Internet Fax Working Group Lloyd McIntyre Internet Draft Stephen Zilles Expires in six months Robert Buckley Dennis Venable October 10, 1997 File Format for Internet Fax Status This document is an Internet Draft. Internet Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its Areas, and its Working Groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet Drafts. Internet Drafts are valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a "work in progress." To learn the current status of any Internet-Draft, please check the "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is.co.za (Africa), nic.nordu.net (Europe), munnari.oz.au (Pacific Rim), ds.internic.net (US East Coast), or ftp.isi.edu (US West Coast). Abstract This Internet Draft describes the TIFF (Tag Image File Format) representation of image data specified by the ITU-T Recommendations for black-and-white and color facsimile. It formally defines Applications W, F, J, C, P and M of the MIME Media Type image/tiff for use with Internet Fax. Applications W, F and J describe the minimal, extended and lossless JBIG modes for black-and-white fax. Applications C, P and M describe the base JPEG, lossless JBIG and Mixed Raster Content modes for color and grayscale fax. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 1] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................4 1.1. Scope..........................................................5 1.2. Approach.......................................................5 1.3. Overview of this draft.........................................5 2. TIFF and Fax........................................................6 2.1. TIFF Overview..................................................6 2.1.1. File Structure.............................................6 2.1.2. Image Structure............................................8 2.1.3. TIFF File Structure for Fax Applications...................8 2.2 TIFF Fields for All Fax Applications...........................10 2.2.1. TIFF Fields required for all fax modes....................11 2.2.2. Additional TIFF Fields required for all fax modes.........12 2.2.3. TIFF Fields recommended for all fax modes.................13 2.2.4. New TIFF Fields recommended for fax modes.................13 3. Minimal Black-and-White Fax Mode...................................15 3.1. Overview......................................................15 3.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................15 3.2.1 Baseline Fields............................................16 3.2.2 Extension Fields...........................................17 3.2.3 New Fields.................................................17 3.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................17 3.4. End of Line (EOL) and Return to Control (RTC).................18 3.5. File Structure................................................19 3.6. Minimal Black-and-White Mode Summary..........................19 4. Extended Black-and-White Fax Mode..................................21 4.1. TIFF-F Overview...............................................21 4.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................22 4.2.1. Baseline Fields...........................................22 4.2.2. Extension Fields..........................................25 4.2.3. New Fields................................................25 4.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................25 4.3.1. Baseline Fields...........................................25 4.3.2. Extension Fields..........................................26 4.3.3. New Fields................................................26 4.4. Technical Implementation Issues...............................27 4.4.1. Strips....................................................27 4.4.2. Bit Order.................................................27 4.4.3. Multi-Page................................................28 4.4.4. Compression...............................................28 4.4.5. Example Use of Page-quality Fields........................29 4.5. Implementation Warnings.......................................29 4.5.1. Uncompressed Data.........................................29 4.5.2. Encoding and Resolution...................................29 4.5.3. EOL byte-aligned..........................................30 4.5.4. EOL.......................................................31 4.5.5. RTC Exclusion.............................................31 4.5.6. Use of EOFB for T.6 Compressed Images.....................31 McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 2] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 4.6. Example Use of TIFF-F.........................................32 4.7. Extended Black-and-white Fax Mode Summary.....................32 5. Lossless JBIG Black-and-White Fax Mode.............................34 5.1. Overview......................................................34 5.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................35 5.2.1. Baseline Fields...........................................35 5.2.2. Extension Fields..........................................35 5.2.3. New Fields................................................35 5.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................35 5.4. Lossless JBIG Black-and-White Mode Summary....................35 6. Base Color Fax Mode................................................37 6.1. Overview......................................................37 6.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................37 6.2.1. Baseline Fields...........................................38 6.2.2. Extension Fields..........................................39 6.2.3. New Fields................................................41 6.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................41 6.4. Base Color Fax Mode Summary...................................41 7. Lossless Color Mode................................................43 7.1. Overview......................................................43 7.1.1. Color Encoding............................................43 7.1.2. JBIG Encoding.............................................44 7.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................44 7.2.1. Baseline Fields...........................................44 7.2.2. Extension Fields..........................................46 7.2.3. New Fields................................................46 7.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................46 7.4. Lossless Color Fax Mode Summary...............................46 8. Mixed Raster Content Mode..........................................48 8.1 Overview.......................................................48 8.1.1. MRC 3-layer model.........................................48 8.1.2. A TIFF Representation for the MRC 3-layer model...........49 8.2. Required TIFF Fields..........................................51 8.2.1. Baseline Fields...........................................51 8.2.2. Extension Fields..........................................52 8.2.3. New Fields................................................53 8.3. Recommended TIFF Fields.......................................54 8.4. Rules and Requirements for Images.............................54 8.5. MRC Fax Mode Summary..........................................55 9. Security Considerations....... ....................................58 10. References........................................................58 11. Authors' Addresses................................................60 Annex A: Summary of TIFF Fields for Internet Fax .....................61 McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 3] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 1. Introduction This document describes the use of TIFF (Tag Image File Format) to represent the data content and structure generated by the current suite of ITU-T Recommendations for Group 3 facsimile. These Recommendations and the TIFF fields described here support six facsimile modes: 1. minimal black-and-white mode, using binary compression [T.4] - Application W of image/tiff media type 2. extended black-and-white mode, using binary compression [T.4, T.6] - Application F of image/tiff media type 3. lossless JBIG black-and-white mode, with JBIG compression [T.85, T.82] - Application J of image/tiff media type 4. lossy color and grayscale mode, using JPEG compression [T.42, T.81] - Application C of image/tiff media type 5. lossless color and grayscale mode, using JBIG compression [T.43, T.82] - Application P of image/tiff media type 6. mixed raster content mode [MRC], using a combination of compression methods in 1-5 - Application M of image/tiff media type As noted, these six modes correspond to values W, F, J, C, P and M of the Application parameter of the MIME image/tiff media type. The Application parameter is described in the corresponding update to the registration of the MIME Media Type image/tiff [TIFF-REG]. For convenience, Application F, for example, of MIME Media Type image/tiff will be referred to as TIFF-F in this document. A previous version of this Internet Draft was known informally as TIFF-FX, where "FX" stood for "fax extended." The minimal interchange set of fields (Application W) will guarantee that, at least, binary black-and-white images will be supported. Implementations are required to support this minimal interchange set of fields. With the intent of specifying a file format for Internet Fax, this draft: 1. specifies the structure of TIFF files for facsimile data, 2. defines ITU fax-compatible values for existing TIFF fields, 3. defines new TIFF fields and values required for compatibility with ITU color fax. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 4] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 1.1 Scope This document defines a TIFF-based file format specification for enabling standardized messaging-based fax over the Internet. It specifies the TIFF fields and field values required for compatibility with the existing ITU-T Recommendations for Group 3 black-and-white, grayscale and color facsimile. TIFF has historically been used for handling fax image files in applications such as store-and-forward messaging. Implementations that support this file format specification for import/export may elect to support it as a native format. This document recommends a TIFF file structure that is compatible with low-memory and page-level streaming implementations. Unless otherwise noted, the current TIFF specification [TIFF] and selected TIFF Technical Notes [TTN1, TTN2] are the primary references for defining TIFF fields. This document is the primary reference for defining TIFF field values for Internet fax applications. 1.2 Approach The basic approach to using TIFF for facsimile data is to insert the compressed fax data in a TIFF file and use TIFF fields to encode the parameters that describe the image data. These fields will have values that comply with the ITU-T Recommendations. The MIME media type of the resulting file will be image/tiff, with an optional Application parameter to identify the fax mode and the ITU-T Recommendations with which the file contents are compatible. This approach takes advantage of TIFF features and structures that bridge the data formats and performance requirements of both legacy fax machines and host-based fax applications. TIFF constructs for pages, images, and strips allow a TIFF file to preserve the fax data stream structure and the performance advantages that come with it. A TIFF-based approach also builds on an established base of users and implementors and ensures backward compatibility with existing TIFF-based IETF proposals and work in progress for Internet fax. 1.3 Overview of this draft Section 2 gives an overview of TIFF. Section 2.1 describes the structure of TIFF files, including practical guidelines for structuring multi-page TIFF files. Section 2.2 lists the TIFF fields that are required or recommended for all fax modes. The TIFF fields used by some but not all fax modes are described in Sections 3-8, which describe the individual fax modes. These sections also specify the ITU-compatible field values (image parameters) for each mode. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 5] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Section 3 defines the representation of the minimal black-and-white facsimile mode required of all implementations (Application = W). Section 4 defines the optional extended black-and-white fax capabilities and provides a standard definition for Application F of image/tiff, also known as TIFF-F. Section 5 describes the lossless black-and-white mode using JBIG compression (Application = J). Section 6 defines the representation of lossy color and grayscale facsimile (Application = C). Section 7 defines the representation of lossless color and grayscale facsimile (Application = P) and Section 8 defines the representation of Mixed Raster Content facsimile (Application =M). Each of these sections concludes with a table summarizing the required and recommended fields for each mode and the values they can have. Sections 9, 10 and 11 give Security Considerations, References and Authors' Addresses. Annex A gives a summary of the TIFF fields used or defined in this document and provides a convenient reference for implementors. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", " NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [REQ]. To implement only the minimal interchange black-and-white set of fields and values, one need read only Sections 1, 2, 3 and 9. To implement TIFF-F, the only sections needed are 1, 2, 3, 4 and 9. 2. TIFF and Fax 2.1. TIFF Overview TIFF provides a means for describing, storing and interchanging raster image data. A primary goal of TIFF is to provide a rich environment within which applications can exchange image data. The current TIFF specification [TIFF] defines a commonly used, core set of TIFF fields known as Baseline TIFF,. The current specification and TIFF Technical Notes 1 and 2 [TTN1, TTN2] define several TIFF extensions. The TIFF- based specification for fax applications uses Baseline TIFF fields with selected extensions, as described in this document. In a few cases, this document defines new fields specifically for fax applications. 2.1.1. File Structure TIFF is designed for scanned images, which makes it a good match for facsimile documents, which are multi-page scanned raster images. Each raster image consists of a number of rows or scanlines, each of which has the same number of pixels, the unit of sampling. Each pixel has at least one sample (exactly one for black-and-white images). McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 6] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 A TIFF file begins with an 8-byte image file header. The first two bytes describe the byte order used within the file. Legal values are "II" (0x4949) when bytes are ordered from least to most significant (little- endian), and "MM" (0x4D4D), when bytes are ordered from most to least significant (big-endian) within a 16- or 32-bit integer. Either byte order can be used, except in the case of the minimal black-and-white mode, which SHALL use value "II". The next two bytes contain the value 42 that identifies the file as a TIFF file and is ordered according to the value in the first two bytes of the header. The last four bytes give the offset that point to the first image file directory (IFD). This and all other offsets in a TIFF file are with respect to the beginning of the TIFF file. An IFD can be at any location in the file after the header but must begin on a word boundary. Section 2.1.3 gives requirements and practical guidelines on the location of IFDs within a TIFF file for the fax applications described in this document. An IFD is a sequence of tagged fields, sorted in ascending order by tag value. An IFD consists of a 2-byte count of the number of fields, a sequence of field entries and a 4-byte offset to the next IFD. The fields contain information about the image and pointers to the image data. Each separate raster image in the file is represented by an IFD. Each field entry has 12 bytes and consists of a 2-byte Tag, 2 bytes identifying the field type (e.g. short, long, rational, ASCII), 4 bytes giving the count (number of values or offsets), and the 4-byte offset of the field value. If, based on the type and count, the value takes 4 bytes or less, then it replaces the offset in the field entry. Details are given in the TIFF specification [TIFF]. A TIFF file can contain more than one IFD, where each IFD is a subfile whose type is given in the NewSubfileType field. Multiple IFDs can be organized either as a linked list, with the last entry in each IFD pointing to the next IFD (the pointer in the last IFD is 0), or as a tree, using the SubIFDs field in the primary IFD [TTN1]. The SubIFDs field contains an array of pointers to child IFDs of the primary IFD. Child IFDs describe related images, such as reduced resolution versions of the primary IFD image. The same IFD can point both to a next IFD and to child IFDs, and child IFDs can themselves point to other IFDs. All fax modes represent a multi-page fax image as a linked list of IFDs, with a NewSubfileType field containing a bit that identifies the IFD as one page of a multi-page document. Each IFD has a PageNumber field, identifying the page number in ascending order, starting at 0 for the first page. While a Baseline TIFF reader is not required to read any IFDs beyond the first, an implementation that reads the files that comply with this specification SHALL read multiple IFDs. Only the Mixed Raster Content fax mode, described in Section 7, requires the use of child IFDs. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 7] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 2.1.2 Image Structure An IFD stores an image as one or more strips. A strip consists of 1 or more scanlines (rows) of raster image data in compressed form. An image may be stored in a single strip or may be divided into several strips, which would require less memory to buffer. (Baseline TIFF [TIFF] recommends about 8k bytes per strip, but existing fax usage is typically one strip per image.) Each IFD requires three strip-related fields: StripOffsets, RowsPerStrip and StripByteCounts. The StripOffsets field is an array of pointers to the strip or strips that contain the actual image data. The StripByteCounts field gives the number of bytes in each strip after compression. TIFF requires that each strip, except the last, contain the same number of scanlines, which is given in the RowsPerStrip field. This document introduces the new StripRowCounts field that allows a variable number of scanlines per strip, which is required by the Mixed Raster Content fax mode (Section 8). Image data is stored as uninterpreted, compressed data streams within a strip. The formats of these streams follow the ITU-T Recommendations. The Compression field in the IFD indicates the type of compression, and other TIFF fields in the IFD describe image attributes, such as color encoding and spatial resolution. Compression parameters are stored in the compressed data stream, rather than in TIFF fields. This makes the TIFF representation and compressed data format specification independent of each another. This approach, modeled on [TTN2], allows TIFF to gracefully add new compression schemes as they become available. Some attributes can be specified both in the compressed data stream and within a TIFF field. It is possible that the two values will differ. When this happens for values required to interpret the data stream, then the values in the data stream take precedence. For informational values that are not required to interpret the data stream, such as author name, then the TIFF field value takes precedence. 2.1.3 TIFF File Structure for Fax Applications The TIFF specification has a very flexible file structure, which does not specify the ordering of IFDs, fields values and image data in a file. It is up to individual applications to require or recommend an ordering. This section describes a file structure for the writing of TIFF files that is required in the minimal black-and-white mode (Section 3) and recommended in all other modes (Sections 4-8). This file structure orders data in a TIFF file in the same way it is ordered in a fax transmission. Although this file structure simplifies the implementation of TIFF writers and readers in fax applications, for interchange robustness, readers SHOULD be prepared to read TIFF files whose structure is consistent with [TIFF], which supports a more flexible file structure than is described in this section. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 8] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 The writing of TIFF files for fax is based on a small number of ordering principles: (1) there SHOULD be an IFD for each page in a multi-page fax document; (2) the IFDs SHOULD occur in the same order in the file as the pages occur in the document; (3) the IFD SHOULD precede the image data to which it has offsets; and (4) the IFD, the value data and the image data it has offsets to SHOULD precede the next image IFD. For minimal black-and-white mode (Section 3.5), the SHOULDs become SHALLs. An IFD entry in an IFD either contains the value associated with that entry or, if the value length is longer than four bytes, the IFD entry contains an offset to the value stored outside the IFD. Long values are needed for resolution and such (meta) data as dates, names and descriptions. The long values SHOULD be ordered to follow the IFD that contains an offset to them and before the image data for that IFD. In addition to the above ordering principles, minimal black-and-white mode (Section 3) requires that image data for each page SHALL be a single strip. For the extended black-and-white mode, the image data for each page SHOULD be contained within a single strip. If the image data in the IFD is stored in multiple strips, then the strips SHOULD occur in the file in the same order that the data they contain occurs in the facsimile transmission, starting at the top of the page. The effect of these ordering principles is that the IFD for the first page should come first, followed by the any data values (dates, descriptions, ...), followed by the image data for the first page, then the IFD for second page, etc. This is shown in the following figure. +-----------------------+ | Header |------------+ +-----------------------+ | First IFD | IFD (page 0) | <----------+ Offset +---| |------------+ | | |--+ | Value | +-----------------------+ | | Offset +-->| Long Values | | | +-----------------------| | Strip | | Image Data (page 0) |<-+ Offset | +-----------------------+ | Next IFD | IFD (page 1) | <----------+ Offset +---| |------------+ | | |--+ | Value | +-----------------------+ | | Offset +-->| Long Values | | | +-----------------------| | Strip | | Image Data (page 1) |<-+ Offset | +-----------------------+ | Next IFD | IFD (page 2) | <----------+ Offset +-----------------------+ | : | McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 9] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Each IFD is required to have a PageNumber field, which has value 0 for the first page, 1 for the second page, and so on. This specification introduces an optional new GlobalParametersIFD field, defined in Section 2.2.4. This field has type IFD and indicates parameters describing the fax session. While it is often possible to obtain these parameters by scanning the file, it is convenient to make them available together in one place for fast and easy access. If the GlobalParametersIFD occurs in a TIFF file, it is recommended that it be located in the first IFD, immediately following the 8-byte image file header. 2.2 TIFF Fields for All Fax Applications The TIFF specification [TIFF] is organized as a mandatory baseline and several extensions, including technical notes [TTN1, TTN2] that will be incorporated in the next release of TIFF. The baseline and extensions have required and optional fields. Facsimile applications require (and recommend) a mixture of baseline and extensions fields, as well as some new fields that are not part of the TIFF specification and that are defined in this document. Sections 3-8 for each fax mode have sub-sections for required and recommended fields; each sub-section organizes the fields according to whether they are baseline, extension or new. The fields required for facsimile have only a few legal values, specified in the ITU-T Recommendations. Of these legal values, some are required and some are optional, just as they are required (mandatory) or optional in fax implementations that conform to the ITU-T Recommendations. The required and optional values are noted in the sections on the different fax modes. This section describes the fields required or recommended by all fax modes. The pattern for the description of TIFF fields in this draft is FieldName(TagValueInDecimal) = values. TYPE WhetherRequiredByTIFForTIFFforFAX Count = (omitted if =1) = (if not in current spec but available) Explanation of the field, how it's used, and the values it can have. Default value, if any, as specified in [TIFF] When a field's default value is the desired value, that field may be omitted from the relevant IFD unless specifically required by the text of this specification. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 10] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 2.2.1. TIFF fields required for all fax modes The TIFF fields listed in this section SHALL be used by all fax modes, but do not have mode-specific values. The next sub-section lists the common fields, which all fax modes SHALL use, but which do have mode- specific values. ImageLength(257) SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline Total number of scanlines in image. No default, must be specified. NewSubFileType(254) = (Bit 1=1). LONG RequiredByTIFFforFAX, RequiredByTIFFBaseline Bit 1 is 1 if the image is a single page of a multi-page document. Default = 0 (no subfile bits on) Orientation(274) = 1-8. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 1: 0th row represents the visual top of the image; the 0th column represents the visual left side of the image. See the current TIFF specification [TIFF] for further values. Baseline TIFF only requires value = 1. Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) PageNumber(285) SHORT RequiredByTIFFforFAX, TIFFExtension Count = 2 The first number represents the page number (0 for the first page); the second number is the total number of pages in the document. If the second value is 0, then the total page count is not available. ResolutionUnit(296) = 2, 3. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The unit of measure for resolution. 2 = inch, 3 = centimeter; Default = 2 (field may be omitted if this is the value) Note: TIFF-F (Section 4) has traditionally used inch-based measures. RowsPerStrip(278) SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline The number of scanlines per TIFF strip. For a single strip image, this is the same as the value of the ImageLength field. Default = 2**32 - 1 (meaning all scanlines in one strip) StripByteCounts(279) SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline Count = number of strips For each strip, the number of bytes in that strip after compression. No default, must be specified. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 11] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 StripOffsets(273) SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline Count = number of strips For each strip, the byte offset from the beginning of the file to that strip. No default, must be specified. 2.2.2 Additional TIFF fields required for all fax modes The TIFF fields listed in this section SHALL be used by all fax modes, but the values associated with them depend on the mode being described. Therefore, only the fields are defined here; the values applicable to a particular fax mode are described in Sections 3-8. BitsPerSample(258) SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline Number of bits per image sample Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) Compression(259) SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline Compression method used for strip data Default = 1 (no compression, so may not be omitted for FAX) ImageWidth(256) SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline The number of samples per scanline (row) of the image No default, must be specified. PhotometricInterpretation(262) SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The color space of the image data No default, must be specified SamplesPerPixel(277) SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The number of components per pixel Default =1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) XResolution(282) RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The horizontal resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. No default, must be specified YResolution(283) RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The vertical resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. No default, must be specified McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 12] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 2.2.3 TIFF fields recommended for all fax modes The TIFF fields listed in this section MAY be used by all fax modes. Recommended fields that are mode-specific are described in Section 3-8. DateTime(306) ASCII OptionalInTIFFBaseline Date/time in the format "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" in 24-hour format. No default. DocumentName(269) ASCII OptionalInTIFFExtension(DocumentStorageAndRetrieval) The name of the scanned document. This is a TIFF extension field, not a Baseline TIFF field. No default. ImageDescription(270) ASCII OptionalInTIFFBaseline A string describing the contents of the image. No default. Software(305) ASCII OptionalInTIFFBaseline The optional name and release number of the software package that created the image. No default. 2.2.4 New TIFF fields recommended for fax modes The new TIFF fields listed in this section MAY be used by all fax modes, but their support is not expected for the minimal black-and-white fax mode described in Section 3. These fields describe "global" parameters of the fax session that created the image data. They are optional, not part of the current TIFF specification, and are defined in this document. The first new field, GlobalParametersIFD, is an IFD that contains global parameters and is located in a Primary IFD. GlobalParametersIFD. IFD An IFD containing global parameters. It is recommended that a TIFF writer place this field in the first IFD, where a TIFF reader would find it quickly. Each field in the GlobalParametersIFD is a TIFF field that is legal in any IFD. Required baseline fields should not be located in the GlobalParametersIFD, but should be in each image IFD. If a conflict exists between fields in the GlobalParametersIFD and the image IFDs, then the data in the image IFD shall prevail. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 13] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Among the GlobalParametersIFD entries is a new ProfileType field which generally describes information in this IFD and in the TIFF file. ProfileType(TagToBeAssigned) LONG The type of image data stored in this IFD: 0 = Unspecified 1 = Group 3 fax other values for further study The following new global fields are defined in this document as IFD entries for use with fax applications. ITUFaxMode(TagToBeAssigned) = 0 - 5. BYTE The currently defined values are: 0: does not conform to ITU-T Recommendations for facsimile, 1: minimal black & white lossless (ITU-T Rec. T.4), 2: extended black & white lossless (ITU-T Rec. T.4, T.6), 3: lossless JBIG black & white (ITU-T Rec. T.85) 4: lossy color and grayscale (ITU-T Rec. T.42), 5: lossless color and grayscale (ITU-T Rec. T.43), 6: Mixed Raster Content (ITU-T Draft Rec. T.44). Notes: A file can use an ITU encoding with non-ITU parameters, such as using JPEG to compress a CMYK image. In this case, ITUFaxMode is 0. CodingMethods(TagToBeAssigned) LONG This field indicates which coding methods are used in the file. A bit value of 1 indicates: Bit 0: unspecified compression, Bit 1: 1-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.4 (MH - Modified Huffman), Bit 2: 2-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.4 (MR - Modified Read), Bit 3: 2-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.6 (MMR - Modified Modified Read), Bit 4: ITU-T Rec. T.82 coding, applying ITU-T Rec. T.85 (JBIG), Bit 5: ITU-T Rec. T.81 (Baseline JPEG), Bits 6-31: reserved for future use Note: There is a limit of 32 compression types to identify standard compression methods. VersionYear(TagToBeAssigned) BYTE Count: 4 The year of the standard specified by the ITUFaxMode field, given as 4 characters, e.g. '1997'; used in lossy and lossless color modes. ModeNumber (TagToBeAssigned) BYTE The mode of the standard specified by the ITUFaxMode field. A value of 0 indicates Mode 1.0; used in mixed raster content mode. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 14] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 3. Minimal Black-and-White Fax Mode This section defines Application W of MIME Media Type image/tiff, which is the minimal black-and-white mode. Black-and-white mode is the binary fax application most users are familiar with today. This mode is appropriate for black-and-white text and line art. Black-and-white mode is divided into two levels of capability. This section describes the minimal interchange set of TIFF fields that must be supported by all implementations in order to assure that some form of image, albeit black-and-white, can be interchanged. Section 4 describes extensions to the minimal interchange set of fields that provide a richer set of black-and-white capabilities. 