Updates to and Operational Guidance for the DANE Protocol

The DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) specification () introduces the DNS "TLSA" resource record type ("TLSA" is not an acronym). TLSA records associate a certificate or a public key of an end-entity or a trusted issuing authority with the corresponding Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) transport endpoint. DANE relies on the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC, ). DANE TLSA records validated by DNSSEC can be used to augment or replace the use of trusted public Certification Authorities (CAs). The TLS and DTLS protocols provide secured TCP and UDP communication, respectively, over IP. In the context of this document, channel security is assumed to be provided by TLS or DTLS. By convention, "TLS" will be used throughout this document and, unless otherwise specified, the text applies equally well to DTLS over UDP. Used without authentication, TLS provides protection only against eavesdropping through its use of encryption. With authentication, TLS also protects the transport against man-in-the-middle (MiTM) attacks. defines three TLSA record fields, the first with 4 possible values, the second with 2, and the third with 3. These yield 24 distinct combinations of TLSA record types. This document recommends a smaller set of best-practice combinations of these fields to simplify protocol design, implementation and deployment. This document explains and recommends DANE-specific strategies to simplify "virtual hosting", where a single Service Provider transport endpoint simultaneously supports multiple hosted Customer Domains. Other related documents that build on are and . summarizes the normative updates this document makes to .

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in . The following terms are used throughout this document: The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) model employed by browsers to authenticate web servers. This employs a set of trusted public Certification Authorities (CAs) to vouch for the authenticity of public keys associated with a particular party (the subject). A company or organization that offers to host a service on behalf of the owner of a Customer Domain. The original domain name associated with the service often remains under the control of the customer. Connecting applications may be directed to the Service Provider via a redirection resource record. Example redirection records include MX, SRV, and CNAME. The Service Provider frequently provides services for many customers and needs to ensure that the TLS credentials presented to connecting applications authenticate it as a valid server for the requested domain. As described above, a TLS client may be interacting with a service that is hosted by a third party. This document refers to the domain name used to locate the service (prior to any redirection) as the "Customer Domain". The entity responsible for publishing a TLSA record within a DNS zone. This zone will be assumed DNSSEC-signed and validatable to a trust anchor, unless otherwise specified. If the Customer Domain is not outsourcing their DNS service, the TLSA Publisher will be the customer themselves. Otherwise, the TLSA Publisher may be the operator of the outsourced DNS service. The term "public key" is short-hand for the subjectPublicKeyInfo component of a PKIX certificate. The "Server Name Indication" (SNI) TLS protocol extension allows a TLS client to request a connection to a particular service name of a TLS server (, section 3). Without this TLS extension, a TLS server has no choice but to offer a certificate with a default list of server names, making it difficult to host multiple Customer Domains at the same IP-address-based TLS service endpoint (i.e., provide "secure virtual hosting"). In the TLSA record is defined to consist of four fields. The first three of these are numeric parameters that specify the meaning of the data in the fourth and final field. This document refers to the first three fields as "TLSA parameters", or sometimes just "parameters" when obvious from context. Per Section 3 of TLSA records are stored at a DNS domain name which is a combination of a port and protocol prefix and a "base domain". In the "base domain" is the fully qualified domain name of the TLS server. This document modifies the TLSA record lookup strategy to prefer the fully CNAME expanded name of the TLS server, provided that expansion is "secure" (DNSSEC validated) at each stage of the expansion, and TLSA records are published for this fully expanded name. Thus the "TLSA base domain" is either the fully CNAME expanded TLS server name, or otherwise the initial fully qualified TLS server name, whichever is used in combination with a port and protocol prefix to obtain the TLSA RRset.

DANE TLSA specifies a protocol for publishing TLS server certificate associations via DNSSEC . DANE TLSA records consist of four fields: Section 2.1.1 of specifies 4 values: PKIX-TA(0), PKIX-EE(1), DANE-TA(2), and DANE-EE(3). There is an additional private-use value: PrivCert(255), which, given its private scope, shall not be considered further in this document. All other values are reserved for use by future specifications. Section 2.1.2 of specifies 2 values: Cert(0), SPKI(1). There is an additional private-use value: PrivSel(255). All other values are reserved for use by future specifications. Section 2.1.3 of specifies 3 values: Full(0), SHA2-256(1), SHA2-512(2). There is an additional private-use value: PrivMatch(255). All other values are reserved for use by future specifications. Section 2.1.4 of . This stores the full value or digest of the certificate or subject public key as determined by the matching type and selector respectively. The record type is determined by the values of the first three fields, which this document refers to as the "TLSA parameters", to distinguish them from the fourth and last field. The numeric values of these parameters were given symbolic names in . In the matching type field, of the two digest algorithms, for now only SHA2-256(1) is mandatory to implement. Clients SHOULD implement SHA2-512(2), but servers SHOULD NOT exclusively publish SHA2-512(2) digests. The digest algorithm agility protocol defined in SHOULD be used by clients to decide how to process TLSA RRsets that employ multiple digest algorithms. Server operators MUST publish TLSA RRsets that are compatible (see ) with digest algorithm agility ().

In the example TLSA record below:

_25._tcp.mail.example.com. IN TLSA 2 0 1 ( E8B54E0B4BAA815B06D3462D65FBC7C0 CF556ECCF9F5303EBFBB77D022F834C0 ) The TLSA Certificate Usage is DANE-TA(2), the selector is Cert(0) and the matching type is SHA2-256(1). The last field is the Certificate Association Data Field, which in this case contains the SHA2-256 digest of the server certificate.

does not discuss what versions of TLS are required when using DANE records. This document specifies that TLS clients that support DANE/TLSA MUST support at least TLS 1.0 and SHOULD support TLS 1.2 or later. TLS clients using DANE MUST support the "Server Name Indication" (SNI) extension of TLS (). Servers MAY support SNI and respond with a matching certificate chain, but MAY also ignore SNI and respond with a default certificate chain. When a server supports SNI but is not configured with a certificate chain that exactly matches the client's SNI extension, the server SHOULD respond with another certificate chain (a default or closest match). This is because clients might support more than one server name, but can only put a single name in the SNI extension.

