customer5._deleg.example. 3600 IN RRSIG IDELEG ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns.customer5.example. 3600 IN A 198.51.100.5 ns.customer5.example. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8:5::1 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; EDNS: version 0; flags: do ; udp: 1232 ;; SERVER: 192.0.2.53 ;; WHEN: Mon Feb 24 20:36:25 2025 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 456 ]]>

The referral response in includes the signed IDELEG RRset in the authority section. As another example, querying the zone from for www.customer6.example. A, will return the following referral response:

Referral response without deleg >HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 36574 ;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 9, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; www.customer6.example. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: customer6.example. 3600 IN NS ns.customer6.example. customer6.example. 3600 IN DS ... customer6.example. 3600 IN RRSIG DS ... customer5._deleg.example. 1234 IN NSEC ( customer7._deleg.example. RRSIG NSEC IDELEG ) customer5._deleg.example. 1234 IN RRSIG NSEC ... example. 1234 IN NSEC ( customer5._deleg.example. NS SOA RRSIG NSEC DNSKEY ) example. 1234 IN RRSIG NSEC ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns.customer6.example. 3600 IN A 203.0.113.1 ns.customer6.example. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8:6::1 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; EDNS: version 0; flags: do ; udp: 1232 ;; SERVER: 192.0.2.53 ;; WHEN: Tue Feb 25 10:23:53 2025 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 744 ]]>

Next to the legacy delegation, the deleg supporting authoritative returns the NSEC(3) RRs needed to show that there was no IDELEG delegation in the referral response in . Querying the zone from for www.customer7.example. A, will return the following referral response:

Aliasing referral response >HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 9456 ;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 7, ADDITIONAL: 2 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;; www.customer7.example. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: customer7.example. 3600 IN NS ns.customer5.example. customer7.example. 3600 IN DS ... customer7.example. 3600 IN RRSIG DS ... customer7._deleg.example. 3600 IN CNAME ( customer5._deleg.example. ) customer7._deleg.example. 3600 IN RRSIG CNAME ... customer5._deleg.example. 3600 IN IDELEG 1 ( ns.customer5.example. alpn=h2,h3 ipv4hint=198.51.100.5 ipv6hint=2001:db8:5::1 ) customer5._deleg.example. 3600 IN RRSIG IDELEG ... ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: ns.customer5.example. 3600 IN A 198.51.100.5 ns.customer5.example. 3600 IN AAAA 2001:db8:5::1 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; EDNS: version 0; flags: do ; udp: 1232 ;; SERVER: 192.0.2.53 ;; WHEN: Tue Feb 25 10:55:07 2025 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 593 ]]>

The delegation of customer7.example. is aliased to the one that is also used by customer5.example. Since both delegations are in the same zone, the authoritative name server for example. returns both the CNAME realising the alias, as well as the IDELEG RRset which is the target of the alias in . In other cases a returned CNAME or IDELEG RR in AliasMode may need further chasing by the resolver. With unsigned zones, only if an IDELEG delegation exists, the IDELEG RRset (or CNAME) will be present in the authority section of referral responses. If there is no IDELEG delegation, then the IDELEG RRset (or CNAME) is simply absent from the authority section and the referral response is indistinguishable from an non deleg supportive authoritative.