3.1. Overview The minimal interchange portion of the black-and-white facsimile mode supports the original Group 3 fax resolutions, commonly called "standard" and "fine," and 1-dimensional Modified Huffman (MH) compression. To assure interchange, this mode uses the minimal set of fields, with a minimal set of values. There are no recommended fields in this mode. Further, the TIFF file is required to be "little endian," which means that the byte order value in the TIFF header is "II". This mode is required to follow the guidelines laid out in Section 2.1.3 for TIFF file structure, with the added requirement that a single strip contain the image data for each page; see Section 3.5. The image data may contain RTC sequences, as specified in Section 3.4. 3.2. Required TIFF Fields Besides the fields listed in Section 2.2.1, the minimal black-and-white fax mode requires the following fields. The fields listed in Section 2.2.1 and the fields and fax-specific values specified in this sub- section must be supported by all implementations. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 15] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 3.2.1 Baseline fields BitsPerSample(258) = 1. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline Binary data only. Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) Compression(259) = 3. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The value 3 is not a TIFF Baseline value [TIFF]; it is an extended value. The T4Options field must be specified and its value specifies that the data is encoded using the MH encoding of [T.4]. FillOrder(266) = 2. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 2 = Pixels are arranged within a byte such that pixels with lower column values are stored in the lower-order bits of the bytes, i.e., least significant bit first (LSB). The FillOrder field is used to describe how 1 bit pixels are stored within a byte of compressed image data. There are two possible FillOrders for each byte: 1) the pixels are stored with the lowest numbered pixel in the byte in the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the byte, or 2) the pixels are stored with the lowest numbered pixel in the byte in the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of the byte. NOTE: Baseline TIFF readers are only required to support FillOrder = 1, where the lowest numbered pixel is stored in the MSB of the byte. However, because many devices, such as modems, transmit the LSB first when converting the data to serial form, it is common for black-and- white FAX products to use the second FillOrder =2, where the lowest numbered pixel is stored in the LSB. Therefore, this value is specified in the minimal black-and-white mode. ImageWidth(256) = 1728. SHORT or LONG RequiredByTIFFBaseline This mode only supports a page width of 1728 pixels. This width corresponds to North American Letter and Legal and to ISO A4 size pages. No default, must be specified. PhotometricInterpretation(262) = 0. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 0 = pixel value 1 means black No default, must be specified ResolutionUnit(296) = 2. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The unit of measure for resolution. 2 = inch. Default = 2 (field may be omitted if this is the value) McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 16] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 SamplesPerPixel(277) = 1. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The number of components per pixel; 1 for black-and-white Default =1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) XResolution(282) = 204. RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The horizontal resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels/inch, the allowed value is 204. No default, must be specified YResolution(283) = 98. 196. RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The vertical resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels/inch, the allowed values are 98 and 196. No default, must be specified 3.2.2 Extension fields T4Options(292) = (Bit 0 = 0, Bit 1 = 0, Bit 2 = 0, 1) LONG RequiredTIFFExtension (when Compression = 3) Bit 0 = 0 indicates MH encoding. Bit 1 must be 0 Bit 2 = 1 indicates that EOLs are byte aligned, = 0 EOLs not byte aligned Default is all bits are 0 (applies when EOLs are not byte aligned) Note: The T4Options field is required when the Compression field has a value of 3. Bit 0 of this field specifies the encoding used (MH only in this mode) and Bit 2 indicates whether the EOL codes are byte-aligned or not. If they are byte aligned, then fill bits have been added as necessary so that the End of Line (EOL) codes always end on byte boundaries. See Section 3.4 for details. 3.2.3. New Fields None. 3.3. Recommended TIFF Fields None. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 17] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 3.4. End of Line (EOL) and Return to Control (RTC) The handling of End of Line (EOL) codes and Return to Control (RTC) sequences illustrate the differences between conventional fax, which is bit and stream oriented, and TIFF, which is byte and file oriented. Conventional fax, Baseline TIFF and TIFF extensions for fax all handle EOLs and RTCs differently. In conventional fax, an MH-compressed fax data stream for a page consists of the following sequence: EOL, compressed data (first line), EOL, compressed data, ... , EOL, compressed data (last line), RTC (6 consecutive EOL codes) Baseline TIFF does not use EOL codes or Return to Control (RTC) sequences for MH-compressed data, and does not use fill bits to byte align EOL codes. However, the TIFF extension field T4Options used in this specification for MH compression (Compression = 3) allows EOLs. Furthermore, Bit 2 in the T4Options field indicates whether or not the EOL codes are byte aligned. If Bit 2 = 1, indicating the EOL codes are byte aligned, then fill bits have been added as necessary before EOL codes so that an EOL code always ends on a byte boundary, and the first bit of data following an EOL begins on a byte boundary. Without fill bits, an EOL code may end in the middle of a byte. Byte alignment relieves application software of the burden of bit-shifting every byte while parsing scan lines for line-oriented image manipulation (such as writing a TIFF file). Not all TIFF readers historically used for fax are able to deal with non-byte aligned data. While TIFF extension allows EOL codes, TIFF in fax applications has traditionally excluded RTC sequences. Implementations that want common processing and interfaces for fax data streams and Internet fax files would prefer that the TIFF data include RTC sequences. To reconcile these differences, RTCs are allowed in cases where EOL codes are not byte aligned and no fill bits have been added to the data. This corresponds to situations where the fax data is simply inserted in a strip without being processed or interpreted. RTCs should not occur in the data when EOLs have been byte aligned. This is formally specified in the next sub-section. 3.4.1. RTC Exclusion Implementations which wish to maintain strict conformance with TIFF and compatibility with the historical use of TIFF for fax SHOULD NOT include the RTC sequence when writing TIFF files. However, implementations which need to support T.4-generated data transparently MAY include RTCs if Bit 2 in the T4Options field is 0, indicating that no fill bits have been added and that EOL codes are not byte aligned. Implementors of TIFF readers should be aware that there are some existing TIFF implementations for fax that include the RTC sequence in MH image data. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 18] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 3.5. File Structure The TIFF header, described in Section 2.1.1, contains two bytes which describe the byte order used within the file. For the minimal black-and- white mode, these bytes SHALL have the value "II" (0x4949), denoting that the bytes in the TIFF file are in LSByte-first order (little- endian). The first or 0th IFD immediately follows the header, so that offset to the first IFD is 8. The headers values are shown in the following table, based on [WIDE] +--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+ | Offset | Description | Value | +--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+ | 0 | Byte Order | 0x4949 (II) | +--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+ | 2 | Identifier | 0x0042 | +--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+ | 4 | Offset of 0th IFD | 0x 0000 0008 | +--------+-------------------+--------+-----------+ The minimal black-and-white SHALL order IFDs and image data within a file according to the file structure described in Section 2.1.3. Furthermore, the image data for each page SHALL be contained within a single strip. This means that the StripOffsets field will contain the pointer to the image data. With two exceptions, the field entries in the IFD contain the field values instead of offsets to field values located outside the IFD. The two exceptions are the values for the XResolution and YResolution fields, both of which are type RATIONAL and require 2 4- byte numbers. They are placed immediately after the IFD which contains the offsets to them, as shown in Section 2.1.3, and before the image data pointed to by that IFD. Using the file structure in Section 2.1.3 can reduce the memory requirements in implementations. It is also provides some support for streaming, in which a file can be processed as it is received and before the entire file is received. 3.6 Minimal Black-and-white Mode Summary The table below summarizes the TIFF fields that comprise the minimal interchange set for black-and-white facsimile. The Baseline and Extension fields must be supported by all implementations. For convenience in the table, certain fields which have a value that is a sequence of flag bits are shown taking integer values that correspond to the flags that are set. An implementation should test the setting of the relevant flag bits individually, however, to allow extensions to the sequence of flag bits to be appropriately ignored. (See, for example, T4Options below.) McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 19] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | BitsPerSample | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Compression | 3: 1D Modified Huffman coding | | | set T4Options = 0 or 4 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | FillOrder | 2: least significant bit first | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageWidth | 1728 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageLength | n: total number of scanlines | | | in image | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | NewSubFileType | 2: Bit 1 identifies single | | | page of a multi-page document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PageNumber | n,m: page number n followed by | | | total page count m | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PhotometricInterpretation | 0: pixel value 1 means black | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit | 2: inch | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip | number of scanlines per strip | | | = ImageLength, with one strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts | number or bytes in TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripOffsets | offset from beginning of | | | file to single TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | XResolution | 204 (pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | YResolution | 98, 196 (pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | T4Options | 0: MH coding, EOLs not byte | | | aligned | | | 4: MH coding, EOLs byte aligned| +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 20] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 4. Extended Black-and-White fax mode This section defines Application F of MIME Media Type image/tiff, which is the extended black-and-white mode. The previous section described the minimal interchange set of TIFF fields that must be supported by all implementations in order to assure that some form of image, albeit black-and-white, can be interchanged. This section describes extensions to the minimal interchange set of fields that provide a richer set of black-and-white capabilities. In addition to the MH encoding, Modified READ (MR) and Modified Modified READ (MMR) encoding as described in [T.4] and [T.6] are supported. This section provides a standard definition of what has historically been known as TIFF Class F, now known as Application F of MIME Media Type image/tiff, or TIFF-F. In doing so, it aligns this mode with current ITU-T Recommendations and with current industry practice. Section 4.1 gives an overview of TIFF-F. Section 4.2 describes the TIFF fields that SHALL be used in this mode. Section 4.3 describes the fields that MAY be used in this mode. In the spirit of the original TIFF-F specification, Sections 4.4 and 4.5 discuss technical implementation issues and warnings. Section 4.6 gives an example use of TIFF-F. Section 4.7 gives a summary of the required and recommended fields and their values. 4.1 TIFF-F Overview Though it has been in common usage for many years, TIFF-F has previously never been documented in the form of a standard. An informal TIFF-F document was originally created by a small group of fax experts led by Joe Campbell. The existence of TIFF-F is noted in [TIFF] but it is not defined. This document serves as the formal definition of the F application of [TIFF] for Internet applications. For ease of reference, the term TIFF-F will be used throughout this document as a shorthand for "Application F of TIFF". Up until the TIFF 6.0 specification, TIFF supported various "Classes" which defined the use of TIFF for various applications. Classes were used to support specific applications. In this spirit, TIFF-F has been known historically as "TIFF Class F". Previous informal TIFF-F documents [TIFF-F0] used the "Class F" terminology. As of TIFF 6.0 [TIFF], the TIFF Class concept has been eliminated in favor of the concept of Baseline TIFF. Therefore, this document updates the definition of TIFF-F as the F application of TIFF, by using Baseline TIFF as defined in [TIFF] as the starting point and then adding the TIFF extensions to Baseline TIFF which apply for TIFF-F. In almost all McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 21] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 cases, the resulting definition of TIFF-F fields and values remains consistent with those used historically in earlier definitions of TIFF Class F. Where some of the values for fields have been updated to provide more precise conformance with the ITU-T [T.4] and [T.30] fax recommendations, these differences are noted. 4.2. Required TIFF Fields This section lists the required fields and the values they must have to be ITU-compatible. Besides the fields listed in Section 2.2.1, the extended black-and-white fax mode SHALL use the following fields. 4.2.1. Baseline fields BitsPerSample(258) = 1. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline Binary data only. Default = 1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) Compression(259) = 3, 4. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 3 = 1- or 2- dimensional coding, must have T4Options field This is a TIFF Extension value [TIFF]. 4 = 2-dimensional coding, ITU-T Rec. T.6 (MMR - Modified Modified Read, must have T6Options field)) This is a TIFF Extension value. Default = 1 (and is not applicable; field must be specified) NOTE: Baseline TIFF permits use of value 2 for Modified Huffman encoding, but the data is presented in a form which is not byte aligned and so this value is not specified for fax applications. See Sections 4.4.4, 4.5.1 and 4.5.2 for more information on compression and encoding. FillOrder(266) = 1 , 2. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 1 = Pixels are arranged within a byte such that pixels with lower column values are stored in the higher-order bits of the bytes, i.e., most significant bit first (MSB). 2 = Pixels are arranged within a byte such that pixels with lower column values are stored in the lower-order bits of the bytes, i.e., least significant bit first (LSB). The FillOrder field is used to describe how 1 bit pixels are stored within a byte of compressed image data. There are two possible FillOrders for each byte: 1) the pixels are stored with the lowest numbered pixel in the byte in the Most Significant Bit (MSB) of the byte, or 2) the pixels are stored with the lowest numbered pixel in the byte in the Least Significant Bit (LSB) of the byte. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 22] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 NOTE: Baseline TIFF readers are only required to support the first FillOrder (value = 1) where the lowest numbered pixel is stored in the MSB of the byte. However, because many devices, such as modems, transmit the LSB first when converting the data to serial form, it is common for black-and-white FAX products to use the second FillOrder (value =2) where the lowest numbered pixel is stored in the LSB. Therefore, this value is specified in the minimal black-and-white mode. However, TIFF-F is required to support both bit orders. See Section 4.4.2 for more information on bit order. ImageWidth(256)= : 1728, 2048, 2432, 2592, 3072, SHORT or LONG 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 RequiredByTIFFBaseline This mode supports the following fixed page widths: 1728, 2592, 3456 (corresponding to North American Letter and Legal, ISO A4 paper sizes), 2048, 3072, 4096 (corresponding to ISO B4 paper size), and 2432, 3648, 4864 (corresponding to ISO A3 paper size). No default; must be specified NOTE: Historical TIFF-F did not include support for the following widths related to higher resolutions: 2592, 3072, 3648, 3456, 4096 and 4864. Historical TIFF-F documents also included the following values related to A5 and A6 widths: 816 and 1216. Per the most recent version of [T.4], A5 and A6 documents are no longer supported in Group 3 facsimile, so the related width values are now obsolete. See section 4.5.2 for more information on inch/metric equivalencies and other implementation details. NewSubFileType(254) = (Bit 1=1). LONG RequiredByTIFFforFAX, RequiredByTIFFBaseline Bit 1 is 1 if the image is a single page of a multi-page document. Default = 0 (no subfile bits on) NOTE: Bit 1 is always set to 1 for TIFF-F, indicating a single page of a multi-page image. The same bit settings are used when TIFF-F is used for a one page fax image. See Section 4.4.3 for more details on multi-page files. PhotometricInterpretation(262) = 0, 1. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 0 = pixel value 1 means black, 1 = pixel value 1 means white. This field allows notation of an inverted or negative image. No default, must be specified ResolutionUnit(296) = 2, 3. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline The unit of measure for resolution. 2 = inch, 3 = centimeter; TIFF-F has traditionally used inch-based measures. Default = 2 (field may be omitted if this is the value) McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 23] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 SamplesPerPixel(277) = 1. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 1 = monochrome, bilevel in this case (see BitsPerSample) Default =1 (field may be omitted if this is the value) XResolution(282) = 200, 204, 300, 400, 406 RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The horizontal resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels/inch, the allowed values are: 200, 204, 300, 400, and 406. No default, must be specified NOTE: The values of 200 and 406 have been added to the historical TIFF-F values, for consistency with [T.30]. Some existing TIFF-F implementations may also support values of 77 pixels/cm. See section 4.5.2 for more information on inch/metric equivalencies and other implementation details. YResolution(283) = 98, 100, 196, 200, 300, 391, and 400 RATIONAL RequiredByTIFFBaseline The vertical resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels/inch, the allowed values are: 98, 100, 196, 200, 300, 391, and 400 pixels/inch No default, must be specified Note: The values of 100, 200, and 391 have been added to the historical TIFF-F values, for consistency with [T.30]. Some existing TIFF-F implementations may also support values of 77 and 38.5 (cm). See section 4.5.2 for more information on inch/metric equivalencies and other implementation details. Not all combinations of XResolution, YResolution and ImageWidth are legal. The following table gives the legal combinations and corresponding paper size [T.30]. +--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+ | XResolution x YResolution | ImageWidth | +--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+ | 200x100,200x200,204x98,204x196 | 1728 | 2048 | 2432 | +--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+ | 300 x 300 | 2592 | 3072 | 3648 | +--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+ | 406 x 391, 400 x 400 | 3456 | 4096 | 4864 | +--------------+-----------------+---------------------------+ |Letter,A4| B4 | A3 | | Legal | | | +---------+--------+--------+ | Paper Size | +---------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 24] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 4.2.2. Extension fields T4Options(292) = (Bit 0 = 0 or 1, Bit 1 = 0, Bit 2 = 0 or 1) LONG RequiredTIFFExtension (when Compression = 3) T4Options was also known as Group3Options in a prior version of [TIFF]. Bit 0 = 1 indicates MR encoding, = 0 indicates MH encoding. Bit 1 must be 0 Bit 2 = 1 indicates that EOLs are byte aligned, = 0 EOLs not byte aligned Default is all bits are 0 (applies when MH encoding is used and EOLs are not byte aligned EOLs) (See Section 3.2.2.) The T4Options field is required when the Compression field has a value of 3. This field specifies the encoding used (MH or MR) and whether the EOL codes are byte-aligned or not. If they are byte aligned, then fill bits have been added as necessary so that the End of Line (EOL) codes always end on byte boundaries See Sections 3.4, 4.5.3 and 4.5.4 for details. NOTE: The data in a TIFF-F image using a T.4 encoding is not terminated with an RTC; see Section 4.5.5. T6Options(293) = (Bit 0 = 0, Bit 1 = 0). LONG RequiredTIFFExtension (when Compression = 4) Used to indicate parameterization of 2D Modified Modified Read compression. T6Options was also known as Group4Options in a prior version of [TIFF]. Bit 0 must be 0. Bit 1 = 0 indicates uncompressed data mode is not allowed; = 1 indicates uncompressed data is allowed (see [TIFF]). Default is all bits 0. For FAX, the field must be present and have the value 0. The use of uncompressed data where compression would expand the data size is not allowed for FAX. NOTE: MMR compressed data is two-dimensional and does not use EOLs. Each MMR encoded image MUST include an "end-of-facsimile-block" (EOFB) code at the end of each coded strip; see Section 4.5.6. 4.2.3. New fields None. 4.3. Recommended TIFF fields 4.3.1. Baseline fields See Section 2.2.3. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 25] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 4.3.2. Extension fields See Section 2.2.3. 4.3.3. New fields Three new, optional fields, used in the original TIFF-F description to describe page quality, are defined in this specification. The information contained in these fields is usually obtained from receiving facsimile hardware (if applicable). They SHOULD NOT be used in writing TIFF-F files for facsimile image data that is error corrected or otherwise guaranteed not to have coding errors. Some applications need to understand exactly the error content of the data. For example, a CAD program might wish to verify that a file has a low error level before importing it into a high-accuracy document. Because Group 3 facsimile devices do not necessarily perform error correction on the image data, the quality of a received page must be inferred from the pixel count of decoded scan lines. A "good" scan line is defined as a line that, when decoded, contains the correct number of pixels. Conversely, a "bad" scan line is defined as a line that, when decoded, comprises an incorrect number of pixels. BadFaxLines(326) SHORT or LONG The number of "bad" scan lines encountered by the facsimile device during reception. A "bad" scanline is defined as a scanline that, when decoded, comprises an incorrect number of pixels. Note that PercentBad = (BadFaxLines/ImageLength) * 100 No default. CleanFaxData(327) = 0, 1, 2. SHORT Indicates if "bad" lines encountered during reception are stored in the data, or if "bad" lines have been replaced by the receiver. 0 = No "bad" lines 1 = "bad" lines exist, but were regenerated by the receiver, 2 = "bad" lines exist, but have not been regenerated. No default. NOTE: Many facsimile devices do not actually output bad lines. Instead, the previous good line is repeated in place of a bad line. Although this substitution, known as line regeneration, results in a visual improvement to the image, the data is nevertheless corrupted. The CleanFaxData field describes the error content of the data. That is, when the BadFaxLines and ImageLength fields indicate that the facsimile device encountered lines with an incorrect number of pixels during reception, the CleanFaxData field indicates whether these bad lines are actually still in the data or if the receiving facsimile device replaced them with regenerated lines. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 26] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 ConsecutiveBadFaxLines(328) LONG or SHORT Maximum number of consecutive "bad" scanlines received. The BadFaxLines field indicates only the quantity of bad lines. The consecutiveBadFaxLines field is an indicator of the distribution of bad lines and may therefore be a better general indicator of perceived image quality. No Default. NOTE: The BadFaxLines and ImageLength data indicate only the quantity of such lines. The ConsecutiveBadFaxLines field is an indicator of their distribution and may therefore be a better general indicator of perceived image quality. See Section 4.4.5 for examples of the use of these fields. While the GlobalParameters IFD is recommended for use by all fax modes, except the minimal black-and-white mode, it use is optional in the extended black-and-white fax mode. 4.4. Technical Implementation Issues 4.4.1 Strips In general, TIFF files divide an image into "strips," also known as "bands." Each strip contains a few scanlines of the image. By using strips, a TIFF reader need not load the entire image into memory, thus enabling it to fetch and decompress small random portions of the image as necessary. The number of scanlines in a strip is described by the RowsPerStrip value and the number of bytes in the strip after compression by the StripByteCount value. The location in the TIFF file of each strip is given by the StripOffsets values. Strip size is application dependent. The recommended approach for multi- page TIFF-F images is to represent each page as a single strip. Existing TIFF-F usage is typically one strip per page in multi-page TIFF-F files. See Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3. 4.4.2 Bit Order The current TIFF specification [TIFF] does not require a Baseline TIFF reader to support FillOrder=2, i.e. lowest numbered 1-bit pixel in the least significant bit of a byte. It further recommends that FillOrder=2 be used only in special purpose applications. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 27] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Facsimile data appears on the phone line in bit-reversed order relative to its description in ITU-T Recommendation T.4. Therefore, a wide majority of facsimile applications choose this natural order for data in a file. Nevertheless, TIFF F readers must be able to read data in both bit orders and support FillOrder values of 1 and 2. 4.4.3. Multi-Page Many existing applications already read TIFF-F-like files, but do not support the multi-page field. Since a multi-page format greatly simplifies file management in fax application software, TIFF-F specifies multi-page documents (NewSubfileType = 2) as the standard case. It is recommended that applications export multiple page TIFF-F files without manipulating fields and values. Historically, some TIFF-F writers have attempted to produce individual single-page TIFF-F files with modified NewSubFileType and PageNumber (page one-of-one) values for export purposes. However, there is no easy way to link such multiple single page files together into a logical multiple page document, so that this practice is not recommended. 4.4.4. Compression In Group 3 facsimile, there are three compression methods which had been standardized as of 1994 and are in common use. The ITU-T T.4 Recommendation [T.4] defines a one-dimensional compression method known as Modified Huffman (MH) and a two-dimensional method known as Modified READ (MR) (READ is short for Relative Element Address Designate). In 1984, a somewhat more efficient compression method known as Modified Modified READ (MMR) was defined in the ITU-T T.6 Recommendation [T.6]. MMR was originally defined for use with Group 4 facsimile, so that this compression method has been commonly called Group 4 compression. In 1991, the MMR method was approved for use in Group 3 facsimile and has since been widely utilized. TIFF-F supports these three compression methods. The most common practice is the one-dimensional Modified Huffman (MH) compression method. This is specified by setting the Compression field value to 3 and then setting bit 0 of the T4Options field to 0. Alternatively, the two dimensional Modified READ (MR) method, which is much less frequently used in historical TIFF-F implementations, may be selected by setting bit 0 of the T4Options field to 1. The value of Bit 2 in this field is determined by the use of fill bits. Depending upon the application, the more efficient two-dimensional Modified Modified Read (MMR)compression method from T.6 may be selected McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 28] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 by setting the Compression field value to 4 and then setting the first two bits (and all unused bits) of the T6Options field to 0. More information to aid the implementer in making a compression selection is contained in Section 4.5.2. Baseline TIFF also permits use of Compression=2 to specify Modified Huffman compression, but the data is presented in a form that is not byte aligned. As a result, TIFF-F uses Compression=3 instead of Compression=2 to specify Modified Huffman compression. 4.4.5. Example Use of Page-quality Fields Here are examples for writing the CleanFaxData, BadFaxLines, and ConsecutiveBadFaxLines fields: 1. Facsimile hardware does not provide page quality information: MUST NOT write page-quality fields. 2. Facsimile hardware provides page quality information, but reports no bad lines. Write only BadFaxLines = 0. 3. Facsimile hardware provides page quality information, and reports bad lines. Write both BadFaxLines and ConsecutiveBadFaxLines. Also write CleanFaxData = 1 or 2 if the hardware's regeneration capability is known. 4. Source image data stream is error-corrected or otherwise guaranteed to be error-free such as for a computer generated file: SHOULD NOT write page-quality fields. TIFF Writers SHOULD only generate these fields when the image has been generated from a fax image data stream where error correction, e.g. Group 3 Error Correction Mode, was not used. 4.5. Implementation Warnings 4.5.1 Uncompressed data TIFF-F requires the ability to read and write at least one-dimensional T.4 Huffman ("compressed") data. Uncompressed data is not allowed. This means that the "Uncompressed" bit in T4Options or T6Options must be set to 0. 4.5.2. Encoding and Resolution Since two-dimensional encoding is not required for Group 3 compatibility, some historic TIFF-F readers have not been able to read such files. The minimum subset of TIFF-F REQUIRES support for one dimensional (Modified Huffman) files, so this choice maximizes McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 29] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 portability. However, implementers seeking greater efficiency SHOULD use T.6 MMR compression when writing TIFF-F files. Some TIFF-F readers will also support two-dimensional Modified READ files. Implementers that wish to have the maximum flexibility in reading TIFF-F files SHOULD support all three of these compression methods (MH, MR and MMR). For the case of resolution, almost all facsimile products support both standard (98 dpi) vertical resolution and "fine" (196 dpi) resolution. Therefore, fine-resolution files are quite portable in the real world. In 1993, the ITU-T added support for higher resolutions in the T.30 recommendation including 200 x 200, 300 x 300, 400 x 400 in dots per inch based units. At the same time, support was added for metric dimensions which are equivalent to the following inch based resolutions: 391v x 203h and 391v x 406h. Therefore, the full set of inch-based equivalents of the new resolutions are supported in the TIFF-F writer, since they may appear in some image data streams received from Group 3 facsimile devices. However, many facsimile terminals and older versions of TIFF-F readers are likely to not support the use of these higher resolutions. Per [T.4], it is permissible for applications to treat the following XResolution values as being equivalent: <204,200> and <400,406>. In a similar respect, the following YResolution values may also be treated as being equivalent: <98, 100>, <196, 200>, and <391, 400>. These equivalencies were allowed by [T.4] to permit conversions between inch and metric based facsimile terminals. In a similar respect, the optional support of metric based resolutions in the TIFF-F reader (i.e. 77 x 38.5 cm) is included for completeness, since they are used in some legacy TIFF-F applications, but this use is not recommended for the creation of TIFF-F files by a writer. 