As mentioned in , the TLSA certificate usage field takes one of four possible values. With PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1), the validation of peer certificate chains requires additional pre-configured CA trust anchors that are mutually trusted by the operators of the TLS server and client. With DANE-TA(2) and DANE-EE(3), no pre-configured CA trust anchors are required and the published DANE TLSA records are sufficient to verify the peer's certificate chain. Standards for application protocols that employ DANE TLSA can specify more specific guidance than or this document. Such application-specific standards need to carefully consider which set of DANE certificate usages to support. Simultaneous support for all four usages is NOT RECOMMENDED for DANE clients. When all four usages are supported, an attacker capable of compromising the integrity of DNSSEC needs only to replace server's TLSA RRset with one that lists suitable DANE-EE(3) or DANE-TA(2) records, effectively bypassing any added verification via public CAs. In other words, when all four usages are supported, PKIX-TA(2) and PKIX-EE(1) offer only illusory incremental security over DANE-TA(2) and DANE-EE(3). Designs in which clients support just the DANE-TA(2) and DANE-EE(3) certificate usages are RECOMMENDED. With DANE-TA(2) and DANE-EE(3) clients don't need to track a large changing list of X.509 trust-anchors in order to successfully authenticate servers whose certificates are issued by a brand new or not widely trusted CA. The DNSSEC TLSA records for servers MAY include both sets of usages if the server needs to support a mixture of clients, some supporting one pair of usages and some the other.

When the client's protocol design is based on Opportunistic Security (OS, ), and the use of authentication is based on the presence of server TLSA records, it is especially important to avoid the PKIX-EE(1) and PKIX-TA(0) certificate usages. When authenticated TLS is used opportunistically, based on the presence of DANE TLSA records, and no secure TLSA records are present, unauthenticated TLS is used if possible, and otherwise perhaps even cleartext. However, if usable secure TLSA records are published then authentication MUST succeed. Also, outside the browser space, there is no pre-ordained canon of trusted CAs, and in any case there is no security advantage in using PKIX-TA(0) or PKIX-EE(1) when the DANE-TA(2) and DANE-EE(3) usages are also supported (as an attacker who can compromise DNS can replace the former with the latter). Authentication via the PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) certificate usages is more brittle, the client and server need to happen to agree on a mutually trusted CA, but with opportunistic security the client is just trying to protect the communication channel at the request of the server, and would otherwise be willing to use cleartext or unauthenticated TLS. Use of fragile mechanisms (like public CA authentication for some unspecified set of trusted CAs) is not sufficiently reliable for an opportunistic security client to honor the server's request for authentication. Opportunistic security needs to be unintrusive and to require few, if any, work-arounds for valid and yet mismatched peers. With the PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) usages offering no more security, but being more prone to failure, they are a poor fit for opportunistic security and SHOULD NOT be used in that context.

Certificate Transparency (CT) defines an experimental approach that could be used to mitigate the risk of rogue or compromised public CAs issuing unauthorized certificates. This section clarifies the interaction of the experimental CT and DANE. This section may need to be revised in light of any future standards track version of CT. When a server is authenticated via a DANE TLSA RR with TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-EE(3), the domain owner has directly specified the certificate associated with the given service without reference to any public certification authority. Therefore, when a TLS client authenticates the TLS server via a TLSA record with usage DANE-EE(3), CT checks SHOULD NOT be performed. Publication of the server certificate or public key (digest) in a TLSA record in a DNSSEC signed zone by the domain owner assures the TLS client that the certificate is not an unauthorized certificate issued by a rogue CA without the domain owner's consent. When a server is authenticated via a DANE TLSA record with TLSA usage DANE-TA(2) and the server certificate does not chain to a known public root CA, CT cannot apply (CT logs only accept chains that start with a known public root). Since TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-TA(2) is generally intended to support non-public trust anchors, TLS clients SHOULD NOT perform CT checks with usage DANE-TA(2). With certificate usages PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1), CT applies just at it would without DANE. TLSA records of this type only constrain which CAs are acceptable in PKIX validation. All checks used in the absence of DANE still apply when validating certificate chains with DANE PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) constraints.

The choice of preferred certificate usages may need to change as an application protocol evolves. When transitioning between PKIX-TA/PKIX-EE and DANE-TA/DANE-EE, clients begin to enable support for the new certificate usage values. If the new preferred certificate usages are PKIX-TA/EE this requires installing and managing the appropriate set of CA trust anchors. During this time servers will publish both types of TLSA records. At some later time when the vast majority of servers have published the new preferred TLSA records, clients can stop supporting the legacy certificate usages. Similarly, servers can stop publishing legacy TLSA records once the vast majority of clients support the new certificate usages.

The four Certificate Usage values from the TLSA record, DANE-EE(3), DANE-TA(2), PKIX-EE(1) and PKIX-TA(0), are discussed below.

In this section the meaning of DANE-EE(3) is updated from to specify that peer identity matching and that validity period enforcement is based solely on the TLSA RRset properties. This document also extends to cover the use of DANE authentication of raw public keys via TLSA records with Certificate Usage DANE-EE(3) and selector SPKI(1). Authentication via certificate usage DANE-EE(3) TLSA records involves simply checking that the server's leaf certificate matches the TLSA record. In particular, the binding of the server public key to its name is based entirely on the TLSA record association. The server MUST be considered authenticated even if none of the names in the certificate match the client's reference identity for the server. This simplifies the operation of servers that host multiple Customer Domains, as a single certificate can be associated with multiple domains, without having to match each of the corresponding reference identifiers.

