Internet Engineering Task Force J. Arkko MMUSIC Working Group E. Carrara INTERNET-DRAFT F. Lindholm Expires: August 2003 M. Naslund K. Norrman Ericsson February, 2003 Key Management Extensions for Session Description Protocol (SDP) and Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) Status of this memo This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or cite them other than as "work in progress". The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/lid-abstracts.txt The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html Abstract This document defines general extensions for SDP and RTSP to carry the security information needed by a key management protocol, in order to secure the media. These extensions are presented as a framework, to be used by one or more key management protocols. As such, its use is meaningful only when it is completed by the key management protocol in use. General guidelines are also given on how the framework should be used together with SIP and RTSP. Arkko, et al. [Page 1] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction.....................................................2 1.1. Notational Conventions.........................................3 2. Extensions to SDP and RTSP.......................................3 2.1. SDP Extensions.................................................4 2.2. RTSP Extensions................................................5 3. Usage with SIP and RTSP..........................................5 3.1. General SDP processing.........................................5 3.2. SIP usage......................................................7 3.3. RTSP usage.....................................................8 3.4. Example scenarios..............................................9 4. Adding further Key management protocols.........................11 5. Security Considerations.........................................11 6. IANA Considerations.............................................12 6.1. SDP Attribute Registration....................................12 6.2. Protocol Identifier Registration..............................13 7. Conclusions.....................................................13 8. Acknowledgments.................................................13 9. Author's Addresses..............................................14 10. References.....................................................14 10.1. Normative References.........................................14 10.2. Informative References.......................................15 1. Introduction [Editor remark] All instances of RFC xxxx should be replaced with the RFC number of this document, when published. Furthermore, all instances of RFC yyyy should be replaced with the RFC number of the MIKEY (Multimedia Internet KEYing) document [MIKEY], when published. There has recently been work to define a security framework for the protection of real-time applications running over RTP, [SRTP]. However, a security protocol needs a key management infrastructure to exchange keys and security parameters, managing and refreshing keys, etc. A key management protocol is executed prior to the security protocol execution. The key management protocol's main goal is to, in a secure and reliable way, establish a so-called security association for the security protocol. This includes one or several cryptographic keys and a set of necessary parameters for the security protocol, e.g., cipher and authentication algorithm to be used. The key management protocol has similarities with, e.g., SIP [SIP] and RTSP [RTSP] in the sense that it negotiates necessary information in order to be able to setup the session. Arkko, et al. [Page 2] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 The focus in the following sections is to describe SDP attribute extensions and RTSP header extensions to support key management, and a possible integration within SIP and RTSP. A framework is therefore described in the following. Such a framework will need to be completed by one or more key management protocols, to describe how the framework is used, e.g. which is the data to be carried in the extensions. Some of the motivations to create a framework with the possibility to include the key management in the session establishment are: * Just as the codec information is a description of how to encode and decode the audio (or video) stream, the key management data is a description of how to encrypt and decrypt the data. * The possibility to negotiate the security for the entire multimedia session at the same time. * The knowledge of the media at the session establishment makes it easy to tie the key management to the multimedia sessions. * This approach may be more efficient than setting up the security later, as that approach might force extra roundtrips, possibly also a separate set-up for each stream, hence implying more delay to the actual setup of the media session. Currently in SDP [SDPnew], one field exists to transport keys, i.e. the "key=" field. However, this is not enough for a key management protocol as there are many more parameters that need to be transported. The approach here is to use and extend the SDP description to transport the key management offer/answer and also to associate it with the media sessions. SIP uses the offer/answer model [OAM] whereby extensions to SDP will be enough. However, RTSP [RTSP] does not use the offer/answer model. This makes it impossible to send back an answer to the server. To solve this, a new header is introduced in which the key management data can be included. 1.1. Notational Conventions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC-2119. 