Constrained Join Proxy for Bootstrapping Protocols

Constrained Join Proxy for Bootstrapping Protocols Sandelman Software Works

mcr+ietf@sandelman.ca

vanderstok consultancy

stokcons@bbhmail.nl

Cisco Systems

pkampana@cisco.com

Internet anima Working Group Internet-Draft This document defines a protocol to securely assign a Pledge to a domain, represented by a Registrar, using an intermediary node between Pledge and Registrar. This intermediary node is known as a “constrained Join Proxy”. An enrolled Pledge can act as a constrained Join Proxy. This document extends the work of Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructures (BRSKI) by replacing the Circuit-proxy between Pledge and Registrar by a stateless/stateful constrained Join Proxy. It relays join traffic from the Pledge to the Registrar.

The Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI) protocol described in provides a solution for a secure zero-touch (automated) bootstrap of new (unconfigured) devices. In the context of BRSKI, new devices, called “Pledges”, are equipped with a factory-installed Initial Device Identifier (IDevID) (see ), and are enrolled into a network. BRSKI makes use of Enrollment over Secure Transport (EST) with vouchers to securely enroll devices. A Registrar provides the security anchor of the network to which a Pledge enrolls. In this document, BRSKI is extended such that a Pledge connects to “Registrars” via a Join Proxy. A complete specification of the terminology is pointed at in . The specified solutions in and are based on POST or GET requests to the EST resources (/cacerts, /simpleenroll, /simplereenroll, /serverkeygen, and /csrattrs), and the brski resources (/requestvoucher, /voucher_status, and /enrollstatus). These requests use https and may be too large in terms of code space or bandwidth required for constrained devices. Constrained devices which may be part of constrained networks , typically implement the IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) and Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) . CoAP can be run with the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) as a security protocol for authenticity and confidentiality of the messages. This is known as the “coaps” scheme. A constrained version of EST, using Coap and DTLS, is described in . The extends with BRSKI artifacts such as voucher, request voucher, and the protocol extensions for constrained Pledges. DTLS is a client-server protocol relying on the underlying IP layer to perform the routing between the DTLS Client and the DTLS Server. However, the Pledge will not be IP routable until it is authenticated to the network. A new Pledge can only initially use a link-local IPv6 address to communicate with a neighbor on the same link until it receives the necessary network configuration parameters. However, before the Pledge can receive these configuration parameters, it needs to authenticate itself to the network to which it connects. During enrollment, a DTLS connection is required between Pledge and Registrar. Once a Pledge is enrolled, it can act as Join Proxy between other Pledges and the enrolling Registrar. This document specifies a new form of Join Proxy and protocol to act as intermediary between Pledge and Registrar to relay DTLS messages between Pledge and Registrar. Two versions of the Join Proxy are specified:

This document is very much inspired by text published earlier in . outlined the various options for building a Join Proxy. adopted only the Circuit Proxy method (1), leaving the other methods as future work. This document standardizes the CoAP/DTLS (method 4).

The following terms are defined in , and are used identically as in that document: artifact, imprint, domain, Join Registrar/Coordinator (JRC), Manufacturer Authorized Signing Authority (MASA), Pledge, Trust of First Use (TOFU), and Voucher. The term “installation network” refers to all devices in the installation and the network connections between them. The term “installation IP_address” refers to an address out of the set of addresses which are routable over the whole installation network.

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

As depicted in the , the Pledge (P), in a Low-Power and Lossy Network (LLN) mesh can be more than one hop away from the Registrar (R) and not yet authenticated into the network. In this situation, the Pledge can only communicate one-hop to its nearest neighbor, the Join Proxy (J) using their link-local IPv6 addresses. However, the Pledge (P) needs to communicate with end-to-end security with a Registrar to authenticate and get the relevant system/network parameters. If the Pledge (P), knowing the IP-address of the Registrar, initiates a DTLS connection to the Registrar, then the packets are dropped at the Join Proxy (J) since the Pledge (P) is not yet admitted to the network or there is no IP routability to Pledge (P) for any returned messages from the Registrar.