; Multiple client domains hosted by example.net service provider: ; www.example.com. IN CNAME ex-com.example.net. www.example.org. IN CNAME ex-org.example.net. ; ; In the provider's DNS zone, a single certificate and TLSA ; record supports multiple client domains, greatly simplifying ; "virtual hosting". ; ex-com.example.net. IN A 192.0.2.1 ex-org.example.net. IN A 192.0.2.1 _443._tcp.ex-com.example.net. IN CNAME tlsa._dane.example.net. _443._tcp.ex-org.example.net. IN CNAME tlsa._dane.example.net. tlsa._dane.example.net. IN TLSA 3 1 1 e3b0c44298fc1c14... Also with DANE-EE(3), the expiration date of the server certificate MUST be ignored. The validity period of the TLSA record key binding is determined by the validity period of the TLSA record DNSSEC signatures. Validity is reaffirmed on an ongoing basis by continuing to publish the TLSA record and sign the containing zone, rather than via dates set in stone in certificate. The expiration becomes a reminder to the administrator that it is likely time to rotate the key, but missing the date no longer causes an outage. When keys are rotated (for whatever reason) it is important to follow the procedures outlined in . If a server uses just DANE-EE(3) TLSA records, and all its clients are DANE clients, the server need not employ SNI (i.e., it may ignore the client's SNI message) even when the server is known via multiple domain names that would otherwise require separate certificates. It is instead sufficient for the TLSA RRsets for all the domain names in question to match the server's default certificate. For application protocols where the server name is obtained indirectly via SRV, MX or similar records, it is simplest to publish a single hostname as the target server name for all the hosted domains. In organizations where it is practical to make coordinated changes in DNS TLSA records before server key rotation, it is generally best to publish end-entity DANE-EE(3) certificate associations in preference to other choices of certificate usage. DANE-EE(3) TLSA records support multiple server names without SNI, don't suddenly stop working when leaf or intermediate certificates expire, and don't fail when a server operator neglects to include all the required issuer certificates in the server certificate chain. More specifically, it is RECOMMENDED that at most sites TLSA records published for DANE servers be "DANE-EE(3) SPKI(1) SHA2-256(1)" records. Selector SPKI(1) is chosen because it is compatible with raw public keys () and the resulting TLSA record need not change across certificate renewals with the same key. Matching type SHA2-256(1) is chosen because all DANE implementations are required to support SHA2-256. This TLSA record type easily supports hosting arrangements with a single certificate matching all hosted domains. It is also the easiest to implement correctly in the client. Clients that support raw public keys can use DANE TLSA records with certificate usage DANE-EE(3) and selector SPKI(1) to authenticate servers that negotiate the use of raw public keys. Provided the server adheres to the requirements of , the fact that raw public keys are not compatible with any other TLSA record types will not get in the way of successful authentication. Clients that employ DANE to authenticate the peer server SHOULD NOT negotiate the use of raw public keys unless the server's TLSA RRset includes DANE-EE(3) SPKI(1) TLSA records. While it is, in principle, also possible to authenticate raw public keys via "DANE-EE(3) Cert(0) Full(0)" records by extracting the public key from the certificate in DNS, extracting just the the public key from a "3 0 0" TLSA record requires extra logic on clients that not all implementations are expected to provide. Servers that wish to support raw public keys need to publish TLSA records with a certificate usage of DANE-EE(3) and a selector of SPKI(1). While DANE-EE(3) TLSA records are expected to be by far the most prevalent, as explained in DANE-TA(2) records are a valid alternative for sites with many DANE services. Note however, that virtual hosting is more complex with DANE-TA(2). Also with DANE-TA(2) server operators MUST ensure that the server is configured with a sufficiently complete certificate chain and need to remember to replace certificates prior to their expiration dates.

This section updates by specifying a new operational requirement for servers publishing TLSA records with a usage of DANE-TA(2): such servers MUST include the trust-anchor certificate in their TLS server certificate message unless all such TLSA records are "2 0 0" records that publish the server certificate in full. Some domains may prefer to avoid the operational complexity of publishing unique TLSA RRs for each TLS service. If the domain employs a common issuing Certification Authority to create certificates for multiple TLS services, it may be simpler to publish the issuing authority as a trust anchor (TA) for the certificate chains of all relevant services. The TLSA query domain (TLSA base domain with port and protocol prefix labels) for each service issued by the same TA may then be set to a CNAME alias that points to a common TLSA RRset that matches the TA. For example:

; Two servers, each with its own certificate, that share ; a common issuer (trust-anchor). ; www1.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1 www2.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.2 _443._tcp.www1.example.com. IN CNAME tlsa._dane.example.com. _443._tcp.www2.example.com. IN CNAME tlsa._dane.example.com. tlsa._dane.example.com. IN TLSA 2 0 1 e3b0c44298fc1c14... The above configuration simplifies server key rotation, because while the servers continue to receive new certificates from a CA matched by the shared (target of the CNAMEs) TLSA record, servers certificates can be updated without making any DNS changes. As the list of active issuing CAs changes, the shared TLSA record will be updated (much less frequently) by the administrators who manage the CAs. Those administrators still need to perform TLSA record updates with care as described in . With usage DANE-TA(2) the server certificates will need to have names that match one of the client's reference identifiers (see ). When hosting multiple unrelated client domains (that can't all appear in a single certificate), such a server SHOULD employ SNI to select the appropriate certificate to present to the client.

TLSA records with matching type Full(0) are NOT RECOMMENDED. While these potentially obviate the need to transmit the TA certificate in the TLS server certificate message, client implementations may not be able to augment the server certificate chain with the data obtained from DNS, especially when the TLSA record supplies a bare key (selector SPKI(1)). Since the server will need to transmit the TA certificate in any case, server operators SHOULD publish TLSA records with a matching type other than Full(0) and avoid potential DNS interoperability issues with large TLSA records containing full certificates or keys (see ). TLSA Publishers employing DANE-TA(2) records SHOULD publish records with a selector of Cert(0). Such TLSA records are associated with the whole trust anchor certificate, not just with the trust anchor public key. In particular, when authenticating the peer certificate chain via such a TLSA record, the client SHOULD apply any relevant constraints from the trust anchor certificate, such as, for example, path length constraints. While a selector of SPKI(1) may also be employed, the resulting TLSA record will not specify the full trust anchor certificate content, and elements of the trust anchor certificate other than the public key become mutable. This may, for example, enable a subsidiary CA to issue a chain that violates the trust anchor's path length or name constraints.