Resolver behavior with authoritative name server support Deleg supporting authoritative name servers will include the IDELEG delegation information (or the NSEC(3) records showing the non-existence) in the authority section of referral responses. For an unsigned zone, an deleg supporting authoritative cannot return that an IDELEG delegation is absent (because of lack of an authenticated denial of existence), however with support from the served zone (the zone has the Resource Record provisioned *._deleg IN IDELEG 0 .), the authoritative name server can signal support also for unsigned zones (see Extra optimized implementation). If it is known that an authoritative name server supports deleg, then no direct queries for the IDELEG delegation need to be sent in parallel to the legacy delegation query. A resolver SHOULD register that an authoritative name server supports deleg when the authority section, of the returned referral responses from that authoritative name server, contains IDELEG delegation information. When the authority section of a referral response contains an IDELEG RRset or a CNAME record on the IDELEG delegation name, or valid NSEC(3) RRs showing the non-existence of such an IDELEG or CNAME RRset, then the resolver SHOULD register that the contacted authoritative name server supports deleg for the duration indicated by the TTL for that IDELEG, CNAME or NSEC(3) RRset, adjusted to the resolver's TTL boundaries, but only if it is longer than any already registered duration. Subsequent queries SHOULD NOT include deleg queries, as described in , to be send in parallel for the duration support for deleg is registered for the authoritative name server. For example, in , the IDELEG RRset at the IDELEG delegation point has TTL 3600. The resolver should register that the contacted authoritative name server supports deleg for (at least) 3600 seconds (one hour). All subsequent queries to that authoritative name server SHOULD NOT include deleg queries to be send in parallel. If the authority section contains more than one RRset making up the IDELEG delegation, then the RRset with the longest TTL MUST be taken to determine the duration for which deleg support is registered. For example, in , both a CNAME and an IDELEG RRset for the IDELEG delegation are included in the authority section. The longest TTL must be taken for deleg support registration, though because the TTL of both RRsets is 3600, it does not matter in this case. With DNSSEC-signed zones, support is apparent with all referral responses. With unsigned zones, support is apparent only from referral responses for which an IDELEG delegation exists, unless the zone has the Resource Record *._deleg IN IDELEG 0 . provisioned (see Extra optimized implementation). If the resolver knows that the authoritative name server supports deleg, and a DNSSEC-signed zone is being served, then all referrals SHOULD contain either an IDELEG delegation, or NSEC(3) records showing that the delegation does not exist. If a referral is returned that does not contain an IDELEG delegation nor an indication that it does not exist, then the resolver MAY register that authoritative server does not support deleg and MUST send an additional deleg query to find the delegation (or denial of its existence).

Extra optimized implementation An IDELEG RRset on an IDELEG delegation point, with an IDELEG RR in AliasMode, aliasing to the root zone, MUST be interpreted to mean that the legacy delegation information MUST be used to follow the referral. All service parameters for such AliasMode (aliasing to the root) IDELEG RRs on the IDELEG delegation point, MUST be ignored. For example, such an IDELEG RRset registered on the wildcard below the _deleg label on the apex of a zone, can signal that legacy DNS referrals MUST be used for both signed and unsigned zones:

Wildcard IDELEG delegation to control duration of detected support

Resolvers SHOULD register that an authoritative name server supports deleg, if such an IDELEG RRset is returned in the authority section of referral responses, for the duration of the TTL if the IDELEG RRset, adjusted to the resolver's TTL boundaries, but only if it is longer than any already registered duration. Note that this will also be included in referral responses for unsigned zones, which would otherwise not have signalling of deleg support by the authoritative name server. Also, signed zones need fewer RRs to indicate that no IDELEG delegation exists. The wildcard expansion already shows the closest encloser (i.e. _deleg.<apex>), so only one additional NSEC(3) is needed to show non-existence of the queried-for name below the closest encloser. This method of signalling that the legacy delegation MUST be used, is RECOMMENDED.