2. Extensions to SDP and RTSP This section describes common attributes that are to be included in an SDP description or in an RTSP header when an integrated key management protocol is used. The attribute values MUST follow the general SDP or RTSP guidelines. Arkko, et al. [Page 3] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 For the SDP description, the key management attributes MAY be defined at session level (i.e. before the media descriptor lines) and/or at media level. If the key management attributes are defined at media level, they will only apply to that specific media. If the key management attributes are defined at both session and media level, the media level definition overrides the session level definition for that specific media. The following SDP attribute is defined: key-mgmt: is the name of the key management protocol and the opaque-data is a field to transport the key management protocol data. The key management protocol data contains the necessary information to establish the security protocol, e.g., keys and cryptographic parameters. All parameters and keys are protected by the key management. Note that if the key management protocol fails, e.g., the receiver does not accept any of the proposed security parameters, or simply does not understand the key management protocol, the security setup will fail. Consequently, it is impossible to establish a secure session. So, if the key management fails, the offer must be rejected. 2.1. SDP Extensions This section provides an Augmented Backus-Naur Form (ABNF) grammar (as used in [SDPnew]) for the key management extensions to SDP. Note that the new definitions are compliant with the definition of an attribute field, i.e. attribute = (att-field ":" att-value) | att-field One new attribute for SDP is defined: key-mgmt = "key-mgmt: " prtcl-id keymgmt-data prtcl-id = non-ws-string ; e.g. "mikey" keymgmt-data = text where non-ws-string and text are as defined in SDP [SDPnew]. The attribute may be used at session level, media level or at both levels. An attribute defined at media level overrides an attribute defined at session level. Note that the prtcl-id name will be case sensitive and it is therefore RECOMMENDED that attributes registered be in lower case letters. Arkko, et al. [Page 4] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 2.2. RTSP Extensions To support the needed attribute described, the following RTSP header is defined: KeyMgmt = "keymgmt" ":" 1#key-mgmt-spec key-mgmt-spec = "prot" "=" token ";" "data" "=" quoted-string token and quoted-string are as defined in the RTSP specification [RTSP]. The KeyMgmt header should be possible to use in the messages described in the table below. Method Direction Requirement DESCRIBE C->S required SETUP C->S required ANNOUNCE C->S, S->C optional (required: if re-key should be supported) 3. Usage with SIP and RTSP This section gives recommendations of how/when to include the defined key management attribute when SIP and/or RTSP are used together with SDP. When a key management protocol is integrated with SIP/SDP and RTSP, the following requirements are put on the key management: * It MUST be possible to execute the key management protocol in at most one roundtrip in case the answerer accepts the offer. * It MUST be possible from the SIP/SDP and RTSP application, using the key management API, to receive key management data, and information of whether a message is accepted or not. Today, the MIKEY protocol [MIKEY] has adopted the key management extensions to work together with SIP and RTSP. Other protocols MAY use the described attribute and header, e.g. Kerberos [KERB]. 3.1. General SDP processing When an SDP message is created, the following procedure should be applied: * The identifier of the key management protocol used (e.g. MIKEY or Kerberos) MUST be put in the prtcl-id field. Arkko, et al. [Page 5] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 * The keymgmt-data field MUST be created as follows. The key management protocol MUST be used to create the key management message. This message SHALL be base64 encoded by SDP and then encapsulated in the keymgmt-data attribute. The data may e.g. be a MIKEY message (see [MIKEY], Section 7) or Kerberos ticket. A received SDP message that contains the key management attributes SHOULD process these attributes in the following manner: * The key management protocol used MUST be identified by checking the prtcl-id field in the key management attribute. * The key management data from the keymgmt-data field MUST be extracted, base64 decoded to reconstruct the original message, and then passed to the key management protocol for further processing. Note that depending on key management protocol, some extra parameters might of course be requested by the API, such as the source/destination network address/port(s) for the specified media (however, the key management interface specification should specify this). * Depending on the outcome of the key management processing (i.e. whether it was accepted or not), the processing can proceed according to normal processing (e.g. according to the offer/answer model, see also Section 3.2). Note that the attribute MAY be repeated more than once (e.g., one at session level and one at media level). Consequently, the process is repeated for each key management attribute detected. If more than one key management protocol is supported, multiple instances of the key management attribute MAY be included in the initial offer, each transporting a different key management data, thus indicating alternatives supported. If the sender includes more than one key management protocol attributes at session level (analogous