With DANE-TA(2), a complication arises when the TA certificate is omitted from the server's certificate chain, perhaps on the basis of Section 7.4.2 of :

The sender's certificate MUST come first in the list. Each following certificate MUST directly certify the one preceding it. Because certificate validation requires that root keys be distributed independently, the self-signed certificate that specifies the root certification authority MAY be omitted from the chain, under the assumption that the remote end must already possess it in order to validate it in any case. With TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-TA(2), there is no expectation that the client is pre-configured with the trust anchor certificate. In fact, client implementations are free to ignore all locally configured trust anchors when processing usage DANE-TA(2) TLSA records and may rely exclusively on the certificates provided in the server's certificate chain. But, with a digest in the TLSA record, the TLSA record contains neither the full trust anchor certificate nor the full public key. If the TLS server's certificate chain does not contain the trust anchor certificate, DANE clients will be unable to authenticate the server. TLSA Publishers that publish TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-TA(2) associations with a selector of SPKI(1) or using a digest-based matching type (not Full(0)) MUST ensure that the corresponding server is configured to also include the trust anchor certificate in its TLS handshake certificate chain, even if that certificate is a self-signed root CA and would have been optional in the context of the existing public CA PKI. Only when the server TLSA record includes a "DANE-TA(2) Cert(0) Full(0)" TLSA record containing a full trust-anchor certificate, is the trust-anchor certificate optional in the server's TLS certificate message. Only in this case, the client MUST also be able to verify the server's certificate chain via a trust-anchor provided via DNS rather than via the TLS handshake server certificate message.

TLSA records with TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-TA(2), selector SPKI(1) and a matching type of Full(0) publish the full public key of a trust anchor via DNS. In section 6.1.1 of the definition of a trust anchor consists of the following four parts: the trusted issuer name, the trusted public key algorithm, the trusted public key, and optionally, the trusted public key parameters associated with the public key. Items 2–4 are precisely the contents of the subjectPublicKeyInfo published in the TLSA record. The issuer name is not included in the subjectPublicKeyInfo. With TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-TA(2), the client may not have the associated trust anchor certificate, and cannot generally verify whether a particular certificate chain is "issued by" the trust anchor described in the TLSA record. When the server certificate chain includes a CA certificate whose public key matches the TLSA record, the client can match that CA as the intended issuer. Otherwise, the client can only check that the topmost certificate in the server's chain is "signed by" the trust anchor's public key in the TLSA record. Such a check may be difficult to implement, and cannot be expected to be supported by all clients. Thus, servers cannot rely on "DANE-TA(2) SPKI(1) Full(0)" TLSA records to be sufficient to authenticate chains issued by the associated public key in the absence of a corresponding certificate in the server's TLS certificate message. Servers employing "2 1 0" TLSA records, MUST include the corresponding trust-anchor certificate in their certificate chain. If none of the server's certificate chain elements match a public key specified in a TLSA record, and at least one "DANE-TA(2) SPKI(1) Full(0)" TLSA record is available, it is RECOMMENDED that clients check whether the topmost certificate in the chain is signed by the provided public key and has not expired, and in that case consider the server authenticated, provided the rest of the chain passes validation including leaf certificate name checks.

This Certificate Usage is similar to DANE-EE(3), but in addition PKIX verification is required. Therefore, name checks, certificate expiration, certificate transparency, etc., apply as they would without DANE.

This section updates by specifying new client implementation requirements. Clients that trust intermediate certificates MUST be prepared to construct longer PKIX chains than would be required for PKIX alone. TLSA Certificate Usage PKIX-TA(0) allows a domain to publish constraints on the set of PKIX certification authorities trusted to issue certificates for its TLS servers. A PKIX-TA(0) TLSA record matches PKIX-verified trust chains which contain an issuer certificate (root or intermediate) that matches its certificate association data field (typically a certificate or digest). PKIX-TA(0) requires more complex coordination (than with DANE-TA(2) or DANE-EE(3)) between the Customer Domain and the Service Provider in hosting arrangements. Thus, this certificate usage is NOT RECOMMENDED when the Service Provider is not also the TLSA Publisher (at the TLSA base domain obtained via CNAMEs, SRV or MX records). TLSA Publishers who publish TLSA records for a particular public root CA, will expect that clients will only accept chains anchored at that root. It is possible, however, that the client's trusted certificate store includes some intermediate CAs, either with or without the corresponding root CA. When a client constructs a trust chain leading from a trusted intermediate CA to the server leaf certificate, such a "truncated" chain might not contain the trusted root published in the server's TLSA record. If the omitted root is also trusted, the client may erroneously reject the server chain if it fails to determine that the shorter chain it constructed extends to a longer trusted chain that matches the TLSA record. Thus, when matching a usage PKIX-TA(0) TLSA record, while no matching certificate is found, a client MUST continue extending the chain even after any locally trusted certificate is found. If no TLSA records have matched any of the elements of the chain, and the trusted certificate found is not self-issued, the client MUST attempt to build a longer chain in case a certificate closer to the root matches the server's TLSA record.