4.5.3. EOL byte-aligned The historical convention for TIFF-F has been that all EOLs in Modified Huffman or Modified READ data must be byte-aligned. However, Baseline TIFF has permitted use of non-byte-aligned EOLs by default, so that a large percentage of TIFF-F reader implementations support both conventions. Therefore, the minimum subset of TIFF-F as defined in this document includes support for both byte-aligned and non-byte- aligned EOLs; see Section 3.2.2. An EOL is said to be byte-aligned when Fill bits have been added as necessary before EOL codes such that EOL always ends on a byte boundary, thus ensuring an EOL-sequence of a one byte preceded by a zero nibble: xxxx0000 00000001. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 30] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Modified Huffman encoding encodes bits, not bytes. This means that the end-of-line token may end in the middle of a byte. In byte alignment, extra zero bits (Fill) are added so that the first bit of data following an EOL begins on a byte boundary. In effect, byte alignment relieves application software of the burden of bit- shifting every byte while parsing scan lines for line-oriented image manipulation (such as writing a TIFF file). For Modified READ encoding, each line is terminated by an EOL and a one bit tag bit. Per [T.4], the value of the tag bit is 0 if the next line contains two dimensional data and 1 if the next line is a reference line. To maintain byte alignment, fill bits are added before the EOL/tag bit sequence, so that the first bit of data following an MR tag bit begins on a byte boundary. 4.5.4. EOL As illustrated in FIGURE 1/T.4 in [T.4], facsimile documents encoded with Modified Huffman begin with an EOL, which in TIFF-F is byte- aligned. The last line of the image is not terminated by an EOL. In a similar respect, images encoded with Modified READ two-dimensional encoding begin with an EOL, followed by a tag bit. 4.5.5. RTC Exclusion Aside from EOLs, TIFF-F files have historically only contained image data. This means that applications which wish to maintain strict conformance with the rules in [TIFF] and compatibility with historical TIFF-F, SHOULD NOT include the Return To Control sequence (RTC) (consisting of 6 consecutive EOLs) when writing TIFF- F files. However, applications which need to support "transparency" of [T.4] image data MAY include RTCs if the flag settings of the T4Options field are set for non-byte aligned MH or MR image data. Implementors of TIFF readers should also be aware that there are some existing TIFF-F implementations which include the RTC sequence in MH/MR image data. 4.5.6 Use of EOFB for T.6 Compressed Images TIFF-F pages which are encoded with the T.6 Modified Modified READ compression method MUST include an "end-of-facsimile-block" (EOFB) code at the end of each coded strip. Per [TIFF], the EOFB code is followed by pad bits as needed to align on a byte boundary. TIFF readers SHOULD ignore any bits other than pad bits beyond the EOFB. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 31] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 4.6. Example Use of TIFF-F The application F of TIFF (i.e. TIFF-F content) is a secondary component of the VPIM Message, as defined in [VPIM2]. Voice messaging systems can often handle fax store-and-forward capabilities in addition to traditional voice message store-and-forward functions. As a result, TIFF-F fax messages can optionally be sent between compliant VPIM systems, and may be rejected if the recipient system cannot deal with fax. Refer to the VPIM Specification for proper usage of this content. 4.7. Extended Black-and-white Fax Mode Summary Recommended fields are shown with an asterisk *. Required fields or values are shown with a double asterisk **. If the double asterisk is on the field name, then all the listed values are required of implementations; if the double asterisks are in the Values column, then only the values suffixed with a double asterisk are required of implementations. +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | BitsPerSample | 1** | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Compression | 3**: 1D Modified Huffman and | | | 2D Modified Read coding | | | 4: 2D Modified Modified Read | | | coding | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DateTime* | {ASCII}: date/time in 24-hour | | | format "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | FillOrder** | 1: most significant bit first | | | 2: least significant bit first | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageDescription* | {ASCII}: A string describing | | | the contents of the image. | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageWidth | 1728**, 2048, 2432, 2592, | | | 3072, 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageLength** | n: total number of scanlines | | | in image | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 32] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | NewSubFileType** | 2: Bit 1 identifies single | | | page of a multi-page document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Orientation | 1**-8, Default 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PhotometricInterpretation | 0: pixel value 1 means black | | ** | 1: pixel value 1 means white | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit** | 2: inch | | | 3: centimeter | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip** | n: number of scanlines per | | | TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel** | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Software* | {ASCII}: name & release | | | number of creator software | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts** | : number or bytes in TIFF | | | strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripOffsets** | : offset from beginning of | | | file to each TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | XResolution | 200, 204**, 300, 400, 406 | | | (written in pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | YResolution | 98**, 196**, 100, | | | 200, 300, 391, 400 | | | (written in pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | T4Options | 0**: required if Compression | | | is Modified Huffman, EOLs are | | | not byte aligned | | | 1: required if Compression is | | | 2D Modified Read, EOLs are | | | byte aligned | | | 4**: required if Compression | | | is Modified Huffman, EOLs are | | | not byte aligned | | | 5: required if Compression | | | is 2D Modified Read, EOLs are | | | byte aligned | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 33] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | T6Options | 0: required if Compression is | | | 2D Modified Modified Read | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DocumentName* | {ASCII}: name of scanned | | | document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PageNumber** | n,m: page number followed by | | | total page count | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | New Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | BadFaxLines* | number of "bad" scanlines | | | encountered during reception | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | CleanFaxData* | 0: no "bad" lines | | | 1: "bad" lines exist, but were | | | regenerated by receiver | | | 2: "bad" lines exist, but have | | | not been regenerated | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ConsecutiveBadFaxLines* | Max number of consecutive | | | "bad" lines received | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ 5. Lossless JBIG Black-and-White Fax Mode This section defines Application J of MIME Media Type image/tiff, which is the lossless JBIG black-and-white mode. The previous section described the extended interchange set of TIFF fields for black-and-white fax, which provided support for the MH, MR and MMR compression of black-and-white images. This section adds a mode with JBIG compression capability. 5.1. Overview This section describes a black-and-white mode that uses JBIG compression. The ITU-T has approved the single-progression sequential mode of JBIG [T.82] for Group 3 facsimile. JBIG coding offers improved compression for halftoned originals. JBIG compression is used in accordance with the application rules given in ITU-T Rec. T.85 [T.85]. This mode is essentially the extended black-and-white mode with JBIG compression used instead of MH, MR or MMR. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 34] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 5.2. Required TIFF Fields This section lists the required fields and the values they must have to be ITU-compatible. Besides the fields listed in Section 2.2.1, the extended black-and-white fax mode requires the following fields. 5.2.1. Baseline fields The TIFF fields that SHALL be used in this mode are the same as those described in Section 4.2.1 for the extended black-and-white mode, with one exception: the following text is used for the Compression field in place of the Compression field text given in Section. 4.2.1. Compression(259) = 9. SHORT RequiredByTIFFBaseline 9 = ITU-T Rec. T.82 coding, applying ITU-T Rec. T.85 (JBIG). This is a TIFF extension value. Default = 1 (and is not applicable; field must be specified). 5.2.2. Extension fields None beyond those listed in Section 2.2.1. 5.2.3. New fields None. 5.3. Recommended TIFF Fields See Section 2.2.3 and 2.2.4. 5.4. Lossless JBIG Black-and-white Fax Mode Summary Recommended fields are shown with an asterisk *. Required fields or values are shown with a double asterisk **. If the double asterisk is on the field name, then all the listed values are required of implementations; if the double asterisks are in the Values column, then only the values suffixed with a double asterisk are required of implementations. +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | BitsPerSample | 1** | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Compression | 9**: JBIG coding | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 35] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DateTime* | {ASCII}: date/time in 24-hour | | | format "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | FillOrder** | 1: most significant bit first | | | 2: least significant bit first | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageDescription* | {ASCII}: A string describing | | | the contents of the image. | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageWidth** | 1728, 2048, 2432, 2592, | | | 3072, 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageLength** | n: total number of scanlines | | | in image | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | NewSubFileType** | 2: Bit 1 identifies single | | | page of a multi-page document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Orientation | 1**-8, Default 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PhotometricInterpretation | 0: pixel value 1 means black | | ** | 1: pixel value 1 means white | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit** | 2: inch | | | 3: centimeter | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip** | n: number of scanlines per | | | TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel** | 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Software* | {ASCII}: name & release | | | number of creator software | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts** | : number or bytes in TIFF | | | strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripOffsets** | : offset from beginning of | | | file to each TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | XResolution | 200, 204**, 300, 400, 406 | | | (written in pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | YResolution | 98**, 196**, 100, | | | 200, 300, 391, 400 | | | (written in pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 36] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DocumentName* | {ASCII}: name of scanned | | | document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PageNumber** | n,m: page number followed by | | | total page count | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | New Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | GlobalParametersIFD* | : global parameters IFD | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ProfileType* | n: type of data stored in | | | TIFF file | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ITUFaxMode* | n: ITU-compatible fax mode | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | CodingMethods* | n: compression algorithms used | | | in file | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ 6. Base Color Fax Mode 6.1. Overview This section defines Application C of MIME media type image/tiff. This is the base mode for color and grayscale facsimile, which means that all applications that support color fax must support this mode. The basic approach is the lossy JPEG compression [T.81] of L*a*b* color data [T.42]. Grayscale applications use the L* lightness component; color applications use the L*, a* and b* components. This mode uses a new PhotometricInterpretation field value to describe the L*a*b* encoding specified in [T.42]. This encoding differs in two ways from the other L*a*b* encodings used in TIFF [TIFF, TTN1]: it specifies a different default range for the a* and b* components, based on a comprehensive evaluation of existing hardcopy output, and it optionally allows selectable range for the L*, a* and b* components. 6.2. Required TIFF Fields This section lists the required fields, in addition to those given in Section 2.2.1, and the values they must support to be compatible with ITU-T Rec. T.42 and Annex E in ITU-T Rec. T.4. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 37] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 6.2.1. Baseline Fields ImageWidth(256). SHORT or LONG This mode supports the following fixed page widths: 864, 1024, 1216, 1728, 2048, 2432, 2592, 3072, 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864. BitsPerSample(258) = 8, 12. SHORT Count = SamplesPerPixel The base color fax mode requires 8 bits per sample, with 12 as an option. 12 bits per sample is not baseline TIFF. Compression(259) = 7. SHORT Base color fax mode uses Baseline JPEG compression. Value 7 represents JPEG compression as specified in [TTN2]. PhotometricInterpretation(262) = 10. SHORT Base color fax mode requires pixel values to be stored using the CIE L*a*b* encoding defined in ITU-T Rec. T.42. This encoding is indicated by the PhotometricInterpretation value 10, referred to as ITULAB. With this encoding, the minimum sample value is mapped to 0 and the maximum sample value is mapped to (2^n - 1), i.e. the maximum value, where n is the BitsPerSample value. The conversion from unsigned ITULAB-encoded samples values to signed CIE L*a*b* values is determined by the Decode field; see Sec. 6.2.2 Note: PhotometricInterpretation values 8 and 9 specify encodings for CIE L*a*b* [TIFF] and ICC L*a*b* [TTN1], but they are fixed encodings, which use different minimum and maximum samples than the T.42 default encoding. As currently defined, they are not able to represent fax-encoded L*a*b* data. SamplesPerPixel(277) = 1, 3. SHORT 1: L* component only 3: L*, a*, b* components Encoded according to PhotometricInterpretation field XResolution(282) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL YResolution(283) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL The resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels per inch, allowed XResolution values are: 100, 200, 300, and 400. The base color fax mode requires the pixels to be square, hence YResolution must equal XResolution. Base resolution is 200 pixels per inch and SHALL be supported by all implementations of this mode. NOTE: Not all combinations of XResolution, YResolution and ImageWidth are legal. The following table gives the legal combinations for inch- based resolutions and the corresponding paper sizes [T.30]. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 38] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ | XResolution x YResolution | ImageWidth | +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ | 100 x 100 | 864 | 1024 | 1216 | +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ | 200 x 200 | 1728 | 2048 | 2432 | +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ | 300 x 300 | 2592 | 3072 | 3648 | +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ | 400 x 400 | 3456 | 4096 | 4864 | +--------------------------------+---------------------------+ |Letter,A4| B4 | A3 | | Legal | | | +---------------------------+ | Paper Size | +---------------------------+ 6.2.2 Extension Fields The JPEG compression standard allows for the a*b* chroma components of an image to be subsampled relative to the L* lightness component. The extension fields ChromaSubSampling and ChromaPositioning define the subsampling. They are the same as YCbCrSubSampling and YCbCrPositioning in [TIFF], but have been renamed to reflect their applicability to other color spaces. ChromaSubSampling(530). SHORT Count = 2 Specifies the subsampling factors for the chroma components of a L*a*b* image. The two subfields of this field, ChromaSubsampleHoriz and ChromaSubsampleVert, specify the horizontal and vertical subsampling factors respectively. SHORT 0: ChromaSubsampleHoriz = 1, 2, 4. 1: equal numbers of lightness and chroma samples horizontally, 2: twice as many lightness samples as chroma samples horizontally, 4: four times as many lightness samples as chroma samples horizontally. SHORT 1: ChromaSubsampleVert = 1, 2, 4. 1: equal numbers of lightness and chroma samples vertically, 2: twice as many lightness samples as chroma samples vertically, 4: four times as many lightness samples as chroma samples vertically. The default value for ChromaSubSampling is (2,2), which is the default for chroma subsampling in color fax [T.42]. No chroma subsampling, i.e. ChromaSubSampling = (1,1), is a T.42 option. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 39] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 ChromaPositioning(531) = 1, 2. SHORT Specifies the spatial positioning of chroma components relative to the lightness component. See the current TIFF specification under YCbCrPositioning for further information. 1: centered, 2: cosited. Default = 1, which is what ITU-T T.4, Annex E specifies. Decode(TagToBeAssigned). SHORT Count = 2 * SamplesPerPixel Describes how to map image sample values into the range of values appropriate for the current color space. In general, the values are taken in pairs and specify the minimum and maximum output value for each color component. For the base color fax mode, Decode maps the ITULAB encoding to L*a*b* and has a count of 6 values. In this case, the input is an unsigned ITULAB-encoded value (Lsample, asample, (bsample) and the output is a signed L*a*b* value. L* = Decode[0] + Lsample x (Decode[1]-Decode[0])/(2^n -1) a* = Decode[2] + asample x (Decode[3]-Decode[2])/(2^n -1) b* = Decode[4] + bsample x (Decode[5]-Decode[4])/(2^n -1) where Decode[0] is the minimum value for L*, Decode[1] is the maximum value, etc. and n is the BitsPerSample field value, either 8 or 12. ITU-T Rec. T.42 specifies the ITULAB encoding in terms of a range and offset for each component, which are related to the Decode field values as follows: Decode[0] = - (Lrange x Loffset) / 2^n Decode[1] = Decode[0] + Lrange NOTE: The following table gives the default range and offsets, as specified in ITU-T Rec. T.42, and the corresponding minimum and maximum L*a*b* component and ITULAB encoded values. +-----------------------------------------------------------+ | Component | Rec. T.42 | L*a*b* | ITULAB | | | defaults | values | encoding | +-----------+------------------+------------+---------------+ | | Range | Offset | Min | Max | Min | Max | +-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+-----+---------+ | L* | 100 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 2^n - 1 | +-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+-----+---------+ | a* | 170 | 128 | -85 | 85 | 0 | 2^n - 1 | +-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+-----+---------+ | b* | 200 | 96 | -75 | 125 | 0 | 2^n - 1 | +-----------+--------+---------+------+-----+-----+---------+ The default value for Decode is (0, 100, -85, 85, -75, 125), which is based on the ITULAB encoding, with PhotometricInterpretation 10, SamplesPerPixel 3, and BitsPerSample 8. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 40] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 6.2.3. New Fields None. 6.3. Recommended TIFF Fields See Sections 2.2.3. and 2.2.4. 6.4 Base Color Fax Mode Summary Recommended fields are shown with an asterisk * Required fields or values are shown with a double asterisk **. If the double asterisk is on the field name, then all the listed values are required of implementations; if the double asterisks are in the Values column, then only the values suffixed with a double asterisk are required of implementations. +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | BitsPerSample | 8**: 8 bits per color sample | | | 12: optional 12 bits/sample | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Compression** | 7: JPEG | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DateTime* | {ASCII}: date/time in 24-hour | | | format "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageDescription* | {ASCII}: A string describing | | | the contents of the image. | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageWidth | 864, 1024, 1216, 1728**, 2048**| | | 2432**, 2592, 3072, 3456, 3648 | | | 4096, 4864 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ImageLength** | n: total number of scanlines | | | in image | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | NewSubFileType** | 2: Bit 1 identifies single page| | | of a multi-page document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Orientation | 1**-8, Default 1 | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PhotometricInterpretation | 10**: ITULAB | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit** | 2: inch | | | 3: centimeter | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 41] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip** | n: number of scanlines per | | | TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel** | 1: L* (lightness) | | | 3: LAB | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Software* | {ASCII}: name & release number | | | of creator software | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts** | : number or bytes in | | | TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | StripOffsets** | : offset from beginning | | | of file to each TIFF strip | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | XResolution | 100, 200**, 300, 400 (written | | | in pixels/inch) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | YResolution | 100, 200**, 300, 400 | | | (must equal XResolution) | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | DocumentName* | {ASCII}: name of scanned | | | document | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | PageNumber** | n,m: page number followed by | | | total page count | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | Decode** | minL, maxL, mina, maxa, minb, | | | maxb: minimum and maximum | | | values for L*a*b* | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ChromaSubSampling | ChromaSubsampleHoriz: | | | 1: equal numbers of lightness | | | and chroma samples | | | 2**: twice as many lightness | | | samples as chroma samples | | | 4: four times as many | | | lightness samples as chroma | | | samples | | | ChromaSubsampleVert: | | | 1: equal numbers of lightness | | | and chroma samples | | | 2**: twice as many lightness | | | samples as chroma samples | | | 4: four times as many lightness| | | samples as chroma samples | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 42] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ChromaPositioning | 1**: centered | | | 2: cosited | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | New Fields | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | GlobalParametersIFD* | : IFD containing | | | global parameters | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ProfileType* | n: type of data stored in | | | TIFF file | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | ITUFaxMode* | n: ITU-compatible fax mode | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | CodingMethods* | n: compression algorithms | | | used in file | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ | VersionYear* | byte sequence: year of ITU std | +---------------------------+--------------------------------+ 7. Lossless Color Mode This section defines Application P of MIME media type image/tiff. 7.1. Overview This mode, defined in [T.43], uses JBIG to losslessly code three types of color and grayscale images: one bit per color CMY, CMYK and RGB images; a palettized (i.e. mapped) color image; and continuous tone color and grayscale images. The last two are multi-level and use the L*a*b* encoding specified in [T.42]. 7.1.1. Color Encoding While under development, this mode was called T.Palette, as one of its major additions was palette or mapped color images. Baseline TIFF only allows RGB color maps, but ITU-T Rec. T.43 requires L*a*b* color maps, using the encoding specified in ITU-T Rec. T.42. Palette color images are expressed with indices (bits per sample) of 12 bits or less, or optionally 13 to 16 bits, per {T.43]. Enabling T.43 color maps in TIFF requires the extension field Indexed, defined in [TTN1], and the PhotometricInterpretation field value 10, defined in Section 6.2.1. The following table shows the corresponding PhotometricInterpretation, SamplesPerPixel, BitsPerSample and Indexed field values for the different T.43 image types. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 43] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +----------------------------------------------------------+ | Image Type |PhotometricIn| Samples | Bits Per | Indexed | | |-terpretation| PerPixel | Sample | | |------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------| | RGB | 2=RGB | 3 | 1 | 0 | +----------------------------------------------------------+ | CMY | 5=CMYK | 3 | 1 | 0 | +------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------+ | CMYK | 5=CMYK | 4 | 1 | 0 | +------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------+ | Palette | 10=ITULAB | 1 | n | 1 | +------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------+ | Grayscale | 10=ITULAB | 1 | 8, 12 | 0 | +------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------+ | Color | 10=ITULAB | 3 | 8, 12 | 0 | +------------+-------------+----------+----------+---------+ 7.1.2. JBIG Encoding T.43 uses the single-progression sequential mode of JBIG, defined in ITU-T Rec. T.82, in accordance with the application rules described in ITU-T Rec. T.85. To code multi-level images using JBIG, which is a bi-level compression method, an image is resolved into a set of bit-planes using Gray code conversion, and each bit-plane is then JBIG compressed. The Gray code conversion is part of the data stream encoding, and is therefore invisible to TIFF. 7.2. Required TIFF Fields This section lists the required fields, in addition to those in Section 2.2.1, and the values they must have to be compatible with ITU-T Rec. T.43. 7.2.1. Baseline Fields ImageWidth(256). SHORT or LONG Same page widths as the base color mode; see Section 6.2.1. BitsPerSample(258) = 1, 8, 9-16. SHORT Count = SamplesPerPixel RGB, CMY, CMYK: 1 bit per sample Continuous tone (L*a*b*): 8 bits per sample, 12 bits optional Palette color: 12 or fewer bits per sample, 13-16 bits optional Note: More than 8 bits per sample is not baseline TIFF. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 44] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 ColorMap(320). SHORT Count = 3 * (2**BitsPerSample) Lossless color fax mode supports palette-color (indexed) images where the single component value is used as an index into a full color lookup table stored in the ColorMap field. With lossless color fax mode, only the ITULAB encoding with 8 bits per sample is supported for palette-color images. To utilize a color map, the TIFF Indexed field must be present. TIFF orders the color map values so that all the L* values come first, followed by all the a* values and then all the b* values. Because ITU-T Rec. T.43 specifies a "chunky" ordering with the L*a*b*components of the first value, followed by those of the second value, and so on, transferring color map values between a TIFF file and fax data stream requires reordering values. Compression(259) = 9. SHORT 9: ITU-T Rec. T.82 coding, applying ITU-T Rec. T.85 (JBIG) FillOrder(266) = 1, 2. SHORT This field is only relevant for 1 bit per sample color (RGB, CMY, CMYK); see Section 4.2.1 for further information. PhotometricInterpretation(262) = 2, 5, 10. SHORT 2: RGB 5: CMYK, including CMY 10: ITULAB Image data may also be stored as palette color images, where pixel values are represented by a single component that is an index into a color map using the ITULAB encoding. This color map is specified by the ColorMap field. To use palette color images, set the PhotometricInterpretation to 10,SamplesPerPixel to 1, and Indexed to 1. The color map is stored in the ColorMap field. See Section 7.1.1 for further discussion on the color encoding. SamplesPerPixel(277) = 1, 3, 4. SHORT 1: Palette color image, or L*-only if Indexed = 0 and PhotometricInterpretation is 10 (ITULAB). 3: RGB, or L*a*b*, or CMY if PhotometricInterpretation is 5 (CMYK). 4: CMYK. XResolution(282) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL YResolution(283) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL The resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels per inch, allowed XResolution values are: 100, 200, 300, and 400. The lossless color fax mode requires the pixels to be square, hence YResolution must equal XResolution. Base resolution is 200 pixels per inch. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 45] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 7.2.2. Extension Fields Indexed(364) = 0, 1. SHORT 0: not a palette-color image 1: palette-color image This field is used to indicate that the sample values are an index into an array of color values specified in the ColorMap field. Lossless color fax mode supports palette-color images with the ITULAB encoding. The SamplesPerPixel value must be 1. Decode(TagToBeAssigned) SHORT Decode is used in connection with the ITULAB encoding of image data; see Section 6.2.2. 7.2.3. New Fields None. 7.3. Recommended TIFF Fields See Sections 2.2.3. and 2.2.4. 