IPv6 Operations Working Group Internet Draft Jim Bound Document: draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-03.txt Yanick Pouffary Obsoletes: ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Hewlett-Packard Expires: January 2006 Steve Klynsma MITRE Tim Chown University of Southhampton Dave Green SRI IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet- Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress. The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/1id-abstracts.html. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. Abstract This document analyzes the transition to IPv6 in enterprise networks. These networks are characterized as a network that has multiple internal links, one or more router connections, to one or more Providers, and is managed by a network operations entity. The analysis will focus on a base set of transition notational networks and requirements expanded from a previous Enterprise Scenarios document. Discussion is provided on a focused set of transition analysis required for the enterprise to transition to IPv6, assuming a Dual-IP layer (IPv4 and IPv6) network and node environment, within the enterprise. Then a set of transition mechanisms are recommended for each notational network. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 1]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Table of Contents: 1. Introduction................................................3 2. Terminology.................................................5 3. Enterprise Matrix Analysis for Transition...................6 4. Wide-Scale Dual-Stack Deployment Analysis..................10 4.1 Staged Dual-Stack Deployment...............................10 4.2 Routing Capability Analysis for Dual-IP Deployment.........11 4.2.1 IPv6 Routing Capability..................................11 4.2.2 IPv6 Routing Non-Capability..............................11 4.2.2.1 Tunnel IPv6 over the IPv4 infrastructure...............11 4.4.2.2 Deploy a parallel IPv6 infrastructure..................12 4.3 Remote IPv6 access to the enterprise.......................12 4.4 Other considerations.......................................12 5. Sparse Dual-Stack Deployment Analysis......................13 5.1 Internal versus External Tunnel End Point..................13 5.2 Manual versus Autoconfigured...............................14 6. IPv6 Dominant Network Deployment Analysis..................15 7. General Issues from Analysis...............................16 7.1 Staged Plan for IPv6 Deployment............................16 7.2 Network Infrastructure Requirements........................16 7.3 Stage 1: Initial connectivity steps........................16 7.3.1 Obtaining external connectivity..........................16 7.3.2 Obtaining global IPv6 address space......................16 7.4 Stage 2: Deploying generic basic service components........17 7.4.1 IPv6 DNS.................................................17 7.4.2 IPv6 Routing.............................................17 7.4.3 Configuration of Hosts...................................17 7.4.4 Developing an IPv6 addressing plan.......................18 7.4.5 Security.................................................18 7.5 Stage 3: Widespread Dual-Stack deployment on-site..........19 8. Applicable Transition Mechanisms...........................21 8.1 Recognizing Incompatible Network touchpoints...............21 8.2 Recognizing Application incompatibilities..................22 8.3 Using Multiple Mechanisms to Support IPv6 Transition.......22 8.4 Analysis of Selected Transition Mechanisms.................22 9. Security Considerations....................................24 10. IANA Considerations........................................24 11. References.................................................24 11.1 Normative References......................................24 11.2 Non-Normative References..................................24 Change Log.....................................................26 Document Acknowledgments.......................................27 Author's Addresses.............................................28 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005)......................29 Disclaimer.....................................................29 IPR Disclosure Acknowledgement.................................29 Disclaimer of validity.........................................29 Acknowledgment.................................................30 Appendix A - Crisis Management Network Scenarios...............31 draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 2]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 1. Introduction This document analyzes the transition to IPv6 in enterprise networks. These networks are characterized as a network that has multiple internal links, one or more router connections, to one or more Providers, and is managed by a network operations entity. The analysis will focus on a base set of transition notational networks and requirements expanded from a previous Enterprise Scenarios document. Discussion is provided on a focused set of transition analysis required for the enterprise to transition to IPv6, assuming a Dual-IP layer (IPv4 and IPv6) network and node environment, within the enterprise. Then a set of transition mechanisms are recommended for each notational network. The audience for this document is the enterprise network team considering deployment of IPv6. The document will be useful for enterprise teams that will have to determine the IPv6 transition strategy for their enterprise. It is expected those teams include