Whenever possible, the TLSA Publisher and the Service Provider should be the same entity. Otherwise, they need to coordinate changes to ensure that TLSA records published by the TLSA Publisher don't fall out of sync with the server certificate used by the Service Provider. Such coordination is difficult and service outages will result when coordination fails. Publishing the TLSA record in the Service Provider's zone avoids the complexity of bilateral coordination of server certificate configuration and TLSA record management. Even when the TLSA RRset has to be published in the Customer Domain's DNS zone (perhaps the client application does not "chase" CNAMEs to the TLSA base domain), it is possible to employ CNAME records to delegate the content of the TLSA RRset to a domain operated by the Service Provider. Only Certificate Usages DANE-EE(3) and DANE-TA(2) work well with TLSA CNAMEs across organizational boundaries. With PKIX-TA(0) or PKIX-EE(1) the Service Provider would need to obtain certificates in the name of Customer Domain from a suitable public CA (securely impersonate the customer), or the customer would need to provision the relevant private keys and certificates at the Service Provider's systems. In this case the Service Provider can publish a single TLSA RRset that matches the server certificate or public key digest. The same RRset works for all Customer Domains because name checks do not apply with DANE-EE(3) TLSA records (see ). A Customer Domain can create a CNAME record pointing to the TLSA RRset published by the Service Provider. When the Service Provider operates a private certification authority, the Service Provider is free to issue a certificate bearing any customer's domain name. Without DANE, such a certificate would not pass trust verification, but with DANE, the customer's TLSA RRset that is aliased to the provider's TLSA RRset can delegate authority to the provider's CA for the corresponding service. The Service Provider can generate appropriate certificates for each customer and use the SNI information provided by clients to select the right certificate chain to present to each client. Below are example DNS records (assumed "secure" and shown without the associated DNSSEC information, such as record signatures) that illustrate both of of the above models in the case of an HTTPS service whose clients all support DANE TLS. These examples work even with clients that don't "chase" CNAMEs when constructing the TLSA base domain (see below).

; The hosted web service is redirected via a CNAME alias. ; The associated TLSA RRset is also redirected via a CNAME alias. ; ; A single certificate at the provider works for all Customer ; Domains due to the use of the DANE-EE(3) Certificate Usage. ; www1.example.com. IN CNAME w1.example.net. _443._tcp.www1.example.com. IN CNAME _443._tcp.w1.example.net. _443._tcp.w1.example.net. IN TLSA 3 1 1 ( 8A9A70596E869BED72C69D97A8895DFA D86F300A343FECEFF19E89C27C896BC9 ) ; ; A CA at the provider can also issue certificates for each Customer ; Domain, and use the DANE-TA(2) Certificate Usage type to ; indicate a trust anchor. ; www2.example.com. IN CNAME w2.example.net. _443._tcp.www2.example.com. IN CNAME _443._tcp.w2.example.net. _443._tcp.w2.example.net. IN TLSA 2 0 1 ( C164B2C3F36D068D42A6138E446152F5 68615F28C69BD96A73E354CAC88ED00C ) With protocols that support explicit transport redirection via DNS MX records, SRV records, or other similar records, the TLSA base domain is based on the redirected transport end-point, rather than the origin domain. With SMTP, for example, when an email service is hosted by a Service Provider, the Customer Domain's MX hostnames will point at the Service Provider's SMTP hosts. When the Customer Domain's DNS zone is signed, the MX hostnames can be securely used as the base domains for TLSA records that are published and managed by the Service Provider. For example (without the required DNSSEC information, such as record signatures):

; Hosted SMTP service ; example.com. IN MX 0 mx1.example.net. example.com. IN MX 0 mx2.example.net. _25._tcp.mx1.example.net. IN TLSA 3 1 1 ( 8A9A70596E869BED72C69D97A8895DFA D86F300A343FECEFF19E89C27C896BC9 ) _25._tcp.mx2.example.net. IN TLSA 3 1 1 ( C164B2C3F36D068D42A6138E446152F5 68615F28C69BD96A73E354CAC88ED00C ) If redirection to the Service Provider's domain (via MX or SRV records or any similar mechanism) is not possible, and aliasing of the TLSA record is not an option, then more complex coordination between the Customer Domain and Service Provider will be required. Either the Customer Domain periodically provides private keys and a corresponding certificate chain to the Provider (after making appropriate changes in its TLSA records), or the Service Provider periodically generates the keys and certificates and needs to wait for matching TLSA records to be published by its Customer Domains before deploying newly generated keys and certificate chains. below describes an approach that employs CNAME "chasing" to avoid the difficulties of coordinating key management across organization boundaries. For further information about combining DANE and SRV, please see .

When the application protocol does not support service location indirection via MX, SRV or similar DNS records, the service may be redirected via a CNAME. A CNAME is a more blunt instrument for this purpose, since unlike an MX or SRV record, it remaps the entire origin domain to the target domain for all protocols. The complexity of coordinating key management is largely eliminated when DANE TLSA records are found in the Service Provider's domain, as discussed in . Therefore, DANE TLS clients connecting to a server whose domain name is a CNAME alias SHOULD follow the CNAME hop-by-hop to its ultimate target host (noting at each step whether the CNAME is DNSSEC-validated). If at each stage of CNAME expansion the DNSSEC validation status is "secure", the final target name SHOULD be the preferred base domain for TLSA lookups. Implementations failing to find a TLSA record using a base name of the final target of a CNAME expansion SHOULD issue a TLSA query using the original destination name. That is, the preferred TLSA base domain SHOULD be derived from the fully expanded name, and failing that SHOULD be the initial domain name. When the TLSA base domain is the result of "secure" CNAME expansion, the resulting domain name MUST be used as the HostName in the client's SNI extension, and MUST be the primary reference identifier for peer certificate matching with certificate usages other than DANE-EE(3). Protocol-specific TLSA specifications may provide additional guidance or restrictions when following CNAME expansions. Though CNAMEs are illegal on the right hand side of most indirection records, such as MX and SRV records, they are supported by some implementations. For example, if the MX or SRV host is a CNAME alias, some implementations may "chase" the CNAME. If they do, they SHOULD use the target hostname as the preferred TLSA base domain as described above (and if the TLSA records are found there, use the CNAME expanded domain also in SNI and certificate name checks).

