Request by JWS ver.1.0 for OAuth 2.0

The parameters request and request_uri are introduced as additional authorization request parameters for the OAuth 2.0 flows. The request parameter is a JSON Web Token (JWT) whose JWT Claims Set holds the JSON encoded OAuth 2.0 authorization request parameters. The can be passed to the authorization endpoint by reference, in which case the parameter request_uri is used instead of the request. Using as the request encoding instead of query parameters has several advantages: The request may be signed so that integrity check may be implemented. If a suitable algorithm is used for the signing, then non-repudiation property may be obtained in addition. The request may be encrypted so that end-to-end confidentiality may be obtained even if in the case TLS connection is terminated at a gateway or a similar device. There are a few cases that request by reference are useful such as: When it is detected that the User Agent does not support long URLs: Some extensions may extend the URL. For example, the client might want to send a public key with the request. Static signature: The client may make a signed Request Object and put it at the place where the Authorization Server can access. This may just be done by a client utility or other process, so that the private key does not have to reside on the client, simplifying programming. When the server wants the requests to be cache-able: The request_uri may include a sha256 hash of the file, as defined in FIPS180-2, the server knows if the file has changed without fetching it, so it does not have to re-fetch a same file, which is a win as well. When the client wants to simplify the implementation without compromising the security. If the request parameters go through the Browser, they may be tampered in the browser even if TLS was used. This implies we need to have signature on the request as well. However, if HTTPS request_uri was used, it is not going to be tampered, thus we now do not have to sign the request. This simplifies the implementation. This capability is in use by OpenID Connect .

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

For the purposes of this specification, the following terms and definitions apply.

JWT that holds OAuth 2.0 authorization requests as JWT Claims Set

Absolute URI from which the Request Object can be obtained

A Request Object is used to provide authorization request parameters for OAuth 2.0 authorization request. It contains OAuth 2.0 authorization request parameters including extension parameters. It is a JSON Web Signature (JWS) signed JWT . The parameters are included as the top-level members of JSON. Parameter names and string values MUST be included as JSON strings. Numerical values MUST be included as JSON numbers. It MAY include any extension parameters. This JSON constitutes the JWT Claims Set. The Request Object MAY be signed or unsigned (plaintext). When it is plaintext, this is indicated by use of the none algorithm JWA in the JWS header. If signed, the Authorization Request Object SHOULD contain the Claims iss (issuer) and aud (audience) as members, with their semantics being the same as defined in the JWT specification. The Request Object MAY also be encrypted using JWE after signing, with nesting performed in the same manner as specified for JWT. The Authorization Request Object MAY alternatively be sent by reference using request_uri parameter. REQUIRED OAuth 2.0 Authorization Request parameters that are not included in the Request Object MUST be sent as a query parameter. If a required parameter is not present in neither the query parameter nor the Request Object, it forms a malformed request. If the parameter exists in both the query string and the Authorization Request Object, the values in the Request Object takes precedence. This means that if it intends to use a cached request object, it cannot include such parameters like state that is expected to differ in every request. It is fine to include them in the request object if it is going to be prepared afresh every time. Following is the example of the JSON that constitutes the Claims Set.

The following is a non-normative example of a encoded authorization request object. It includes extension variables such as "nonce", "userinfo", and "id_token". Note that the line wraps within the values are for display purpose only:

Instead of sending the Request Object in an OAuth 2.0 authorization request directly, this specification allows it to be obtained from the Request Object URI. Using this method has an advantage of reducing the request size, enabling the caching of the Request Object, and generally not requiring integrity protection through a cryptographic operation on the Request Object if the channel itself is protected. The Request Object URI is sent as a part of the OAuth Authorization Request as the value for the parameter called request_uri. How the Request Object is registered at Request Object URI is out of scope of this specification, but it MUST be done in a protected channel. NOTE: the Request Object MAY be registered at the Authorization Server at the client registration time. When the Authorization Server obtains the Request Object from Request Object URI, it MUST do so over a protected channel. If it is obtained from a remote server, it SHOULD use either HTTP over TLS 1.2 as defined in AND/OR with the algorithm considered appropriate at the time. When sending the request by request_uri, the client MAY provide the sha256 hash as defined in FIPS180-2of the Request Object as the fragment to it to assist the cache utilization decision of the Authorization Server.

The client constructs the authorization request URI by adding the following parameters to the query component of the authorization endpoint URI using the application/x-www-form-urlencoded format: REQUIRED unless request_uri is specified. The Request Object that holds authorization request parameters stated in the section 4 of OAuth 2.0. REQUIRED unless request is specified. The absolute URL that points to the Request Object that holds authorization request parameters stated in the section 4 of OAuth 2.0. RECOMMENDED. OAuth 2.0 state. The client directs the resource owner to the constructed URI using an HTTP redirection response, or by other means available to it via the user-agent. For example, the client directs the end-user's user-agent to make the following HTTPS request (line breaks are for display purposes only):

The authorization request object MAY be signed AND/OR encrypted. Upon receipt of request_uri in the request, the authorization server MUST send a GET request to the request_uri to retrieve the authorization request object unless it is already cached at the Authorization Server. If the response was signed AND/OR encrypted, it has to be decoded accordingly before being processed. Then, the Authorization Server MUST reconstruct the complete client request from the original HTTP request and the content of the request object. Then, the process continues as described in Section 3 of OAuth 2.0 .

Authorization Server Response is created and sent to the client as in Section 4 of OAuth 2.0 . In addition, this document defines additional 'error' values as follows: The provided request_uri was not available. The Request Object format was invalid. The parameter set provided in the Request Object was invalid.

This document registers following error strings to the OAuth Error Registry. The provided request_uri was not available. The Request Object format was invalid. The parameter set provided in the Request Object was invalid.

In addition to the all the security considerations discussed in OAuth 2.0, the following security considerations SHOULD be taken into account. When sending the authorization request object through request parameter, it SHOULD be signed with then considered appropriate algorithm using . The alg=none SHOULD NOT be used in such a case. If the request object contains personally identifiable or sensitive information, the "request_uri" MUST be of one-time use and MUST have large enough entropy deemed necessary with applicable security policy. For higher security requirement, using is strongly recommended.

Following people contributed to creating this document through the OpenID Connect 1.0. Breno de Medeiros (Google), Hideki Nara (TACT), John Bradley ( Ping Identity) <author>, Nat Sakimura (NRI) <author/editor>, Ryo Itou (Yahoo! Japan), George Fletcher (AOL), Justin Richer (MITRE), Edmund Jay (Illumila), (add yourself). In addition following people contributed to this and previous versions through The OAuth Working Group. David Recordon (Facebook), Luke Shepard (Facebook), James H. Manger (Telstra), Marius Scurtescu (Google), John Panzer (Google), Dirk Balfanz (Google), (add yourself).

-03 Fixed the non-normative description about the advantage of static signature. Changed the requement for the parameter values in the request iteself and the request object from 'MUST MATCH" to 'Req Obj takes precedence. -02 Now that they are RFCs, replaced JWS, JWE, etc. with RFC numbers. -01 Copy Edits.