for the media level), these SHOULD be listed in order of preference (with the first being the preferred). The receiver chooses the key management protocol it supports. When answering, only the accepted key management protocol attribute MUST be included. If the receiver does not support any of the sender's suggested key management protocols, the receiver answers with an error message (see SIP and RTSP), whereby the sender MUST put down the current setup procedure. Note that the placement of multiple key management offers in a single message has the disadvantage that the message expands and the computational workload for the offerer will increase drastically. The possibility to support multiple key management protocols may introduce bidding down attacks. To avoid this, the list of Arkko, et al. [Page 6] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 identifiers of the proposed key management protocols MUST be authenticated, which MUST be done by each key management. This puts the requirement that it MUST be specified (in the key management protocol itself or in a companion document) how the protocol identifiers could be authenticated from the offerer to the responder by the use of the specific key management protocol. Note that even if only one key management protocol is used, that still must authenticate its own protocol identifier. If the key management protocol fails to authenticate the protocol list, it MUST return an error message to SDP. The list of protocol identifiers MUST be given to the selected key management protocol by SDP with ";" separated identifiers. All the offered protocol identifiers MUST be included, in the same order as they appear in the corresponding SDP description. The protocol list can formally be described as prtcl-list = prtcl-id *(";" prtcl-id) prtcl-id = non-ws-string Example v=0 o=alice 2891092738 2891092738 IN IP4 lost.downunder.dom s=Secret discussion t=0 0 c=IN IP4 lost.downunder.dom a=key-mgmt:mikey a=key-mgmt:keyp1 a=key-mgmt:keyp2 m=audio 39000 RTP/SAVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000 m=video 42000 RTP/SAVP 31 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 The protocol list, "mikey;keyp1;keyp2", would be generated from the SDP description and used as input to the selected key management protocol (together with the data for that protocol). If more than one protocol is supported by the offerer, it is RECOMMENDED that he offers all to him acceptable protocols in the first offer, rather than making single, subsequent alternative offers in response to error messages, see "Security Considerations". 3.2. SIP usage The offerer SHOULD include the key management data within an offer that contains the media description it should apply to. The answerer Arkko, et al. [Page 7] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 MUST check with the key management protocol if the attribute values are valid, and then obtain from the key management the data to include in the answer. If the offer is not accepted, the answerer SHOULD return a "606 Not Acceptable" message, including one or more Warning headers (at least a 306). The offer MUST then abort the security setup. Re-keying can be handled as a new offer, i.e. a re-INVITE should be sent with the new proposed parameters. The answerer treats this as a new offer where the key management is the issue of change. In general, the re-INVITE (and the key exchange) must be finalized before the security protocol can change the keys. The synchronization method used when changing keys are dependent on the security and key management protocol used. The same protocol used in the original INVITE SHALL also be used in the re-INVITE carrying re-keying. If the re-INVITE carrying re-keying fails (e.g., the authentication verification fails), the answerer SHOULD send a "606 Not Acceptable" message, including one or more Warning headers (at least a 306). The offer MUST then abort the security setup. 3.3. RTSP usage RTSP does not use the offer/answer model, as SIP does. This causes some problems, as it is not possible (without abusing RTSP) to send back an answer to the server (as the server will in most cases be the one initiating the security parameter exchange). To solve this, a new header has been introduced (Section 2.2). This also assumes that the key management also has some kind of binding to the media, so that the response to the server will be processed as required. The processing of a key management header in RTSP should be done analogous of the SDP message processing. The initial key management message from a server should be sent to the client using SDP. When responding to this, the client uses the new RTSP header to send back an answer (included in the SETUP message). If a server receives a SETUP message in which it expects a key management message, but none is included, a 403 Forbidden SHOULD be returned to the client, whereby the current setup MUST be aborted. The server MAY provide re-keying/updating facilities by sending a new key management message in an ANNOUNCE messages. The ANNOUNCE message contains an SDP message including the key management parameters. The response message is put in the new RTSP header in the response from the client to the server. Note that the ANNOUNCE messages MUST be supported if this feature is to be used. Arkko, et al. [Page 8] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 3.4. Example scenarios Example 1 (SIP) A SIP call is taking place between Alice and Bob. Alice sends an Invite message consisting of the following offer: v=0 o=alice 2891092738 2891092738 IN IP4 lost.somewhere.com s=Cool stuff e=alice@w-land.org t=0 0 c=IN IP4 lost.somewhere.com