Without routing the Pledge (P) cannot establish a secure connection to the Registrar (R) over multiple hops in the network. Furthermore, the Pledge (P) cannot discover the IP address of the Registrar (R) over multiple hops to initiate a DTLS connection and perform authentication. To overcome the problems with non-routability of DTLS packets and/or discovery of the destination address of the Registrar, the Join Proxy is introduced. This Join Proxy functionality is configured into all authenticated devices in the network which may act as a Join Proxy for Pledges. The Join Proxy allows for routing of the packets from the Pledge using IP routing to the intended Registrar. An authenticated Join Proxy can discover the routable IP address of the Registrar over multiple hops. The following specifies the two Join Proxy modes. A comparison is presented in .

A Join Proxy can operate in two modes: Stateful mode Stateless mode A Join Proxy MUST implement one of the two modes. A Join Proxy MAY implement both, with an unspecified mechanism to switch between the two modes.

In stateful mode, the Join Proxy forwards the DTLS messages to the Registrar. Assume that the Pledge does not know the IP address of the Registrar it needs to contact. The Join Proxy has been enrolled via the Registrar and learns the IP address and port of the Registrar, for example by using the discovery mechanism described in . The Pledge first discovers (see ) and selects the most appropriate Join Proxy. (Discovery can also be based upon section 4.1). For service discovery via DNS-SD , this document specifies the service names in . The Pledge initiates its request as if the Join Proxy is the intended Registrar. The Join Proxy receives the message at a discoverable join-port. The Join Proxy constructs an IP packet by copying the DTLS payload from the message received from the Pledge, and provides source and destination addresses to forward the message to the intended Registrar. The Join Proxy maintains a 4-tuple array to translate the DTLS messages received from the Registrar and forwards it back to the Pledge. In the various steps of the message flow are shown, with 5684 being the standard coaps port:

The stateless Join Proxy aims to minimize the requirements on the constrained Join Proxy device. Stateless operation requires no memory in the Join Proxy device, but may also reduce the CPU impact as the device does not need to search through a state table. If an untrusted Pledge that can only use link-local addressing wants to contact a trusted Registrar, and the Registrar is more than one hop away, it sends its DTLS messages to the Join Proxy. When a Pledge attempts a DTLS connection to the Join Proxy, it uses its link-local IP address as its IP source address. This message is transmitted one-hop to a neighboring (Join Proxy) node. Under normal circumstances, this message would be dropped at the neighbor node since the Pledge is not yet IP routable or is not yet authenticated to send messages through the network. However, if the neighbor device has the Join Proxy functionality enabled; it routes the DTLS message to its Registrar of choice. The Join Proxy transforms the DTLS message to a JPY message which includes the DTLS data as payload, and sends the JPY message to the join-port of the Registrar. The JPY message payload consists of two parts: Header (H) field: consisting of the source link-local address and port of the Pledge (P), and Contents (C) field: containing the original DTLS payload. On receiving the JPY message, the Registrar (or proxy) retrieves the two parts. The Registrar transiently stores the Header field information. The Registrar uses the Contents field to execute the Registrar functionality. However, when the Registrar replies, it also extends its DTLS message with the header field in a JPY message and sends it back to the Join Proxy. The Registrar SHOULD NOT assume that it can decode the Header Field, it should simply repeat it when responding. The Header contains the original source link-local address and port of the Pledge from the transient state stored earlier and the Contents field contains the DTLS payload. On receiving the JPY message, the Join Proxy retrieves the two parts. It uses the Header field to route the DTLS message containing the DTLS payload retrieved from the Contents field to the Pledge. In this scenario, both the Registrar and the Join Proxy use discoverable join-ports, for the Join Proxy this may be a default CoAP port. The depicts the message flow diagram:

The JPY message is constructed as a payload with media-type application/cbor Header and Contents fields together are one CBOR array of 5 elements: header field: containing a CBOR array with the Pledge IPv6 Link Local address as a CBOR byte string, the Pledge’s UDP port number as a CBOR integer, the IP address family (IPv4/IPv6) as a CBOR integer, and the proxy’s ifindex or other identifier for the physical port as CBOR integer. The header field is not DTLS encrypted. Content field: containing the DTLS payload as a CBOR byte string. The address family integer is defined in with:

The Join Proxy cannot decrypt the DTLS payload and has no knowledge of the transported media type.