This section updates by specifying that the TLSA Publisher MUST ensure that each combination of Certificate Usage, selector and matching type in the server's TLSA RRset includes at least one record that matches the server's current certificate chain. TLSA records that match recently retired or yet to be deployed certificate chains will be present during key rollover. Such past or future records MUST NOT at any time be the only records published for any given combination of usage, selector and matching type. The TLSA record update process described below ensures that this requirement is met. While a server is to be considered authenticated when its certificate chain is matched by any of the published TLSA records, not all clients support all combinations of TLSA record parameters. Some clients may not support some digest algorithms, others may either not support, or may exclusively support, the PKIX Certificate Usages. Some clients may prefer to negotiate raw public keys, which are only compatible with TLSA records whose Certificate Usage is DANE-EE(3) with selector SPKI(1). The only other TLSA record type that is potentially compatible with raw public keys is DANE-EE(3) Cert(0) Full(0), but support for raw public keys with that TLSA record type is not expected to be broadly implemented. A consequence of the above uncertainty as to which TLSA parameters are supported by any given client is that servers need to ensure that each and every parameter combination that appears in the TLSA RRset is, on its own, sufficient to match the server's current certificate chain. In particular, when deploying new keys or new parameter combinations some care is required to not generate parameter combinations that only match past or future certificate chains (or raw public keys). The rest of this section explains how to update the TLSA RRset in a manner that ensures the above requirement is met.

The simplest case is key rollover while retaining the same set of published parameter combinations. In this case, TLSA records matching the existing server certificate chain (or raw public keys) are first augmented with corresponding records matching the future keys, at least two TTLs or longer before the the new chain is deployed. This allows the obsolete RRset to age out of client caches before the new chain is used in TLS handshakes. Once sufficient time has elapsed and all clients performing DNS lookups are retrieving the updated TLSA records, the server administrator may deploy the new certificate chain, verify that it works, and then remove any obsolete records matching the no longer active chain:

; Initial TLSA RRset ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... ; Transitional TLSA RRset published at least 2 TTLs before ; the actual key change ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 7aa7a5359173d05b... ; Final TLSA RRset after the key change ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 7aa7a5359173d05b... The next case to consider is adding or switching to a new combination of TLSA parameters. In this case publish the new parameter combinations for the server's existing certificate chain first, and only then deploy new keys if desired:

; Initial TLSA RRset ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 1 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... ; New TLSA RRset, same key re-published as DANE-EE(3) ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46...

This section explains how to migrate to a new certificate chain and TLSA record with usage DANE-TA(2) from a self-signed server certificate and a DANE-EE(3) SPKI(1) SHA2-256(1) TLSA record. This example assumes that a new private key is generated in conjunction with transitioning to a new certificate issued by the desired trust-anchor. The original "3 1 1" TLSA record supports raw public keys, and clients may choose to negotiate their use. Use of raw public keys rules out the possibility of certificate chain verification. Therefore, the transitional TLSA record for the planned DANE-TA(2) certificate chain is a "3 1 1" record that works even when raw public keys are used. The TLSA RRset is updated to use DANE-TA(2) only after the new chain is deployed and the "3 1 1" record matching the original key is dropped. This process follows the requirement that each combination of parameters present in the RRset is always sufficient to validate the server. It avoids publishing a transitional TLSA RRset in which "3 1 1" matches only the current key and "2 0 1" matches only the future certificate chain, because these might not work reliably during the initial deployment of the new keys.

; Initial TLSA RRset ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... ; Transitional TLSA RRset, published at least 2 TTLs before the ; actual key change. The new keys are issued by a DANE-TA(2) CA, ; but are initially specified via a DANE-EE(3) association. ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 7aa7a5359173d05b... ; The final TLSA RRset after the key change. Now that the old ; self-signed EE key is out of the picture, publish the issuing ; TA of the new chain. ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 2 0 1 c57bce38455d9e3d...

When employing a new digest algorithm in the TLSA RRset, for compatibility with digest agility specified in below, administrators SHOULD publish the new digest algorithm with each combination of Certificate Usage and selector for each associated key or chain used with any other digest algorithm. When removing an algorithm, remove it entirely. Each digest algorithm employed SHOULD match the same set of chains (or raw public keys).

; Initial TLSA RRset with DANE-EE SHA2-256 associations for two keys. ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 7aa7a5359173d05b... ; New TLSA RRset also with SHA2-512 associations for each key ; _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 01d09d19c2139a46... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 2 d9947c35089310bc... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 1 7aa7a5359173d05b... _443._tcp.www.example.org. IN TLSA 3 1 2 89a7486a4b6ae714...

In summary, server operators updating TLSA records should make one change at a time. The individual safe changes are: Pre-publish new certificate associations that employ the same TLSA parameters (usage, selector and matching type) as existing TLSA records, but match certificate chains that will be deployed in the near future. Wait for stale TLSA RRsets to expire from DNS caches before configuring servers to use the new certificate chain. Remove TLSA records matching no longer deployed certificate chains. Publish TLSA RRsets in which all parameter combinations (certificate usage, selector and matching type) present in the RRset match the same set of current and planned certificate chains. The above steps are intended to ensure that at all times and for each combination of usage, selector and matching type at least one TLSA record corresponds to the server's current certificate chain. Each combination of Certificate Usage, selector and matching type in a server's TLSA RRset SHOULD NOT at any time (including unexpired RRsets in client caches) match only some combination of future or past certificate chains. As a result, no matter what combinations of usage, selector and matching type may be supported by a given client, they will be sufficient to authenticate the server.