members from management, network operations, and engineering. The analysis and notational networks presented provide an example set of cases the enterprise can use to build an IPv6 transition strategy. The enterprise analysis will begin by describing a matrix as a tool to be used to portray the different IPv4 and IPv6 possibilities for deployment. The document will then provide analysis to support a wide Dual-IP layer deployment strategy across the enterprise, to provide the reader a view of how that can be planned and what are the options available. The document will then discuss the deployment of sparse IPv6 nodes within the enterprise and what requirements need to be considered and implemented, when the enterprise will remain with IPv4-only routing infrastructure for some time. The next discussion focuses on the use of IPv6 when it is determined to be dominant across or within parts of the enterprise network. The document then begins to discuss the the general issues and applicability from the previous analysis. The document concludes providing a set of current transistion mechanism recommendations for the notational network scenarios to support an enterprise planning to deploy IPv6. This document, as stated in the introduction, focuses only on the deployment cases where a Dual-IP layer is supported across the network and on the nodes in the enterprise. Additional deployment transition analysis will be required from the effects of IPv6-only node or Provider deployments, and beyond the scope of this document. In addition this document does not attempt to define or discuss any use with network address translation [NATPT, NATDE] or the use of Provider Independent address space. The following specific topics are currently out of scope for this document: - Multihoming - Application transition/porting (see [APPS]). - IPv6 VPN, firewall or intrusion detection deployment - IPv6 network management and QoS deployment draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 3]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 - Detailed IT Department requirements - Deployment of novel IPv6 services, e.g. Mobile IPv6 - Requirements or Transtion at the Providers network - Transport protocol selection for applications with IPv6 - Application layer and configuration issues. - IPv6 only future deployment scenarios. We are focusing in this document on IP Layer 3 deployment, in the same way as the other IPv6 deployment analysis works have done [UMAN,ISPA, 3GPA]. This document covers deployment of IPv6 "on the wire", including address management and DNS services. We are also assuming that the enterprise deployment is one being undertaken by the network administration team, i.e. this document is not discussing the case of an individual user gaining IPv6 connectivity (to some external IPv6 provider) from within an enterprise network. Much of the analysis is applicable to wireless networks, but there are additional considerations for wireless networks not contained within this document. In Section 2 we introduce the terminology used in this document. In Section 3 we introduce and define a tools matrix and define the IP layer 3 connectivity requirements. In Section 4 we discuss wide scale Dual-IP layer use within an enterprise. In section 5 we discuss sparse Dual-IP layer deployment within an enterprise. In section 6 we discuss IPv6 dominant network deployment within the enterprise. In sectioin 7 we discuss general issues and applicability. In section 8 a set of transition mechanisms are recommended that can support the deployment of IPv6 with an enterprise. This document then provides Appendix A for readers depicting a Crisis Management enterprise network to demonstrate an enterprise network example that requires all the properties as analyzed in Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 4]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 2. Terminology Enterprise Network - A network that has multiple internal links, one or more router connections, to one or more Providers and is actively managed by a network operations entity. Provider - An entity that provides services and connectivity to the Internet or other private external networks for the enterprise network. IPv6-capable - A node or network capable of supporting both IPv6 and IPv4. IPv4-only - A node or network capable of supporting only IPv4. IPv6-only - A node or network capable of supporting only IPv6. This does not imply an IPv6 only stack, in this document. Dual-IP - References a network or node that supports both IPv4 and IPv6. IP-capability - The ability to support IPv6 only, IPv4 only, or Dual IP Layer IPv6-dominant - A network or link that uses only IPv6 routing. Transition - The network strategy the enterprise uses to Implementation transition to IPv6. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 5]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 3. Enterprise Matrix Analysis for Transition To provide context for an analysis of the transitioning enterprise at layer 3 we have provided a matrix which describes various scenarios which might be encountered during an IPv6 transition. The notional enterprise network is comprised of hosts attached to an enterprise-owned intranet(s) at two different global locations separated by the Internet. The enterprise owns, operates and maintains its own intranetworks, but relies on an external provider organization that offers Internet Service. Both local and destination intranetworks are operated by different organizations within the same enterprise and consequently could have different IP-capability, than other intranetworks, at certain times in the transition period. Addressing every possible combination of network IP-capability in this notional enterprise network is impractical, therefore trivial (i.e. pure IPv4, pure IPv6, and ubiquitous Dual-IP) are not considered. In addition, the authors could not conceive of any scenarios involving IPv6-only ISPs or IPv6-only nodes in the near- term and consequently have not addressed scenarios with IPv6-only ISPs or IPv6-only nodes. We assume all nodes that host IPv6 applications are Dual IP. The matrix does not assume or suggest that network address translation is used. The authors recommend that network address translation not be used in these notional cases. Future enterprise transitions that support IPv6-only nodes and IPv6-only ISPs will require separate analysis, that is beyond the scope of this document. Table 1 scenarios below is a matrix of ten possible Transition Implementations that, being encountered in an enterprise, may require analysis and the selection of an IPv6 transition mechanism for that notional network. Each possible implementation is represented by the rows of the matrix. The matrix describes a set of notional networks as follows: - The first column represents the protocol used by the application and below, the IP-capability of the node originating the IP packets. (Application/Host 1 OS). - The second column represents the IP-capability of the host network wherein the node originated the packet. (Host 1 Network) - The third column represents the IP-capability of the service provider network. (Service Provider) - The fourth column represents the IP-capability of the destination network wherein the originating IP packets are received. (Host 2 Network) draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 6]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 - The fifth column represents the protocol used by the application and, below, the IP-capability of the destination node receiving the originating IP packets. (Application/Host 2 OS). As an example, notional network 1 is an IPv6 application residing on a Dual-IP layer host trying to establish a communications exchange with a destination IPv6 application. To complete the information exchange the packets must first traverse the host's originating IPv4 network (intranet), then the service provider's, and destination hosts Dual-IP network. Obviously Table 1 does not describe every possible scenario. Trivial notional networks (such as pure IPv4, pure IPv6, and ubiquitous Dual-IP) are not addressed. However, the authors feel these ten represent the vast majority of transitional situations likely to be encountered in today's enterprise. Therefore, we will use these ten to address the analysis for enterprise deployment. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 7]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Table 1 - Enteprise Scenario Deployment Matrix ====================================================== |Application |Host 1 |Service |Host 2 |Application | |----------- |Network|Provider|Network|---------- | | Host 1 OS | | | | Host 2 OS | =====================================+================ | IPv6 | |Dual IP | | IPv6 | A | ---- | IPv4 | or |Dual IP| ---- | | Dual IP | | IPv4 | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv6 | | | | IPv6 | B | ---- | IPv6 | IPv4 | IPv4 | ---- | | Dual IP | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv4 | | | | IPv4 | C | ---- | IPv4 |Dual IP | IPv6 | ---- | | Dual IP | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv4 |Dual IP| | | IPv4 | D | ---- | or | IPv4 | IPv6 | ---- | | Dual IP | IPv6 | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv6 |Dual IP| |Dual IP| IPv4 | E | ---- | or |Dual IP | or | ---- | | Dual IP | IPv6 | | IPv6 | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv6 | | | | IPv4 | F | ---- | IPv6 | IPv4 | IPv4 | ---- | | Dual IP | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv4 | | | | IPv6 | G | ---- | IPv6 | Dual IP| IPv6 | ---- | | Dual IP | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv4 | | | | IPv6 | H | ---- | IPv6 |Dual IP | IPv4 | ---- | | IPv4 | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv4 | | | | IPv6 | I | ---- | IPv6 | IPv4 | IPv6 | ---- | | IPv4 | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== | IPv6 | | | | IPv4 | J | ---- | IPv4 | IPv4 | IPv6 | ---- | | Dual IP | | | | Dual IP | ====================================================== The reader should note that scenarios A-C in Table 1 are variations of compatible hosts communicating across largely (but not entirely) homogenous networks. In each of the first three scenarios, the packet must traverse at least one incompatible network component. For example, scenario B represents an enterprise which wishes to use IPv6 applications, but has yet to transition its internal networks and it's Service Provider also lags, offering only a v4 IP-service. Conversely, Scenario C represents an enterprise which has completed transition to IPv6 in its core networks (as has its Service Provider), but continues to require a legacy IPv4-based draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 8]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 application. Scenario D represents the unusual situation where the enterprise has transitioned its core intranetworks to IPv6, but (like scenario B) it's ISP provider has yet to transition. In addition, this Enterprise continues to retain critical legacy IPv4-based applications which must communicate over this heterogenous network environment. Scenarios E-J represent transitional situations wherein the Enterprise has both v4- and v6-based instantiations of the same application that must continue to interoperate. In addition, these scenarios show that the Enterprise has not completed transition to IPv6 in all its organic and/or Service Provider networks. Instead, it maintains a variety of heterogenous network segments between the communicating applications. Scenarios E and J represent distinctly different extremes on either end of the spectrum. In scenario E, the enterprise has largely transitioned to IPv6 in both its applications and networks. However, scenario E shows that a few legacy IPv4-based applications may still be found in the enterprise. On the other hand, scenario J shows an Enterprise that has begun its transition in a very disjointed manner and, in which IPv6-based applications and network segments are relatively rare. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 9]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 4. Wide-Scale Dual-Stack Deployment Analysis In this section we address Scenario 1 as described in Section 3.1 of [BSCN]. The scenario, assumptions and requirements are driven from the [BSCN] text. This analysis further corresponds to Scenario A in Section 3 above (although Scenario A shows a transitional situation wherein the enterprise has one network segment still lagging on transition to dual-IP). Within these IPv6 deployment scenarios the enterprise network administrator would introduce IPv6 by enabling IPv6 on the wire (i.e. within the network infrastructure) in a structured fashion with the existing IPv4 infrastructure. In such scenarios, a number of the existing IPv4 routers (and thus subnets) will be made dual- IP, such that communications can run over either protocol. Nodes on the dual-IP links may themselves be IPv4-only or IPv6- capable. The driver for deploying IPv6 on the wire may not be for immediate wide-scale usage of IPv6, but rather to prepare an existing IPv4 infrastructure to support IPv6-capable nodes. Thus, while IPv6 is not used, dual-IP nodes exist, and the enterprise can be transitioned to IPv6 on demand. Analyzing this scenario against existing transition mechanisms for their applicability, suggests a staged approach for IPv6 deployment in the enterprise. 4.1 Staged Dual-Stack Deployment Under these scenarios (as well as most others), the site administrator should formulate a staged plan for the introduction of a dual-IP IPv6 network. We suggest that the generic plan of Section 7 of this document provides a good basis for such a plan. In an enterprise network, the administrator will generally seek to deploy IPv6 in a structured, controlled manner, such that IPv6 can be enabled on specific links at various stages of deployment. There may be a requirement that some links remain IPv4 only, or some that specifically should not have IPv6 connectivity (e.g. Scenario A of Table 1). There may also be a requirement that aggregatable global IPv6 addresses, assigned by the enterprise's upstream provider from the address space allocated to them by the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), be assigned. In this document we do not discuss the deployment of Unique Local IPv6 Unicast Addresses [ULA] because the address type and scope selected is orthogonal to the the layer 3 analysis of this document. A typical deployment would initially involve the establishment of a single "testbed" Dual-IP subnet at the enterprise site prior to wider deployment. Such a testbed not only allows the IPv6 capability of specific platforms and applications to be evaluated and verified, but also permits the steps in Sections 7.3 and 7.4 of this document to be undertaken without (potential) adverse impact on the production elements of the enterprise. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 10]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Section 7.5 describes the stages for the widespread deployment in the enterprise, which could be undertaken after the basic building blocks for IPv6 deployment are in place. 4.2 Routing Capability Analysis for Dual-IP Deployment A critical part of Dual-IP deployment is the selection of the IPv6-capable routing infrastructure to be implemented. The path taken will depend on whether the enterprise has existing Layer 2/3 switch/router equipment that has an IPv6 (routing) capability, or that can be upgraded to have such capability. In Section 4, we are not considering sparse IPv6 deployment; the goal of Dual-IP deployment is widespread use in the enterprise. 4.2.1 IPv6 Routing Capability Where IPv6 routing capability exists within the infrastructure, the network administrator can enable IPv6 on the same physical hardware as the existing IPv4 service. This is the end goal of any enterprise to support Dual-IP deployment, when the capability, performance, and robustness of the Dual-IP operational deployment has been verified. Ideally, the IPv6 capability will span the entire enterprise, allowing deployment on any link or subnet. If not, techniques from Section 4.4 below may be required. 4.2.2 IPv6 Routing Non-Capability If the enterperise cannot provide IPv6 routing initially there are alternative methods for transition. In this case the enterprise administrator faces two basic choices, either to tunnel IPv6 over some or all of the existing IPv4 infrastructure, or to deploy a parallel IPv6 routing infrastructure providing IPv6 connectivity into existing IPv4 subnets. It may thus be the case that a nodes IPv4 and IPv6 default routes to reach other links (subnets) are through different routing platforms. 