Fewer queries The algorithm described in is optimized for low latency. The additional queries required are sent at the same time as query for legacy delegations. It is also possible optimize for a lowest number of additional queries. However, this may in some cases result in extra latency. To achieve this, the behavior of the recursive resolver is modified as follows. If the state of the zone is known (the _deleg.<apex> is known to exist or not to exist), then queries are executed as described in and . If the state of the zone is unknown then initially only conventional queries are sent. If a reply arrives that does not contain a legacy delegation then the algorithm is done and no further queries are sent. If the reply contains a legacy delegation then the follow up query or queries depend on whether the zone is DNSSEC signed or not. If the zone is signed then a deleg query is sent that matches the legacy delegation. In a signed zone, the query is either successful and returns an IDELEG RRset or the query contains a proof of non-existence from which it is possible to deduce whether the zone contains an _deleg label or not. If the zone is not signed then two separate queries are needed. One query just for the _deleg label and one deleg query that matches legacy delegation. If the reply the _deleg query is NXDOMAIN then the zone does not contain any IDELEG delegations and further queries are unnecessary. See for processing the response to the _deleg query. The response to the deleg query is processed as described in . The effect on the number of extra queries is the following. If the response does not contain a legacy delegation then no extra queries are sent. If the nameserver supports deleg and the zone is signed then no additional queries will be sent independent of whether zone contains the _deleg label or not. If the nameserver supports deleg, the zone is not signed and no IDELEG RRset is returned in the response then two follow up queries need to be sent. The response to the _deleg query will be cached until the TTL expires. If the nameserver does not support deleg but the zone is signed then one follow up queries will be sent: a deleg query that matches the legacy delegation. Presence or absence of the _deleg label will be cached. IF the _deleg label is absent then no further additonal queries will be sent. Finally, if the nameserver does not support deleg and the zone is not signed then two follow up queries will be sent. The response to the _deleg query will be cached until the TTL expires.

Priming queries Some zones, such as the root zone, are targeted directly from hints files. Information about which authoritative name servers and with capabilities, MAY be provided in an IDELEG RRset directly at the _deleg label under the apex of the zone. Priming queries from an deleg supporting resolver, MUST send an _deleg.<apex> IDELEG query in parallel to the legacy <apex> NS query and process the content as if it was found through an referral response.

How does the protocol described in this draft meet the requirements This section will discuss how deleg meets the requirements for a new delegation mechanism as described in

• H1. DELEG must not disrupt the existing registration model of domains. The existing zone structure including the concept of delegations from a parent zone to a child zone is left unchanged.
• H2. DELEG must be backwards compatible with the existing ecosystem. The new delegations do not interfere with legacy software. The behavior of deleg supporting resolvers includes a fallback to NS records if no IDELEG delegation is present (See ).
• H3. DELEG must not negatively impact most DNS software. Deleg introduces a new RR type. Software that parses zone file format needs to be changed to support the new type. Though unknown type notation can be used in some cases if no support for the new RR type is present. Existing authoritatives can serve IDELEG zones (though less efficiently), existing signers can sign IDELEG zones, existing diagnostic tools can query IDELEG zones. Non-recursive DNSSEC validators can operate independently from (possibly legacy) recursive resolvers.
• H4. DELEG must be able to secure delegations with DNSSEC. IDELEG delegations as described in this document are automatically secured with DNSSEC (if the parent zone is signed). A replacement for DS records is described in .
• H5. DELEG must support updates to delegation information with the same relative ease as currently exists with NS records. IDELEG delegations are affected by TTL like any other DNS record.
• H6. DELEG must be incrementally deployable and not require any sort of flag day of universal change. IDELEG zones can be added without upgrading authoritatives. IDELEG zones still work with old resolvers and validators. Basically any combination of old and new should work, though with reduced efficiency for some combinations.
• H7. DELEG must allow multiple independent operators to simultaneously serve a zone. Deleg allows for multiple IDELEG records. This allows multiple operators to serve the zone.
• S1. DELEG should facilitate the use of new DNS transport mechanisms New transports are already defined for the DNS mode of SVCB (). The same parameters are used for IDELEG.
• S2. DELEG should make clear all of the necessary details for contacting a service Most of the needed SVCB parameters are already defined in existing standards. The exception is a replacement for the DS records, which is described in .
• S3. DELEG should minimize transaction cost in its usage. Assuming Qname-minimisation, there are no extra queries needed in most cases if the authoritative name server has deleg support. The exception is when the parent zone is not signed and has no IDELEG records. In that case, one extra query is needed when the parent zone is first contacted (and every TTL). Additional queries may be needed to resolve aliases.
• S4. DELEG should simplify management of a zone's DNS service. Zone management can be simplified using the alias mode of IDELEG. This allows the zone operator to change the details of the delegation without involving the parent zone. Draft defines the dnskeyref parameter which offers the same simplification for DNSSEC delegations.
• S5. DELEG should allow for backward compatibility to the conventional NS-based delegation mechanism. NS records and glue can be extracted from the IDELEG record assuming no aliasing is used. The ds parameter in has the same value as the rdata of a DS record.
• S6. DELEG should be extensible and allow for the easy incremental addition of new delegation features after initial deployment. SVCB-style records are extensible by design.
• S7. DELEG should be able to convey a security model for delegations stronger than currently exists with DNSSEC. IDELEG delegations are protected by DNSSEC, unlike NS records at the parent zone.