While specifies multiple digest algorithms, it does not specify a protocol by which the client and TLSA record publisher can agree on the strongest shared algorithm. Such a protocol would allow the client and server to avoid exposure to deprecated weaker algorithms that are published for compatibility with less capable clients, but which SHOULD be avoided when possible. Such a protocol is specified below. This section defines a protocol for avoiding deprecated digest algorithms when these are published in a peer's TLSA RRset alongside stronger digest algorithms. Note that this protocol never avoids RRs with DANE matching type Full(0), as these do not employ a digest algorithm that might some day be weakened by cryptanalysis. Client implementations SHOULD implement a default order of digest algorithms by strength. This order SHOULD be configurable by the administrator or user of the client software. If possible, a configurable mapping from numeric DANE TLSA matching types to underlying digest algorithms provided by the cryptographic library SHOULD be implemented to allow new matching types to be used with software that predates their introduction. Configurable ordering of digest algorithms SHOULD be extensible to any new digest algorithms. To make digest algorithm agility possible, all published DANE TLSA RRsets MUST conform to the requirements of . Clients SHOULD use digest algorithm agility when processing the peer's DANE TLSA records. Algorithm agility is to be applied after first discarding any unusable or malformed records (unsupported digest algorithm, or incorrect digest length). For each usage and selector, the client SHOULD process only any usable records with a matching type of Full(0) and the usable records whose digest algorithm is considered by the client to be the strongest among usable records with the given usage and selector. Example: a client implements digest agility and prefers SHA2-512(2) over SHA2-256(1), while the server publishes an RRset that employs both digest algorithms as well as a Full(0) record.

_25._tcp.mail.example.com. IN TLSA 3 1 1 ( 3FE246A848798236DD2AB78D39F0651D 6B6E7CA8E2984012EB0A2E1AC8A87B72 ) _25._tcp.mail.example.com. IN TLSA 3 1 2 ( D4F5AF015B46C5057B841C7E7BAB759C BF029526D29520C5BE6A32C67475439E 54AB3A945D80C743347C9BD4DADC9D8D 57FAB78EAA835362F3CA07CCC19A3214 ) _25._tcp.mail.example.com. IN TLSA 3 1 0 ( 3059301306072A8648CE3D020106082A 8648CE3D0301070342000471CB1F504F 9E4B33971376C005445DACD33CD79A28 81C3DED1981F18E7AAA76609DD0E4EF2 8265C82703030AD60C5DBA6FB8A9397A C0FCF06D424C885D484887 ) In this case the client SHOULD accept a server public key that matches either the "3 1 0" record or the "3 1 2" record, but SHOULD NOT accept keys that match only the weaker "3 1 1" record.

These guidelines provide guidance for using or designing protocols for DANE.

Selecting a combination of TLSA parameters to use requires careful thought. One important consideration to take into account is the size of the resulting TLSA record after its parameters are selected.

Deployments SHOULD avoid TLSA record sizes that cause UDP fragmentation. Although DNS over TCP would provide the ability to more easily transfer larger DNS records between clients and servers, it is not universally deployed and is still prohibited by some firewalls. Clients that request DNS records via UDP typically only use TCP upon receipt of a truncated response in the DNS response message sent over UDP. Setting the TC bit alone will be insufficient if the response containing the TC bit is itself fragmented.

Server operators SHOULD NOT publish TLSA records using both a TLSA Selector of Cert(0) and a TLSA Matching Type of Full(0), as even a single certificate is generally too large to be reliably delivered via DNS over UDP. Furthermore, two TLSA records containing full certificates will need to be published simultaneously during a certificate rollover, as discussed in . While TLSA records using a TLSA Selector of SPKI(1) and a TLSA Matching Type of Full(0) (which publish the bare public keys without the overhead of a containing X.509 certificate) are generally more compact, these are also best avoided when significantly larger than their digests. Rather, servers SHOULD publish digest-based TLSA Matching Types in their TLSA records. In which case, the complete corresponding certificate MUST be transmitted to the client in-band during the TLS handshake. The certificate (or raw public key) can be easily verified using the digest value. In summary, the use of a TLSA Matching Type of Full(0) is NOT RECOMMENDED and a digest-based matching type, such as SHA2-256(1), SHOULD be used instead.

Certificates presented by a TLS server will generally contain a subjectAltName (SAN) extension or a Common Name (CN) element within the subject distinguished name (DN). The TLS server's DNS domain name is normally published within these elements, ideally within the subjectAltName extension. (The use of the CN field for this purpose is deprecated.) When a server hosts multiple domains at the same transport endpoint, the server's ability to respond with the right certificate chain is predicated on correct SNI information from the client. DANE clients MUST send the SNI extension with a HostName value of the base domain of the TLSA RRset. Except with TLSA Certificate Usage DANE-EE(3), where name checks are not applicable (see ), DANE clients MUST verify that the client has reached the correct server by checking that the server name is listed in the server certificate's SAN or CN (when still supported). The primary server name used for this comparison MUST be the TLSA base domain, however additional acceptable names may be specified by protocol-specific DANE standards. For example, with SMTP both the destination domain name and the MX host name are acceptable names to be found in the server certificate (see ). It is the responsibility of the service operator, in coordination with the TLSA Publisher, to ensure that at least one of the TLSA records published for the service will match the server's certificate chain (either the default chain or the certificate that was selected based on the SNI information provided by the client). Given the DNSSEC validated DNS records below:

example.com. IN MX 0 mail.example.com. mail.example.com. IN A 192.0.2.1 _25._tcp.mail.example.com. IN TLSA 2 0 1 ( E8B54E0B4BAA815B06D3462D65FBC7C0 CF556ECCF9F5303EBFBB77D022F834C0 ) The TLSA base domain is "mail.example.com" and is required to be the HostName in the client's SNI extension. The server certificate chain is required to be be signed by a trust anchor with the above certificate SHA2-256 digest. Finally, one of the DNS names in the server certificate is required to be be either "mail.example.com" or "example.com" (this additional name is a concession to compatibility with prior practice, see for details). specifies the semantics of wildcards in server certificates for various application protocols. DANE does not change how wildcards are treated by any given application.