a=key-mgmt:mikey uiSDF9sdhs727ghsd/dhsoKkdOokdo7eWsnDSJD... m=audio 49000 RTP/SAVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000 m=video 52230 RTP/SAVP 31 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 i.e. Alice proposes to set up one audio stream and one video stream that run over SRTP. To set up the security parameters for SRTP, she uses MIKEY. Note that MIKEY is negotiating the crypto suite for both streams (as it is placed at the session level). Bob accepts the offer and sends an answer back to Alice: v=0 o=bob 2891092897 2891092897 IN IP4 found.somewhere.com s=Cool stuff e=bob@null.org t=0 0 c=IN IP4 found.somewhere.com a=key-mgmt:mikey skaoqDeMkdwRW278HjKVB... m=audio 49030 RTP/SAVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000 m=video 52230 RTP/SAVP 31 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 Example 2 (SDP) This example shows how Alice would have done in the previous example if she wished to protect only the audio stream. v=0 o=alice 2891092738 2891092738 IN IP4 lost.somewhere.com s=Cool stuff e=alice@w-land.org t=0 0 c=IN IP4 lost.somewhere.com m=audio 49000 RTP/SAVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000 Arkko, et al. [Page 9] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 a=key-mgmt:mikey uiSDF9sdhs727ghsd/dhsoKkdOokdo7eWsnDSJD... m=video 52230 RTP/AVP 31 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 Note that even if the key management attribute is specified at session level, the video part will not be affected by this (as a security profile is not used). Example 3 (RTSP) A client wants to set up a streaming session and requests a media description from the streaming server. DESCRIBE rtsp://server.example.com/fizzle/foo RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 312 Accept: application/sdp From: user@client.com The server sends back an OK message including an SDP description. RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 312 Date: 23 Jan 1997 15:35:06 GMT Content-Type: application/sdp v=0 o=actionmovie 2891092738 2891092738 IN IP4 movie.somewhere.com s=Action Movie e=action@movie.somewhere.com t=0 0 c=IN IP4 movie.somewhere.com a=key-mgmt:mikey uiSDF9sdhs727ghsd/dhsoKkdOokdo7eWsnDSJD... m=audio 0 RTP/SAVP 98 a=rtpmap:98 AMR/8000 control:rtsp://movie.somewhere.com/action/audio m=video 0 RTP/SAVP 31 a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000 control:rtsp://movie.somewhere.com/action/video The client is now ready to setup the sessions. It includes the key management data in the first message going back to the server (i.e. the SETUP message). SETUP rtsp://movie.somewhere.com/action/audio RTSP/1.0 CSeq: 313 Transport: RTP/SAVP/UDP;unicast;client_port=3056-3057 keymgmt: prot=mikey; data="skaoqDeMkdwRW278HjKVB..." Arkko, et al. [Page 10] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 The server processes the request including checking the validity of the key management header. RTSP/1.0 200 OK CSeq: 313 Session: 12345678 Transport: RTP/SAVP/UDP;unicast;client_port=3056-3057; server_port=5000-5001 The RTSP then proceeds as usual (with e.g. a SETUP message for the video followed by a PLAY message). 4. Adding further Key management protocols This framework cannot be used with all key management protocols. The key management protocol needs to comply with the requirements described in Section 3. To be able to use a key management protocol with this framework, the following MUST be specified: * the key management protocol identifier that should be used in the protocol identifier fields in both SDP and RTSP (e.g. "mikey" for MIKEY). * the information the key management needs from SDP and RTSP (Section 3 gives a guideline of what SDP and RTSP needs from the key management). The exact API is implementation specific, but it SHOULD at least support to exchange the specified information. Note that in particular, the key management MUST always be given the protocol identifier(s) of the key management protocol(s) included in the offer in the correct order as they appear. The key management data MUST be base64 encoded in the SDP and RTSP fields. Therefore, considerations of possible conversion from the normal key management representation to base64 SHOULD be taken into account. 5. Security Considerations The nature of this document is to allow SDP and RTSP to support security of the media sessions. It is therefore not a primary intention of this document to describe possible security solutions or to define possible security problems. The defined SDP and RTSP extensions are not believed to introduce any new security risks to SDP and RTSP, if used as specified. Note that the purpose of the key management fields is to provide information to secure the media streams. Under the assumption that the key management schemes are secure, the SDP can be passed along Arkko, et al. [Page 11] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 unprotected without affecting the key management, and the media streams will still be secure even if some attackers gained knowledge of the SDP contents. However, if the SDP messages are not sent authenticated between the parties, it is possible for an active attacker to change attributes without being detected. As the key management protocol may (indirectly) rely on some of the session information from SDP (e.g., address information), an attack on SDP may have indirect consequences on the key management. Even if the key management protocol does not rely on parameters of SDP and will not be affected by manipulation of these, different DoS attacks aimed at SDP (e.g. the SIMCAP extensions) may lead to undesired interruption in the setup. In general, it is