The contents are DTLS encrypted. In CBOR diagnostic notation the payload JPY[H(IP_P:p_P)], will look like:

On reception by the Registrar, the Registrar MUST verify that the number of array elements is larger than or equal to 5, and reject the message when the number of array elements is smaller than 5. After replacing the 5th “content” element with the DTLS payload of the response message and leaving all other array elements unchanged, the Registrar returns the response message. Examples are shown in . When additions are added to the array in later versions of this protocol, any additional array elements (i.e., not specified by current document) MUST be ignored by a receiver if it doesn’t know these elements. This approach allows evolution of the protocol while maintaining backwards-compatibility. A version number isn’t needed; that number is defined by the length of the array. However, this means that message elements are consistently added to earlier defined elements to avoid ambiguities.

It is assumed that Join Proxy seamlessly provides a coaps connection between Pledge and Registrar. In particular this section extends section 4.1 of for the constrained case. The discovery follows two steps with two alternatives for step 1: Step 1. Two alternatives exist (near and remote): Near: the Pledge is one hop away from the Registrar. The Pledge discovers the link-local address of the Registrar as described in . From then on, it follows the BRSKI process as described in and , using link-local addresses. Remote: the Pledge is more than one hop away from a relevant Registrar, and discovers the link-local address and join-port of a Join Proxy. The Pledge then follows the BRSKI procedure using the link-local address of the Join Proxy. Step 2. The enrolled Join Proxy discovers the join-port of the Registrar. The order in which the two alternatives of step 1 are tried is installation dependent. The trigger for discovery in Step 2 in implementation dependent. Once a Pledge is enrolled, it may function as Join Proxy. The Join Proxy functions are advertised as described below. In principle, the Join Proxy functions are offered via a join-port, and not the standard coaps port. Also, the Registrar offers a join-port to which the stateless Join Proxy sends the JPY message. The Join Proxy and Registrar show the extra join-port number when responding to a /.well-known/core discovery request addressed to the standard coap/coaps port. Three discovery cases are discussed: Join Proxy discovers Registrar, Pledge discovers Registrar, and Pledge discovers Join Proxy. Each discovery case considers three alternatives: CoAP based discovery, GRASP Based discovery, and 6tisch based discovery. The choice of discovery mechanism depends on the type of installation, and manufacturers can provide the pledge/join-proxy with support for more than one discovery mechanism. The pledge/join-proxy can be designed to dynamically try different discovery mechanisms until a successful discovery mechanism is found, or the choice of discovery mechanism could be configured during device installation.

In this section, the Join Proxy and Registrar are assumed to communicate via Link-Local addresses. This section describes the discovery of the Registrar by the Join Proxy.

The discovery of the coaps Registrar, using coap discovery, by the Join Proxy follows sections 6.3 and 6.5.1 of . The stateless Join Proxy can discover the join-port of the Registrar by sending a GET request to “/.well-known/core” including a resource type (rt) parameter with the value “brski.rjp” . Upon success, the return payload will contain the join-port of the Registrar.

; rt="brski.rjp" ]]> The discoverable port numbers are usually returned for Join Proxy resources in the <URI-Reference> of the payload (see section 5.1 of ).

This section is normative for uses with an ANIMA ACP. In the context of autonomic networks, the Join Proxy uses the DULL GRASP M_FLOOD mechanism to announce itself. Section 4.1.1 of discusses this in more detail. The Registrar announces itself using ACP instance of GRASP using M_FLOOD messages. Autonomic Network Join Proxies MUST support GRASP discovery of Registrar as described in section 4.3 of .

The discovery of the Registrar by the Join Proxy uses the enhanced beacons as discussed in .

In this section, the Pledge and Registrar are assumed to communicate via Link-Local addresses. This section describes the discovery of the Registrar by the Pledge.

The discovery of the coaps Registrar, using coap discovery, by the Pledge follows sections 6.3 and 6.5.1 of .

This section is normative for uses with an ANIMA ACP. In the context of autonomic networks, the Pledge uses the DULL GRASP M_FLOOD mechanism to announce itself. Section 4.1.1 of discusses this in more detail. The Registrar announces itself using ACP instance of GRASP using M_FLOOD messages. Autonomic Network Join Proxies MUST support GRASP discovery of Registrar as described in section 4.3 of .

The discovery of Registrar by the Pledge uses the enhanced beacons as discussed in .