Implementation Status Note to the RFC Editor: please remove this entire section before publication. We are using RR type code 65280 for experiments. Jesse van Zutphen has built a proof of concept implementation supporting IDELEG delegations as specified in a previous version of this document for the Unbound recursive resolver as part of his master thesis for the Security and Network Engineering master program of the University of Amsterdam . Jesse's implementation has been adapted to query for the IDELEG RR types (with code point 65280). This version is available in the ideleg branch of the NLnetLabs/unbound github repository . Note that this implementation does not yet support optimized behaviour, and also does not yet follow AliasMode IDELEG RRs. The ldns DNS library and tools software has been extended with support for IDELEG, which is available in the features/ideleg branch of the NLnetLabs/ldns github repository . This includes support for IDELEG in the DNS lookup utility drill, as well as in the DNSSEC zone signer ldns-signzone and all other tools and examples included with the ldns software. Wouter Petri has built a proof of concept support for IDELEG in the NSD authoritative name server software as part of a research project for the Security and Network Engineering master program of the University of Amsterdam . The source code of his implementation is available on github . Wouter's implementation is serving the ideleg.net. domain, containing a variety of different IDELEG delegations, for evaluation purposes. We are planning to provide information about the deployment, including what software to evaluate these delegations, at http://ideleg.net/, hopefully before the IETF 122 in Bangkok.

Security Considerations Deleg moves the location of referral information to a unique location that currently exists. However, as this is a new approach, thought must be given to usage. There must be some checks to ensure that the registering a _deleg subdomain happens at the time the domain is provisioned. The same care needs to be addressed when a domain is de-provisioned that the _deleg is removed. This is similar to what happens to A/AAAA glue records for NS records deployed in parent zones. While the recommendation is to deploy DNSSEC with deleg, it is not mandatory. However, using deleg with unsigned zones can create possibilities of domain hijackings. This could be hard to detect when not speaking directly to the authoritative name server. This risk of domain hijacking is not expected to increase significantly compared to the situation without deleg. There are bound to be other considerations.

IANA Considerations

IDELEG RR type IANA is requested to update the "Resource Record (RR) TYPEs" registry under the "Domain Name System (DNS) Parameters" registry group as follows:

TYPE	Value	Meaning	Reference
IDELEG	TBD	Delegation	[this document]

_deleg Node Name Per , IANA is requested to add the following entry to the DNS "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry: Entry in the Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names registry

RR Type	_NODE NAME	Reference
IDELEG	_deleg	[this document]