therefore a good thing, not only to try to secure the session, but also to secure the session setup. However, a solution for this might not necessarily need to be end-to-end, but could also be hop-by-hop depending on the trust model for the specific use case. Note that it is impossible to assure the authenticity of a declined offer, since even if it comes from the true respondent, the fact that the answerer declines the offer usually means that he does not support the protocol(s) offered, and consequently cannot be expected to authenticate the response either. This means that if the initiator is unsure of which protocol(s) the responder supports, we RECOMMEND that the initiator offers all acceptable protocols in a single offer. If not, this opens up the possibility for a "man-in-the-middle" (MITM) to affect the outcome of the eventually agreed upon protocol, by faking unauthenticated error messages until the initiator eventually offers a protocol "to the liking" of the MITM. This is not really a security problem, but rather a mild form of denial of service that can be avoided by following the above recommendation. 6. IANA Considerations 6.1. SDP Attribute Registration A new SDP attribute needs to be defined for the purpose of key management protocol integration with SDP. Contact: Fredrik Lindholm mailto: fredrik.lindholm@era.ericsson.se tel: +46 8 58531705 SDP Attribute ("att-field"): Name: key-mgmt Long form: key management protocol Type of name: att-field Type of attribute: Media and session level Purpose: See RFC xxxx, Section 2. Arkko, et al. [Page 12] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 Reference: RFC xxxx, Section 2.1 Values: See registrations below 6.2. Protocol Identifier Registration This document defines one new name space associated with the above registered key-mgmt attribute i.e., the protocol identifier (see also Section 2.1 and Section 2.2). A new registry needs to be set up for "prtcl-id" parameter of the "key-mgmt" attribute, with the following registration created initially: "mikey". Contact: Fredrik Lindholm mailto: fredrik.lindholm@era.ericsson.se tel: +46 8 58531705 Value name: mikey Long name: Multimedia Internet KEYing Purpose: Usage of MIKEY with the key-mgmt attribute Reference: Section 7 in RFC yyyy Further entries may be registered according to the "Specification Required" policy as defined in RFC 2434 [GWISC]. Each new registration needs to indicate the parameter name and the syntax of possible additional arguments. Note that the parameter name is case sensitive and it is recommended that the name should be in lower case letters. For each new registration, it is mandatory that a permanent, stable, and publicly accessible document exists that specifies the semantics of the registered parameter, the syntax and semantics of its parameters as well as all the requested details of interaction between the key management protocol and SDP, as specified in this document. 7. Conclusions A security solution for real-time applications needs a key management infrastructure. Integrating the key management scheme with the session establishment protocol could be done efficiently in most of the scenarios. This draft proposes a framework that integrates a key management protocol (e.g., MIKEY) into SIP and RTSP, and which can be accompanied by different key management protocols. A set of new attributes and headers has been defined in SDP and RTSP to support this. 8. Acknowledgments Thanks to: Rolf Blom, Magnus Westerlund, and the rest involved in the MMUSIC WG and the MSEC WG. Arkko, et al. [Page 13] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 A special thanks to Joerg Ott and Colin Perkins. 9. Author's Addresses Jari Arkko Ericsson 02420 Jorvas Phone: +358 40 5079256 Finland Email: jari.arkko@ericsson.com Elisabetta Carrara Ericsson Research SE-16480 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 50877040 Sweden EMail: elisabetta.carrara@era.ericsson.se Fredrik Lindholm Ericsson Research SE-16480 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 58531705 Sweden EMail: fredrik.lindholm@era.ericsson.se Mats Naslund Ericsson Research SE-16480 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 58533739 Sweden EMail: mats.naslund@era.ericsson.se Karl Norrman Ericsson Research SE-16480 Stockholm Phone: +46 8 4044502 Sweden EMail: karl.norrman@era.ericsson.se 10. References 10.1. Normative References [OAM] Rosenberg, J. and Schulzrinne, H., "An Offer/Answer Model with the Session Description Protocol (SDP)", IETF, 3264. [RTSP] Schulzrinne, H., Rao, A., and Lanphier, R., "Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)", IETF, RFC 2326. [SDPnew] Handley, M., Jacobson, V., and Perkins, C., "SDP: Session Description Protocol", Internet Draft, IETF, Work in progress (MMUSIC). [SIP] Handley, M., Schulzrinne, H., Schooler, E., and Rosenberg, J., "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", IETF, RFC 2543. [GWISC] Narten, T. and Alvestrand, H., "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", IETF, RFC 2434. Arkko, et al. [Page 14] INTERNET-DRAFT mmusic-kmgmt-ext-07 February 2003 10.2. Informative References [KERB] Kohl, J., Neuman, C., "The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5)", IETF, RFC 1510. [MIKEY] Arkko, J., Carrara, E., Lindholm, F., Naslund, M., and Norrman, K., "MIKEY: Multimedia Internet KEYing", IETF, RFC yyyy, [Internet Draft, Work in progress (MSEC)]. [SRTP] Baugher, M., Blom, R., Carrara, E., McGrew, D., Naslund, M, Norrman, K., and Oran, D., "The Secure Real Time Transport Protocol", Internet Draft, IETF, Work in Progress (AVT). This Internet-Draft expires in August 2003. Arkko, et al. [Page 15]