7.4. Lossless Color Fax Mode Summary Recommended fields are shown with an asterisk * +--------------------|--------------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | BitsPerSample | 1: Binary RGB, CMY(K) | | | 8: 8 bits per color sample | | | 9-16: optional | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ColorMap | n: LAB color map | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Compression | 9: JBIG | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | DateTime* | {ASCII}: date/time in the 24-hour | | | format "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | FillOrder | Applies only to 1 bit/sample | | | encodings | | | 1: Most significant bit first | | | 2: Least significant bit first | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ImageDescription* | {ASCII}: A string describing the | | | contents of the image. | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 46] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ImageWidth | 864, 1024, 1216, 1728, 2048, 2432, | | | 2592, 3072, 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ImageLength | n: total number of scanlines in image| +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | NewSubFileType | 2: Bit 1 identifies single page of a | | | multi-page document | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Orientation | 1**-8, Default 1 | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | PhotometricInter- | 2: RGB | | pretation | 5: CMYK | | | 10: ITULAB | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit | 2: inch | | | 3: centimeter | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip | n: number of scanlines per TIFF strip| +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel | 1: L* (lightness) | | | 3: LAB, RGB, CMY | | | 4: CMYK | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Software* | {ASCII}: name & release number of | | | creator software | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts | : number or bytes in TIFF strip | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | StripOffsets | : offset from beginning of file to| | | each TIFF strip | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | XResolution | 100, 200, 300, 400 (written in | | | pixels/inch) | | YResolution | equal to XResolution (pixels must be | | | square) | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Decode | minL, maxL, mina, maxa, minb, maxb: | | |minimum and maximum values for L*a*b* | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | DocumentName* | {ASCII}: name of scanned document | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | PageNumber | n,m: page number followed by total | | | page count | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 47] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | Indexed | 0: not a palette-color image | | | 1: palette-color image | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | New Fields | +--------------------+--------------------------------------| | GlobalParameters | : global parameters IFD | | IFD* | | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ProfileType* | n: type of data stored in TIFF file | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | ITUFaxMode* | n: ITU-compatible fax mode | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | CodingMethods* | n:compression algorithms used in | | | file | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ | VersionYear* | byte sequence: year of ITU fax std | +--------------------+--------------------------------------+ 8. Mixed Raster Content Mode This section defines Application M of MIME media type image/tiff. 8.1. Overview Unlike previous fax modes, which use a single coding method and spatial resolution for an entire fax page, the Mixed Raster Content mode [MRC] enables different coding methods and resolutions within a single page. For example, consider a page that contains black-and-white text, which is best coded with MMR or JBIG, a color bar chart, best coded with JBIG, and a scanned color image, best coded with JPEG. Similarly, while spatial resolution of 400 pixels per inch may be best for the black-and- white text, 200 pixel per inch is usually sufficient for a color image. Rather than applying one coding method and resolution to all elements, MRC allows multiple coders and resolutions within a page. By itself, MRC does not define any new coding methods or resolutions. Instead it defines a 3-layer model for structuring and combining the scanned image data. The ITU MRC document [MRC] is scheduled ITU-T approval in October 1997. Upon approval, it will become ITU-T Recommendation T.44. 8.1.1. MRC 3-layer model The 3 layers of the MRC model are Foreground and Background, which are both multi-level, and Mask, which is bi-level. Each layer may appear only once on a page and is coded independently of the other two. In our McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 48] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 earlier example, the black-and-white text could be in the Mask layer, the color chart in the Foreground layer, and the color image in the Background layer. The distribution of content among layers is determined by the writer, as is the choice of compression method, color encoding and spatial resolution for a layer. The final image is obtained by using the Mask layer to select pixels from the other two layers. When the Mask layer pixel value is 1, the corresponding pixel from the Foreground layer is selected; when it is 0, the corresponding pixel from the Background layer is selected. Details are given in the Introduction of [MRC]. Not all pages, and not all parts of a page, require 3 layers. If there is only one layer present, then that layer is the primary image and must be page size. If there is more than one layer, then the Mask must be one of the layers, in which case it is the primary image and must be page size. MRC allows a page to be split into strips, with a variable number of scanlines in a strip. A strip can have 1, 2 or 3 layers. A single, stripped layer may be stored as a single, stripped image in an IFD, e.g., all strips associated with the Background layer may be treated as a single image. Alternatively, each strip associated with a layer may be stored as a separate image or IFD, e.g., the Background layer can be composed of several images that are offset vertically with respect to the page. In this case, there can be no overlap between images associated with a single layer. Furthermore, color fax also requires the spatial resolutions of Background and Foreground images to be legal fax values that are also integer factors of the Mask image resolution. For example, if the Mask Layer resolution is 400 pixels per inch, then allowed resolutions for the Foreground and Background layers are 100, 200 or 400 pixels per inch; if the Mask is at 300 pixels per inch, then allowed values are 100 and 300. The Foregound and Background layer resolutions can be independently set. 8.1.2. A TIFF Representation for the MRC 3-layer model In the TIFF representation of the 3-layer MRC model, each page is represented by a single IFD, called the Primary IFD, that represents the Mask layer (unless the Foreground or Background is the single layer present), and a set of child IFDs that are referenced through the SubIFDs extension field [TTN1]. To distinguish MRC-specific SubIFDs from other SubIFDs, the NewSubFileType field will have Bit 4 ON, indicating an MRC-related IFD. A new ImageLayer field is also introduced that consists of two values which identify the layer (Foreground, Background, or Mask) and the order within the layer (first, second, ... image of the layer); see Section 8.2.3. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 49] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Because MRC allows strips with variable numbers of scanlines, the StripRowCounts field is used in place of the RowsPerStrip field in this mode. The StripRowCounts field allows each layer, with a variable number of scanlines in each strip, to be represented by a single IFD. Alternatively, each strip in the Foreground and Background layers can be represented by a single IFD at the option of the writer. In all cases, the Mask layer is required to be represented by a single IFD. The use of SubIFDs to store child IFDs is described in [TTN1]. An example is shown graphically below. The Primary IFD associated with page 1 (PrimaryIFD 0) points to page 2 (PrimaryIFD 1) with the nextIFD offset. The Primary IFD, corresponding to the Mask layer (ImageLayer=[2,1]), contains a SubIFDs field that points to a list of child IFDs. The first child IFD represents one image of the Background layer, i.e., ImageLayer=[1,1]. This child IFD points to the second child IFD via the nextIFD offset. This child represents the second Background layer image, ImageLayer=[1,2]. Finally, the second child points to the third child, which corresponds to the single Foreground layer image, ImageLayer=[3,1]. The next IFD offset associated with this Foreground image is 0, indicating no more child IFDs exist. Each primary IFD has the NewSubFileType set to 18, indicating the IFD is MRC-specific (bit 4) and that it is a single page of a multi-page document (bit 1). Each child IFD has the NewSubFileType set to 16, indicating the IFD is MRC-specific. Note: the 'V' character should be read as a down-pointing arrow. (nextIFD) PRIMARY IFD 0 ------------> PRIMARY IFD 1--> ... ImageLayer = [2,1] NewSubFileType = 18 SubIFDs | V Child IFD ImageLayer = [1,1] NewSubFileType = 16 | |(nextIFD) | V Child IFD ImageLayer = [1,2] NewSubFileType = 16 | |(nextIFD) | V McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 50] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Child IFD ImageLayer = [3,1] NewSubFileType = 16 | |(nextIFD) | V 0 In the example above, the SubIFDs field of the Primary IFD points to the first IFD in a list of child IFDs. TIFF allows the SubIFDs field to point to an array of IFDs, each of which can be the first of a list of IFDs. An MRC-enabled TIFF reader must scan all available child IFDs to locate and identify IFDs associated with MRC layers. In the case where the Background or Foreground layers are described with multiple IFDs, the XPosition and YPosition TIFF fields specify the offset to the upper-left corner of the IFD with respect to the Mask layer; see Section 8.2.2. When there is only a single layer (Mask, Foreground, or Background), it is stored as the Primary IFD. 8.2. Required TIFF Fields This section describes the TIFF fields required, in addition to those in Section 2.2.1, to represent MRC mode fax images. Since MRC mode stores fax data as a collection of images corresponding to layers or parts of layers, the compression mechanisms, color encodings and spatial resolutions used by previous modes apply to MRC. Therefore, the descriptions here will typically reference the appropriate earlier section. Fields and values specific to MRC mode are pointed out. 8.2.1. Baseline Fields ImageWidth(256). SHORT or LONG Same page widths as the base color mode; see Section 6.2.1. BitsPerSample(258) = 1, 8, 9-16 SHORT Compression(259) = 3, 4, 7, 9. SHORT SamplesPerPixel(277) = 1, 3, 4. SHORT FillOrder(266) = 1, 2. SHORT PhotometricInterpretation(262) = 0, 1, 2, 5, 10. SHORT For Mask layer, see Section 4.2.1. For Foreground and Background layers, see Sections 6.2.1 and 7.2.1. ColorMap(320). SHORT Count = 3 * (2**BitsPerSample) Used when Foreground or Background layer is a palette-color image; see Section 7.2.1. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 51] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 NewSubFileType(254) = 16, 18. LONG For MRC fax mode, the NewSubFileType field has two bits that are required. Bit 1 indicates a single page of a multi-page document and must be set for the Primary IFDs; Bit 4 indicates MRC imaging model as described in ITU-T Recommendation Draft T.44 [MRC], and must be set for Primary IFDs and all MRC-specific child IFDs. StripRowCounts(559). LONG Count = number of strips The number of scanlines stored in a strip. MRC allows each fax strip to store a different number of scanlines, up to a specified maximum strip size, which is either 256 scanlines or the page length in scanlines, depending on the implementation. This field replaces RowsPerStrip for IFDs with variable-sized strips. Only one of the two fields, StripRowCounts and RowsPerStrip, may be used in an IFD. XResolution(282) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL YResolution(283) = 100, 200, 300, 400. RATIONAL The resolution of the image is expressed in pixels per resolution unit. In pixels per inch, allowed XResolution values are: 100, 200, 300, and 400. MRC color fax mode requires the pixels to be square, hence YResolution must equal XResolution for all layers. 8.2.2. Extension Fields ChromaSubSampling(530). SHORT ChromaPositioning(531). SHORT Decode(TagToBeAssigned). SHORT For Foreground and Background layers, see Section 6.2.2. Indexed(346) = 0, 1. SHORT For Foreground and Background layers: 1 indicates a palette-color image, see Section 7.2.2. T4Options(292) = 0, 1, 4, 5. SHORT T6Options(293) = 0. SHORT For Mask layer, see Section 4.2.2. DefaultImageColor(TagToBeAssigned). SHORT or LONG Count = SamplesPerPixel In areas where no image data is available, a default color is needed to specify the color value. If the StripByteCounts value for a strip is 0, then the color for that strip must be defined by a default image color. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 52] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 The DefaultImageColor field uses the same encoding as the image data, and its value is therefore interpreted using the PhotometricInterpretation, SamplesPerPixel, BitsPerSample, and Indexed fields. If the fax data stream requires a different encoding, then transferring the default color value between a TIFF file and fax data stream requires a color conversion. The default value for the DefaultImageColor field is white. SubIFDs(330). IFD Count = number of child IFDs Each value is an offset from the beginning of the TIFF file to a child IFD [TTN1]. XPosition(286). RATIONAL YPosition(287). RATIONAL Specifies the horizontal and vertical offsets of the top-left of the IFD from the top-left of the Primary IFD in page resolution units. For example, if the Primary IFD is at 400 pixels per inch, and a foreground layer IFD is at 200 pixels per inch and located at pixel coordinate (345, 678) with respect to the Primary IFD, the XPosition value is 345/400 and the YPosition value is 678/400. Color fax does not currently allow overlap of any component images within a single layer. Default values for XPosition and YPosition are 0. 8.2.3. New Fields The Mixed Raster Content mode requires one new field: ImageLayer. ImageLayer (34732). SHORT or LONG. Count = 2 Image layers are defined such that layer 1 is the Background layer, layer 3 is the Foreground layer, and layer 2 is the Mask layer that selects pixels from the Background and Foreground layers. The ImageLayer tag contains two values, describing the layer to which the image belongs and the order in which it is imaged. ImageLayer[0]: 1, 2, 3. 1: Image is a Background image, i.e., the image that will appear whenever the Mask contains a value of 0. Background images typically contain low-resolution, continuous-tone imagery. 2: Image is the Mask layer. In MRC, if the Mask layer is present, it must be the Primary IFD and be full page in extent (no gaps.) 3: Image is a Foreground image, i.e., the image that will appear whenever the Mask contains a value of 1. The Foreground image generally defines the color of text or lines, but may also contain high-resolution imagery. ImageLayer[1]: 1: first image to be imaged in this layer (e.g., first fax strip), 2: second image to be imaged in this layer (e.g., second fax strip), 3: ... McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 53] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Value describing the image order. In MRC, this may be considered the strip number. Since MRC mode currently does not allow overlap between images within a layer, the order value does not have any visual effect. In MRC fax mode, it is possible that only a single layer is transmitted. For example, if a page contains only a single continuous-tone photograph, then only the Background layer may be transmitted. In this case, the Background layer will be full page and stored as the Primary IFD. ImageLayer[0] will be 1 indicating Background; ImageLayer[1] will be 1 since the layer must be full page and there can be no other IFDs associated with that layer. No Mask layer will exist. 8.3. Recommended TIFF Fields See Sections 2.2.3. and 2.2.4. 8.4. Rules and Requirements for Images The MRC mode defines a fundamental set of rules for images in the 3-layer representation. 1. If more than one layer exists, then the binary Mask layer must be present and it is the primary image. If only one layer exists, then the image corresponding to that layer is the primary image. 2. The Primary image defines and extends to the entire page boundary; all attached model images cannot extend beyond the Primary image. Resolution differences may cause some pixels to "hang over" the page boundary, but no new pixels should exist completely beyond the page extent 3. The Background and Foreground images may use any color encoding defined in Sections 5 and 6, and may optionally cover only a portion of the region defined by the Primary image, unless one of them is the primary image. 4. Each Primary IFD and each MRC-specific SubIFD must have an ImageLayer field to specify which layer the IFD belongs to, and the imaging order of that IFD within the layer. 5. Each Primary IFD must have a NewSubFileType field value set to 18, indicating a single page of a multi-page document (bit 1) and MRC mode (bit 4). 6. Each MRC-specific child IFD must have a NewSubFileType field value set to 16, indicating MRC mode (bit 4). McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 54] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 7. In MRC mode, each layer is transmitted as a sequence of strips. It is possible that each strip of each layer can be stored as a separate IFD. In this case, the SubIFDs structure pointed to by the Primary IFD will contain several IFDs that have an ImageLayer field with the layer identified as either Background (layer 1) or Foreground (layer 3). There may be no overlap in the vertical direction between IFDs associated with a single layer, although there may be a gap from one of these images to the next. The TIFF XPosition and YPosition fields are used to indicate the placement of these images with respect to the primary image. 