References Normative References This RFC is the revised basic definition of The Domain Name System. It obsoletes RFC-882. This memo describes the domain style names and their used for host address look up and electronic mail forwarding. It discusses the clients and servers in the domain name system and the protocol used between them. This RFC is the revised specification of the protocol and format used in the implementation of the Domain Name System. It obsoletes RFC-883. This memo documents the details of the domain name client - server communication. This document specifies the "SVCB" ("Service Binding") and "HTTPS" DNS resource record (RR) types to facilitate the lookup of information needed to make connections to network services, such as for HTTP origins. SVCB records allow a service to be provided from multiple alternative endpoints, each with associated parameters (such as transport protocol configuration), and are extensible to support future uses (such as keys for encrypting the TLS ClientHello). They also enable aliasing of apex domains, which is not possible with CNAME. The HTTPS RR is a variation of SVCB for use with HTTP (see RFC 9110, "HTTP Semantics"). By providing more information to the client before it attempts to establish a connection, these records offer potential benefits to both performance and privacy. The SVCB DNS resource record type expresses a bound collection of endpoint metadata, for use when establishing a connection to a named service. DNS itself can be such a service, when the server is identified by a domain name. This document provides the SVCB mapping for named DNS servers, allowing them to indicate support for encrypted transport protocols. This document describes the use of Transport Layer Security (TLS) to provide privacy for DNS. Encryption provided by TLS eliminates opportunities for eavesdropping and on-path tampering with DNS queries in the network, such as discussed in RFC 7626. In addition, this document specifies two usage profiles for DNS over TLS and provides advice on performance considerations to minimize overhead from using TCP and TLS with DNS. This document focuses on securing stub-to-recursive traffic, as per the charter of the DPRIVE Working Group. It does not prevent future applications of the protocol to recursive-to-authoritative traffic. This document defines a protocol for sending DNS queries and getting DNS responses over HTTPS. Each DNS query-response pair is mapped into an HTTP exchange. This document describes the use of QUIC to provide transport confidentiality for DNS. The encryption provided by QUIC has similar properties to those provided by TLS, while QUIC transport eliminates the head-of-line blocking issues inherent with TCP and provides more efficient packet-loss recovery than UDP. DNS over QUIC (DoQ) has privacy properties similar to DNS over TLS (DoT) specified in RFC 7858, and latency characteristics similar to classic DNS over UDP. This specification describes the use of DoQ as a general-purpose transport for DNS and includes the use of DoQ for stub to recursive, recursive to authoritative, and zone transfer scenarios. The DNAME record provides redirection for a subtree of the domain name tree in the DNS. That is, all names that end with a particular suffix are redirected to another part of the DNS. This document obsoletes the original specification in RFC 2672 as well as updates the document on representing IPv6 addresses in DNS (RFC 3363). [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document describes a technique called "QNAME minimisation" to improve DNS privacy, where the DNS resolver no longer always sends the full original QNAME and original QTYPE to the upstream name server. This document obsoletes RFC 7816. In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. This document defines a method (serve-stale) for recursive resolvers to use stale DNS data to avoid outages when authoritative nameservers cannot be reached to refresh expired data. One of the motivations for serve-stale is to make the DNS more resilient to DoS attacks and thereby make them less attractive as an attack vector. This document updates the definitions of TTL from RFCs 1034 and 1035 so that data can be kept in the cache beyond the TTL expiry; it also updates RFC 2181 by interpreting values with the high-order bit set as being positive, rather than 0, and suggests a cap of 7 days. Extending the Domain Name System (DNS) with new Resource Record (RR) types currently requires changes to name server software. This document specifies the changes necessary to allow future DNS implementations to handle new RR types transparently. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Informative References n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. n.d. Independent Fastly Cryptography Consulting LLC Cloudflare This document describes a mechanism in Transport Layer Security (TLS) for encrypting a ClientHello message under a server public key. Discussion Venues This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC. Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/tlswg/draft-ietf-tls-esni (https://github.com/tlswg/draft-ietf-tls-esni). Google, LLC ISC Akamai Technologies Salesforce A delegation in the Domain Name System (DNS) is a mechanism that enables efficient and distributed management of the DNS namespace. It involves delegating authority over subdomains to specific DNS servers via NS records, allowing for a hierarchical structure and distributing the responsibility for maintaining DNS records. An NS record contains the hostname of the nameserver for the delegated namespace. Any facilities of that nameserver must be discovered through other mechanisms. This document proposes a new extensible DNS record type, DELEG, for delegation the authority for a domain. Future documents then can use this mechanism to use additional information about the delegated namespace and the capabilities of authoritative nameservers for the delegated namespace. Salesforce SIE Europe, U.G. NLnet Labs This document recommends improved DNS resolver behavior with respect to the processing of Name Server (NS) resource record (RR) sets (RRsets) during iterative resolution. When following a referral response from an authoritative server to a child zone, DNS resolvers should explicitly query the authoritative NS RRset at the apex of the child zone and cache this in preference to the NS RRset on the parent side of the zone cut. The (A and AAAA) address RRsets in the additional section from referral responses and authoritative NS answers for the names of the NS RRset, should similarly be re-queried and used to replace the entries with the lower trustworthiness ranking in cache. Resolvers should also periodically revalidate the delegation by re-querying the parent zone at the expiration of the TTL of either the parent or child NS RRset, whichever comes first. The Domain Name System (DNS) is defined in literally dozens of different RFCs. The terminology used by implementers and developers of DNS protocols, and by operators of DNS systems, has changed in the decades since the DNS was first defined. This document gives current definitions for many of the terms used in the DNS in a single document. This document updates RFC 2308 by clarifying the definitions of "forwarder" and "QNAME". It obsoletes RFC 8499 by adding multiple terms and clarifications. Comprehensive lists of changed and new definitions can be found in Appendices A and B. Salesforce Cox Communications Authoritative control of parts of the Domain Name System namespace are indicated with a special record type, the NS record, that can only indicate the name of the server which a client resolver should contact for more information. Any other features of that server must then be discovered through other mechanisms. This draft considers the limitations of the current system, benefits that could be gained by changing it, and what requirements constrain an updated design. NLnet Labs NLnet Labs This document proposes a DNSSEC delegation mechanism that complements [I-D.homburg-deleg-incremental-deleg]. In addition this mechanism simplifies multi-signer setups by removing the need to coordinate for signers during key rollovers. NLnet Labs University of Amsterdam NLnet Labs This document proposes a mechanism for extensible delegations in the DNS. The mechanism realizes delegations with SVCB resource record sets placed below a _deleg label in the apex of the delegating zone. This authoritative delegation point can be aliased to other names using CNAME and DNAME. The mechanism inherits extensibility from SVCB. Support in recursive resolvers suffices for the mechanism to be fully functional. The number of subsequent interactions between the recursive resolver and the authoritative name servers is comparable with those for DNS Query Name Minimisation. Additionally, but not required, support in the authoritative name servers enables optimized behavior with reduced (simultaneous) queries. None, mixed or full deployment of the mechanism on authoritative name servers are all fully functional, allowing for the mechanism to be incrementally deployed. Formally, any DNS Resource Record (RR) may occur under any domain name. However, some services use an operational convention for defining specific interpretations of an RRset by locating the records in a DNS branch under the parent domain to which the RRset actually applies. The top of this subordinate branch is defined by a naming convention that uses a reserved node name, which begins with the underscore character (e.g., "_name"). The underscored naming construct defines a semantic scope for DNS record types that are associated with the parent domain above the underscored branch. This specification explores the nature of this DNS usage and defines the "Underscored and Globally Scoped DNS Node Names" registry with IANA. The purpose of this registry is to avoid collisions resulting from the use of the same underscored name for different services. Akamai Technologies Within the DNS, there is no mechanism for authoritative servers to advertise which transport methods they are capable of. If secure transport methods are adopted by authoritative operators, transport signaling would be required to negotiate how authoritative servers would be contacted by resolvers. This document provides two new Resource Record Types, NS2 and NS2T, to facilitate this negotiation by allowing zone owners to signal how the authoritative nameserver(s) for their zone(s) may accept queries.

Acknowledgments The idea to utilize SVCB based RRs to signal capabilities was first proposed by Tim April in . The idea to utilize SVCB for IDELEG delegations (and also the idea described in this document) emerged from the DNS Hackathon at the IETF 118. The following participants contributed to this brainstorm session: Vandan Adhvaryu, Roy Arends, David Blacka, Manu Bretelle, Vladimír Čunát, Klaus Darilion, Peter van Dijk, Christian Elmerot, Bob Halley, Philip Homburg, Shumon Huque, Shane Kerr, David C Lawrence, Edward Lewis, George Michaelson, Erik Nygren, Libor Peltan, Ben Schwartz, Petr Špaček, Jan Včelák and Ralf Weber