When a TLS client goes to the trouble of authenticating a certificate chain presented by a TLS server, it will typically not continue to use that server in the event of authentication failure, or else authentication serves no purpose. Some clients may, at times, operate in an "audit" mode, where authentication failure is reported to the user or in logs as a potential problem, but the connection proceeds despite the failure. Nevertheless, servers publishing TLSA records MUST be configured to allow correctly configured clients to successfully authenticate their TLS certificate chains. A service with DNSSEC-validated TLSA records implicitly promises TLS support. When all the TLSA records for a service are found "unusable", due to unsupported parameter combinations or malformed certificate association data, DANE clients cannot authenticate the service certificate chain. When authenticated TLS is mandatory, the client MUST NOT connect to the associated server. If, on the other hand, the use of TLS and DANE is "opportunistic" (), then when all TLSA records are unusable, the client SHOULD connect to the server via an unauthenticated TLS connection, and if TLS encryption cannot be established, the client MUST NOT connect to the server. Standards for opportunistic DANE TLS specific to a particular application protocol may modify the above requirements. The key consideration is whether mandating the use of (unauthenticated) TLS even with unusable TLSA records is asking for more security than one can realistically expect. If expecting TLS support when unusable TLSA records are published is realistic for the application in question, then the application MUST avoid cleartext. If not realistic, then mandating TLS would cause clients (even in the absence of active attacks) to run into problems with various peers that do not interoperate "securely enough". That would create strong incentives to just disable opportunistic security and stick with cleartext.

Clearly the security of the DANE TLSA PKI rests on the security of the underlying DNSSEC infrastructure. While this document is not a guide to DNSSEC security, a few comments may be helpful to TLSA implementers. With the existing public CA Web PKI, name constraints are rarely used, and a public root CA can issue certificates for any domain of its choice. With DNSSEC, under the Registry/Registrar/Registrant model, the situation is different: only the registrar of record can update a domain's DS record in the registry parent zone (in some cases, however, the registry is the sole registrar). With many Generic Top Level Domains (gTLDs), for which multiple registrars compete to provide domains in a single registry, it is important to make sure that rogue registrars cannot easily initiate an unauthorized domain transfer, and thus take over DNSSEC for the domain. DNS Operators are advised to set a registrar lock on their domains to offer some protection against this possibility. When the registrar is also the DNS operator for the domain, one needs to consider whether the registrar will allow orderly migration of the domain to another registrar or DNS operator in a way that will maintain DNSSEC integrity. TLSA Publishers are advised to seek out a DNS hosting registrar that makes it possible to transfer domains to another hosting provider without disabling DNSSEC. DNSSEC signed RRsets cannot be securely revoked before they expire. Operators need to plan accordingly and not generate signatures of excessively long duration. For domains publishing high-value keys, a signature lifetime of a few days is reasonable, and the zone can be re-signed daily. For domains with less critical data, a reasonable signature lifetime is a couple of weeks to a month, and the zone can be re-signed weekly. Short signature lifetimes require tighter synchronization of primary and secondary nameservers, to make sure that secondary servers never serve records with expired signatures. They also limit the maximum time for which a primary server that signs the zone can be down. Therefore, short signature lifetimes are more appropriate for sites with dedicated operations staff, who can restore service quickly in case of a problem. Monitoring is important. If a DNS zone is not re-signed in a timely manner, a major outage is likely as the entire domain and all its sub-domains become "bogus".

updates to specify a requirement for clients to support at least TLS 1.0, and to support SNI. updates to specify peer identity matching and certificate validity interval based solely on the basis of the TLSA RRset. It also specifies DANE authentication of raw public keys via TLSA records with Certificate Usage DANE-EE(3) and selector SPKI(1). updates to require that servers publishing digest TLSA records with a usage of DANE-TA(2) MUST include the trust-anchor certificate in their TLS server certificate message. This extends to the case of "2 1 0" TLSA records which publish a full public key. and explain that PKIX-EE(1) and PKIX-TA(0) are generally NOT RECOMMENDED. This document notes that with usage PKIX-TA(0) clients may need to process extended trust chains beyond the first trusted issuer, when that issuer is not self-signed. recommends that DANE application protocols specify that, when possible, securely CNAME expanded names be used to derive the TLSA base domain. specifies a strategy for managing TLSA records that interoperates with DANE clients regardless of what subset of the possible TLSA record types (combinations of TLSA parameters) is supported by the client. specifies a digest algorithm agility protocol. recommends against the use of Full(0) TLSA records, as digest records are generally much more compact.

The DNS time-to-live (TTL) of TLSA records needs to be chosen with care. When an unplanned change in the server's certificate chain and TLSA RRset is required, such as when keys are compromised or lost, clients that cache stale TLSA records will fail to validate the certificate chain of the updated server. Publish TLSA RRsets with TTLs that are short enough to limit unplanned service disruption to an acceptable duration. The signature validity period for TLSA records SHOULD NOT be too long. Signed DNSSEC records can be replayed by an MiTM attacker provided the signatures have not yet expired. Shorter signature validity periods allow for faster invalidation of compromised keys. Zone refresh and expiration times for secondary nameservers often imply a lower bound on the signature validity period (). See Section 4.4.1 of .

Application protocols that cannot make use of the existing public CA Web PKI, may choose to not implement certain TLSA record types defined in . If such records are published despite not being supported by the application protocol, they are treated as "unusable". When TLS is opportunistic, the client MAY proceed to use the server with mandatory unauthenticated TLS. This is stronger than opportunistic TLS without DANE, since in that case the client may also proceed with a cleartext connection. When TLS is not opportunistic, the client MUST NOT connect to the server. Thus, when TLSA records are used with opportunistic protocols where the PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) do not apply, the recommended protocol design is for servers to not publish such TLSA records, and for opportunistic TLS clients to use them to only enforce the use of (albeit unauthenticated) TLS, but otherwise treat them as unusable. Of course, when PKIX-TA(0) and PKIX-EE(1) are supported by the application protocol, clients MUST implement these certificate usages as described in and this document.

This specification requires no support from IANA.

The authors would like to thank Phil Pennock for his comments and advice on this document. Acknowledgments from Viktor: Thanks to Tony Finch who finally prodded me into participating in DANE working group discussions. Thanks to Paul Hoffman who motivated me to produce this document and provided feedback on early drafts. Thanks also to Samuel Dukhovni for editorial assistance.