In this section, the Pledge and Join Proxy are assumed to communicate via Link-Local addresses. This section describes the discovery of the Join Proxy by the Pledge.

In the context of a coap network without Autonomic Network support, discovery follows the standard coap policy. The Pledge can discover a Join Proxy by sending a link-local multicast message to ALL CoAP Nodes with address FF02::FD. Multiple or no nodes may respond. The handling of multiple responses and the absence of responses follow section 4 of . The join-port of the Join Proxy is discovered by sending a GET request to “/.well-known/core” including a resource type (rt) parameter with the value “brski.jp” . Upon success, the return payload will contain the join-port. The example below shows the discovery of the join-port of the Join Proxy.

; rt="brski.jp" ]]> Port numbers are assumed to be the default numbers 5683 and 5684 for coap and coaps respectively (sections 12.6 and 12.7 of ) when not shown in the response. Discoverable port numbers are usually returned for Join Proxy resources in the <URI-Reference> of the payload (see section 5.1 of ).

This section is normative for uses with an ANIMA ACP. The Pledge MUST listen for GRASP M_FLOOD announcements of the objective: “AN_Proxy”. See section 4.1.1 for the details of the objective.

The discovery of the Join Proxy by the Pledge uses the enhanced beacons as discussed in .

The stateful and stateless mode of operation for the Join Proxy have their advantages and disadvantages. This section should enable to make a choice between the two modes based on the available device resources and network bandwidth.

All the concerns in section 4.1 apply. The Pledge can be deceived by malicious Join Proxy announcements. The Pledge will only join a network to which it receives a valid voucher . Once the Pledge joined, the payload between Pledge and Registrar is protected by DTLS. It should be noted here that the contents of the CBOR map used to convey return address information is not DTLS protected. When the communication between JOIN Proxy and Registrar passes over an unsecure network, an attacker can change the CBOR array, causing the Registrar to deviate traffic from the intended Pledge. If such scenario needs to be avoided, then it is reasonable for the Join Proxy to encrypt the CBOR array using a locally generated symmetric key. The Registrar would not be able to examine the result, but it does not need to do so. This is a topic for future work. In some installations, level 2 protection is provided between all member pairs of the mesh. In such an enviroment encryption of the CBOR array is unnecessay because the level 2 protection already provide it.

This specification registers two new Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attributes in the “Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values” subregistry under the “Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters” registry per the procedure.

This specification registers two service names under the “Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number” registry.

Contact: IESG Description: Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure constrained Join Proxy Reference: [this document] Service Name: brski-rjp Transport Protocol(s): udp Assignee: IESG Contact: IESG Description: Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure Registrar join-port used by stateless constrained Join Proxy Reference: [this document] ]]>

Many thanks for the comments by Brian Carpenter, Esko Dijk, Russ Housley, and Rob Wilton.

Sandeep Kumar, Sye loong Keoh, and Oscar Garcia-Morchon are the co-authors of the draft-kumar-dice-dtls-relay-02. Their draft has served as a basis for this document. Much text from their draft is copied over to this draft.

Discovery of Join Proxy and Registrar ports

Registrar used throughout instead of EST server Emphasized additional Join Proxy port for Join Proxy and Registrar updated discovery accordingly updated stateless Join Proxy JPY header JPY header described with CDDL Example simplified and corrected

copied from vanderstok-anima-constrained-join-proxy-05

&RFC6347; &RFC8366; &RFC8995; &I-D.ietf-ace-coap-est; &I-D.ietf-anima-constrained-voucher; &RFC8949; &RFC8990; IEEE 802.1AR Secure Device Identifier Address Family Numbers &RFC2119; &RFC8174; &RFC6763; &I-D.richardson-anima-state-for-joinrouter; &I-D.ietf-6tisch-enrollment-enhanced-beacon; &RFC6690; &RFC7030; &RFC7102; &RFC7228; &I-D.kumar-dice-dtls-relay; &RFC4944; &RFC7252; &RFC6775;

The examples show the request “GET coaps://192.168.1.200:5965/est/crts” to a Registrar. The header generated between Join Proxy and Registrar and from Registrar to Join Proxy are shown in detail. The DTLS payload is not shown. The request from Join Proxy to Registrar looks like:

]]> In CBOR Diagnostic:

'] ]]> The response is:

]]> In CBOR diagnostic:

'] ]]>