Network Working Group E. Rescorla Internet-Draft Network Resonance Intended status: Standards Track November 01, 2008 Expires: May 5, 2009 Keying Material Extractors for Transport Layer Security (TLS) draft-ietf-tls-extractor-03.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on May 5, 2009. Abstract A number of protocols wish to leverage Transport Layer Security (TLS) to perform key establishment but then use some of the keying material for their own purposes. This document describes a general mechanism for allowing that. Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 1] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Conventions Used In This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Binding to Application Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4. Extractor Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8.2. Informational References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 8 Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 2] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 1. Introduction A number of protocols wish to leverage Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC4346] or Datagram TLS (DTLS) [RFC4347] to perform key establishment but then use some of the keying material for their own purposes. A typical example is DTLS-SRTP [I-D.ietf-avt-dtls-srtp], which uses DTLS to perform a key exchange and negotiate the SRTP [RFC3711] protection suite and then uses the DTLS master_secret to generate the SRTP keys. These applications imply a need to be able to extract keying material (later called Exported Keying Material or EKM) from TLS/DTLS, and securely agree on the upper-layer context where the keying material will be used. The mechanism for extracting the keying material has the following requirements: o Both client and server need to be able to extract the same EKM value. o EKM values should be indistinguishable from random by attackers who don't know the master_secret. o It should be possible to extract multiple EKM values from the same TLS/DTLS association. o Knowing one EKM value should not reveal any information about the master_secret or about other EKM values. The mechanism described in this document is intended to fill these requirements. 2. Conventions Used In This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. Binding to Application Contexts In addition to extracting keying material, an application using the keying material has to securely establish the upper-layer context where the keying material will be used. The details of this context depend on the application, but it could include things such as algorithms and parameters that will be used with the keys, identifier(s) for the endpoint(s) who will use the keys, identifier(s) for the session(s) where the keys will be used, and the lifetime(s) for the context and/or keys. At minimum, there should be some mechanism for signalling that an extractor will be used. Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 3] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 This specification does not mandate a single mechanism for agreeing on such context; instead, there are several possibilities that can be used (and can complement each other). For example: o One important part of the context -- which application will use the extracted keys -- is given by the disambiguating label string (see Section 4). o Information about the upper-layer context can be included in the optional data after the extractor label (see Section 4). o Information about the upper-layer context can be exchanged in TLS extensions included in the ClientHello and ServerHello messages. This approach is used in [DTLS-SRTP]. The handshake messages are protected by the Finished messages, so once the handshake completes, the peers will have the same view of the information. Extensions also allow a limited form of negotiation: for example, the TLS client could propose several alternatives for some context parameters, and TLS server could select one of them. o The upper-layer protocol can include its own handshake which can be protected using the keys extracted from TLS. It is important to note that just embedding TLS messages in the upper-layer protocol may not automatically secure all the important context information, since the upper-layer messages are not covered by TLS Finished messages. 4. Extractor Definition The output of the extractor is intended to be used in a single scope, which is associated with the TLS session, the label, and the context value. An extractor takes as input three values: o A disambiguating label string o A per-association context value provided by the extractor using application o A length value It then computes: PRF(master_secret, label, SecurityParameters.client_random + SecurityParameters.server_random + context_value_length + context_value )[length] Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 4] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 Where PRF is the TLS PRF in use for the session. The output is a pseudorandom bit string of length bytes generated from the master_secret. Labels here have the same definition as in TLS, i.e., an ASCII string with no terminating NULL. Label values beginning with "EXPERIMENTAL" MAY be used for private use without registration. All other label values MUST be registered via Specification Required as described by RFC 2434 [RFC2434]. Note that extractor labels have the potential to collide with existing PRF labels. In order to prevent this, labels SHOULD begin with "EXTRACTOR". This is not a MUST because there are existing uses which have labels which do not begin with this prefix. opaque context<0..2^16-1>; The context value allows the application using the extractor to mix its own data with the TLS PRF for the extractor output. One example of where this might be useful is an authentication setting where the client credentials are valid for more than one identity; the context value could then be used to mix the expected identity into the keying material, thus preventing substitution attacks. The context value length is encoded as an unsigned 16-bit quantity (uint16) representing the length of the context value. The context MAY be zero length. 5. Security Considerations The prime security requirement for extractor outputs is that they be independent. More formally, after a particular TLS session, if an adversary is allowed to choose multiple (label, context value) pairs and is given the output of the PRF for those values, the attacker is still unable to distinguish between the output of the PRF for a (label, context value) pair (different from the ones that it submitted) and a random value of the same length. In particular, there may be settings, such as the one described in Section 4, where the attacker can control the context value; such an attacker MUST not be able to predict the output of the extractor. Similarly, an attacker who does not know the master secret should not be able to distinguish valid extractor outputs from random values. The current set of TLS PRFs is believed to meet this objective, provided the master secret is randomly generated. Because an extractor produces the same value if applied twice with the same label to the same master_secret, it is critical that two EKM values generated with the same label not be used for two different purposes--hence the requirement for IANA registration. However, Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 5] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 because extractors depend on the TLS PRF, it is not a threat to the use of an EKM value generated from one label to reveal an EKM value generated from another label. 6. IANA Considerations IANA is requested to create (has created) a TLS Extractor Label registry for this purpose. The initial contents of the registry are given below: Value Reference ----- ------------ client finished [RFC4346] server finished [RFC4346] master secret [RFC4346] key expansion [RFC4346] client EAP encryption [RFC2716] ttls keying material [draft-funk-eap-ttls-v0-01] Future values are allocated via RFC2434 Specification Required policy. The label is a string consisting of printable ASCII characters. IANA MUST also verify that one label is not a prefix of any other label. For example, labels "key" or "master secretary" are forbidden. 7. Acknowledgments Thanks to Pasi Eronen for valuable comments and the contents of the IANA section and Section 3. Thanks to David McGrew for helpful discussion of the security considerations. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2434] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998. [RFC4346] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.1", RFC 4346, April 2006. Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 6] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 8.2. Informational References [RFC4347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer Security", RFC 4347, April 2006. [RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K. Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", RFC 3711, March 2004. [I-D.ietf-avt-dtls-srtp] McGrew, D. and E. Rescorla, "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) Extension to Establish Keys for Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)", draft-ietf-avt-dtls-srtp-06 (work in progress), October 2008. Author's Address Eric Rescorla Network Resonance 2064 Edgewood Drive Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA Email: ekr@networkresonance.com Rescorla Expires May 5, 2009 [Page 7] Internet-Draft TLS Extractors November 2008 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The IETF Trust (2008). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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