8. The resolution of Background and Foreground images must each be an integer factor of the Primary image. For example, if the Primary image is 400 pixels/inch, then the model images may be at 400 pixels/inch (400 / 1), 200 pixels/inch (400 / 2), 100 pixels/inch (400 / 4), etc. 8.5. MRC Fax Mode Summary Recommended fields are shown with an asterisk * +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Baseline Fields | Values | |------------------|-----------------------------------------| | BitsPerSample | 1: binary mask | | | 8: 8 bits per color sample | | | 9-16: optional 12 bits/sample | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ColorMap | n: LAB color map | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Compression | 3: Modified Huffman and Modified Read | | | 4: Modified Modified Read | | | 7: JPEG | | | 9: JBIG | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | DateTime* | {ASCII): date/time in the 24-hour format| | | "YYYY:MM:DD HH:MM:SS" | +------------------+-----------------------------------------| | FillOrder | Applies only to 1 bit/sample encodings | | | 1: Most significant bit first | | | 2: Least significant bit first | +------------------+-----------------------------------------| | ImageDescription*| {ASCII}: A string describing the | | | contents of the image. | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ImageWidth | 864, 1024, 1216, 1728, 2048, 2432, 2592,| | | 3072, 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 55] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ImageLength | n: total number of scanlines in image | +------------------+-----------------------------------------| | NewSubFileType | 16, 18: | | | Bit 1 indicates single page of a multi- | | | page document on Primary IFD | | | Bit 4 indicates MRC model | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Orientation | 1**-8, Default 1 | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | PhotometricInter | 0: WhiteIsZero | | pretation | 1: BlackIsZero | | | 2: RGB | | | 5: CMYK | | | 10: ITULAB | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ResolutionUnit | 2: inch | | | 3: centimeter | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | RowsPerStrip | n: number of scanlines in each strip | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | SamplesPerPixel | 1: L* (lightness) | | | 3: RGB, LAB, CMY | | | 4: CMYK | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Software* | {ASCII}: name & release number of | | | creator software | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | StripByteCounts | : number or bytes in TIFF strip | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | StripOffsets | : offset from beginning of file to | | | each TIFF strip | +------------------+-----------------------------------------| | XResolution | 100, 200, 300, 400 (written in | | | pixels/inch) | +------------------+-----------------------------------------| | YResolution | equal to XResolution (pixels must be | | | square) | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Extension Fields | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | T4Options | 0: required if Compression is Modified | | | Huffman, EOLs not byte aligned | | | 1: required if Compression 2D Modified | | | Read, EOLs are byte aligned | | | 4: required if Compression Modified | | | Huffman, EOLs not byte aligned | | | 5: required if Compression 2D Modified | | | Read, EOLs are byte aligned | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 56] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | T6Options | 0: required if Compression is 2D | | | Modified Modified Read | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | DocumentName* | {ASCII}: name of scanned document | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | PageNumber | n,m: page number followed by total page | | | count | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Decode | minL, maxL, mina, maxa, minb, maxb: | | | minimum and maximum values for L*a*b* | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ChromaSubSampling| ChromaSubsampleHoriz: | | | 0: equal numbers of lightness and chroma| | | samples | | | 1: twice as many lightness samples as | | | chroma samples | | | 2: four times as many lightness samples | | | as chroma samples | | | ChromaSubsampleVert: | | | 0: equal numbers of lightness and chroma| | | samples | | | 1: twice as many lightness samples as | | | chroma samples | | | 2: four times as many lightness samples | | | as chroma samples | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ChromaPositioning| 1: centered | | | 2: cosited | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | DefaultImageColor| : background color | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | Indexed | 0: not a palette-color image | | | 1: palette-color image | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | SubIFDs | : byte offset to fg/bg IFDs | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | XPosition | horizontal offset in primary IFD | | | coordinates | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | YPosition | vertical offset in primary IFD | | | coordinates | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | New Fields | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ImageLayer | n, m: layer number, imaging sequence | | | (e.g., strip number) | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 57] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | GlobalParameters | : global parameters IFD | | IFD* | | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ProfileType* | n: type of data stored in TIFF file | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ITUFaxMode* | n: ITU-compatible fax mode | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | CodingMethods* | n: compression algorithms used in file | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | ModeNumber* | n: version of ITU fax standard | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ | VersionYear* | byte sequence with year of ITU fax | | | standard | +------------------+-----------------------------------------+ 9. Security Considerations This document describes a file format for Internet fax, which is an application of the TIFF encoding. As such, it does not create any security issues not already existing in TIFF (though, none have been identified). Further, the encoding specified in this document does not in any way preclude the use of any Internet security protocol to encrypt, authenticate, or non-repudiate TIFF-encoded facsimile messages. 10. References [MRC] COM8-21, Draft Recommendation on T.44 - Mixed Raster Content (MRC), ITU-T Study Group 8, May 1997. [REQ] S. Bradner, Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels, RFC 2119, March 1997. [T.4] ITU-T Recommendation T.4, Standardization of group 3 facsimile apparatus for document transmission, July 1996 [T.6] ITU-T Recommendation T.6, Facsimile coding schemes and coding control functions for group 4 facsimile apparatus, November 1988 [T.30] ITU-T Recommendation T.30 - Procedures for Document Facsimile Transmission in the General Switched Telephone Network, June, 1996 [T.42] ITU-T Recommendation T.42, Continuous-tone colour representation method for facsimile, February 1996 McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 58] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 [T.43] ITU-T Recommendation T.43, Colour and gray-scale image representations using lossless coding scheme for facsimile, February 1997 [T.81] ITU-T Recommendation T.81, Information technology - Digital compression and coding of continuous-tone still images - Requirements and guidelines, September 1992 [T.82] ITU-T Recommendation T.82, Information technology - Coded representation of picture and audio information - Progressive bi-level image compression, March 1995 [T.85] ITU-T Recommendation T.85, Application profile for Recommendation T.82 - Progressive bi-level image compression (JBIG coding scheme) for facsimile apparatus, August 1995 [TIFF] Tag Image File Format, Revision 6.0, Adobe Developers Association, June 3, 1992, ftp://ftp.adobe.com/pub/adobe/devrelations/ devtechnotes/pdffiles/tiff6.pdf The TIFF 6.0 specification dated June 3, 1992 specification © 1986- 1988, 1992 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. [TIFF-F] G. Parsons and J. Rafferty, Tag Image File Format (TIFF) - Application F, Sept. 22, 1997, work in progress, ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-fax-tiff-04.txt [TIFF-F0] TIFF Class F specification, Apr 28, 1990, ftp://ftp.faximum.com/pub/documents/tiff_f.txt [TIFF-REG] G. Parsons, J. Rafferty and S. Zilles, Tag Image File Format (TIFF) - image/tiff MIME Sub-type Registration, Sept. 22, 1997, work in progress, ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-fax-reg-02.txt [TTN1] Adobe PageMaker 6.0 TIFF Technical Notes, Sept. 14, 1995, http://www.adobe.com/supportservice/devrelations/PDFS/TN/TIFFPM6.pdf [TTN2] Draft TIFF Technical Note 2, Replacement TIFF/JPEG specification, March 17, 1995, ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/TTN2.draft.txt [VPIM2] G. Vaudreuil and G. Parsons, Voice Profile for Internet Mail - version 2, July 1997, work in progress, [WIDE] K. Toyoda, H. Ohno and J. Murai, WDIE Message-based Fax over the Internet, July 29, 1997, work in progress, ftp://ftp.ietf.org/internet- drafts/draft-ietf-fax-wide-00.txt The ITU-T Recommendations are available at http://www.itu.ch. McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 59] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 11. Authors' Addresses Lloyd McIntyre Xerox Corporation Mailstop PAHV-305 3400 Hillview Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Voice: +1-415-813-6762 Fax: +1-415-845-2340 Email: lmcintyre@adoc.xerox.com Stephen Zilles Adobe Systems Inc. Mailstop W14 345 Park Avenue San Jose, CA 95110-2704, USA Voice: +1-408-536-4766 Fax: +1-408-536-4042 Email: szilles@adobe.com Robert Buckley Xerox Corporation Mailstop 0128-27E 800 Phillips Road Webster, NY 14580, USA Voice: +1-716-422-1282 Fax: +1-716-422-6117 Email: Rob_Buckley@wb.xerox.com Dennis Venable Xerox Corporation Mailstop 0128-27E 800 Phillips Road Webster, NY 14580, USA Voice: +1-716-422-8009 Fax: +1-716-422-6117 Email: venable@wrc.xerox.com McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 60] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Annex A: Summary of TIFF Fields for Internet Fax This annex includes tables which list by mode the TIFF fields used in the proposed fax file format. The fields are organized into 3 categories: 1) TIFF Baseline Fields 2) TIFF Extension Fields 3) New Fields. The tables include the allowed values for each fax mode. Entries other than explicit numbers are described by: n - single number n, m - 2 numbers a, b, c - 3 numbers r - rational number - array of numbers - byte sequence {ASCII} - string - array of IFD byte offsets A blank entry in the table indicates the field is not used by that particular fax mode. Table A.1 TIFF Baseline Fields +---------------------------------------------------------+ | Fax Mode/Application | +---------------------------------------------------------| | Minimal | Extended | JBIG | Lossy |Lossless| Mixed | | B&W | B&W | B&W | Color | Color | Raster | +----------| | | | | | Content| | Field | W | F | J | C | P | M | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | BitsPer | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8, 12 | 1, 8 | 1, 8 | | Sample | | | | | 9-16 | 9-16 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | ColorMap | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Compres- | 3 | 3, 4 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 3, 4, | | sion | | | | | | 7, 9 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | DateTime | | {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII}| +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | FillOrder| 2 | 1, 2 | 1, 2 | | 1, 2 | 1,2 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 61] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | ImageDes-| | {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII}| | cription | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Image- | 1728 | 1728, 2048, 2432 | 864, 1024, 1216, 1728, | | Width | | 2592, 3072, 3456 | 2048, 2432, 2592, 3072, | | | | 3648, 4096, 4864 | 3456, 3648, 4096, 4864 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Image- | n | n | n | n | n | n | | Length | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | BitsPer | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8, 12 | 1 | 1 | | Sample | | | | | 8, 9-16| 8, 9-16| +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | ColorMap | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | NewSub- | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 16, 18 | | FileType | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Orien- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | tation | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Photo- | 0 | 0, 1 | 0, 1 | 10 | 2, 5, | 0, 1, | | metric- | | | | | | 2, 5, | | Interp- | | | | | | 10 | | retation | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Resolu- | 2 | 2, 3 | 2, 3 | 2, 3 | 2, 3 | 2, 3 | | tionUnit | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | RowsPer- | n | n | n | n | n | | | Strip | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Samples- | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1, 3 | 1, 3, 4| 1, 3, 4| | PerPixel | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Software | | {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII}| +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Strip- | n | | | | | | | Byte- | | | | | | | | Counts | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Strip- | n | | | | | | | Offsets | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | XResolu- | 204 | 200, 204, 300 | 100, 200, 300, 400 | | tion | | 400, 406 | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | YResolu- | 98, 196 | 98, 196, 100, 200 | 100, 200, 300, 400 | | tion | | 300, 391, 400 | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 62] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Table A.2 TIFF Extension Fields +---------------------------------------------------------+ | Fax Mode/Application | +---------------------------------------------------------| | Minimal | Extended | JBIG | Lossy |Lossless| Mixed | | B&W | B&W | B&W | Color | Color | Raster | +----------| | | | | | Content| | Field | W | F | J | C | P | M | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | T4Options| 0, 4 | 0, 1, | | | | 0, 1, | | | | 4, 5 | | | | 4, 5 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | T6Options| | 0 | | | | 0 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Document-| | {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII} | {ASCII}| {ASCII}| | Name | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Page- | n, m | n, m | n, m | n, m | n, m | n, m | | Number | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | XPosition| | | | | | r | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | YPosition| | | | | | r | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | SubIFDs | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Indexed | | | | | 0,1 | 0,1 | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Chroma- | | | | n, m | | n, m | | SubSampl-| | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Chroma- | | | | 1, 2 | | 1,2 | | Position-| | | | | | | | ing | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Decode | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Default- | | | | | | | |ImageColor| | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Strip- | | | | | | | | RowCounts| | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. Expires 4/10/98 [Page 63] Internet Draft File Format for Internet Fax October 10, 1997 Table A.3 New Fields +---------------------------------------------------------+ | Fax Mode/Application | +---------------------------------------------------------| | Minimal | Extended | JBIG | Lossy |Lossless| Mixed | | B&W | B&W | B&W | Color | Color | Raster | +----------| | | | | | Content| | Field | W | F | J | C | P | M | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | BadFax- | | n | | | | | | Lines | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | CleanFax-| | 0, 1, 2 | | | | | | Data | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Consecu- | | n | | | | | | tiveBad- | | | | | | | | FaxLines | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Image- | | | | | | n, m | | Layer | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Global- | | | | | | | | Parame- | | | | | | | | tersIFD | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Profile- | | | n | n | n | n | | Type | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | ITUFax- | | | n | n | n | n | | Mode | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Coding- | | | n | n | n | n | | Method | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ | Mode- | | | | | | n | | Number | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------| | Version- | | | | | | | | Year | | | | | | | +----------+---------+----------+--------+---------+--------+--------+ McIntyre, Zilles, et al. 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