4.2.2.1 Tunnel IPv6 over the IPv4 infrastructure Consider the situation where there exists IPv6 edge routers which are IPv6-capable, while others,and perhaps the enterprise backbone itself, are not IPv6-capable (Scenario B of Table 1). Tunneling, as described in [BCNF] would be established between the Dual-IP capable routers on the enterprise, thus "bypassing" existing non IPv6-capable routers and platforms. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 11]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 In the widespread dual-IP scenario, a more structured, manageable method is required, where the administrator has control of the deployment per-link and (ideally) long-term, aggregatable global IPv6 addressing is obtained, planned and used from the outset. 4.4.2.2 Deploy a parallel IPv6 infrastructure Alternatively,the administrator may deploy a new, separate IPv6- capable router (or set of routers). It is quite possible that such a parallel infrastructure would be IPv6-dominant. Such an approach would likely require additional hardware, but it has the advantage that the existing IPv4 routing platforms are not disturbed by the introduction of IPv6. To distribute IPv6 to existing IPv4 enterprise subnets, either dedicated physical infrastructure can be employed or, if available, IEEE 802.1q VLANs could be used, as described in [VLAN]. The latter has the significant advantage of not requiring any additional physical cabling/wiring and also offers all the advantages of VLANs for the new dual-IP environment. Many router platforms can tag multiple VLAN IDs on a single physical interface based on the subnet/link the packet is destined for; thus multiple IPv6 links can be collapsed for delivery on a single (or small number of) physical IPv6 router interfaces in the early stages of deployment. The parallel infrastructure should only be seen as an interim step towards full Dual-IP deployment on a unified infrastructure. The parallel infrastructure however allows all other aspects of the IPv6 enterprise services to be deployed, including IPv6 addressing, thus making the enterprise ready for that unifying step at a later date. 4.3 Remote IPv6 access to the enterprise When the enterprise's users are off-site, and using an ISP that does not support any native IPv6 service or IPv6 transition aids, the enterprise may consider deploying it's own remote IPv6 access support, as described in Section 7.5.2 below. 4.4 Other considerations There are some issues associated with turning IPv6 on by default, including application connection delays, poor connectivity, and network insecurity, as discussed in [V6DEF]. The issues can be worked around or mitigated by following the advice in [V6DEF] draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 12]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 5. Sparse Dual-Stack Deployment Analysis This section covers the Scenario 2 as described in Section 3.1 of [BSCN]. This scenario assumes the requirements defined within the [BSCN] text. IPv6 deployment within the enterprise network, with an existing IPv4 infrastructure, could be motivated by mission critical or business applications or services that require IPv6. In this case the prerequisite is that only the nodes using those IPv6 applications need to be upgraded to be IPv6-capable. The routing infrastructure will not be upgraded to support IPv6, nor does the enterprise wish to deploy a parallel IPv6 routing infrastructure at this point, since this is an option in section 4. There is a need for end-to-end communication with IPv6, but the infrastructure only supports IPv4 routing. Thus, the only viable method for end-to-end communication with IPv6 is to tunnel the traffic over the existing IPv4 infrastructure, within this analysis documents boundaries defined. The network team needs to decide which are the most efficient the available transition tunneling mechanisms to deploy, so they can be used without disrupting the existing IPv4 infrastructure. Several conditions require analysis, as introduced in the following sub sections. 5.1 Internal versus External Tunnel End Point Let's assume the upstream provider has deployed some IPv6 services, either native IPv6 in its backbone or in the access network, or some combination of both (Scenario B of Table 1). In this case, the provider will likely also deploy one or more transition mechanisms to support their IPv6 subscribers. Obviously, the enterprise could decide to take advantage of those transition services offered from the Provider. However, this will usually mean that individual nodes in the network will require their own IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel. The end result is somewhat inefficient IPv6 intranetworks communication, because all IPv6 traffic must be forwarded by the Enterprise's IPv4 infrastructure to the Tunnel End-Point offered by the Provider. Nevertheless, this may be acceptable paticularly if the IPv6 applications do not require intranetworks communication at all. For example when an application's server is located outside of the enterprise network, or on other intranetworks of the same enterprise. Alternatively, the enterprise could decide to deploy its own transition mechanism node, possibly collocating it adjacent to the border router that connects to the upstream Provider. In this case, intranetnetworks communication using this tunnel end point is also possible. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 13]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 5.2 Manual versus Autoconfigured If the number of nodes to be using IPv6 is reduced, another option is to use statically configured tunnels. However automatically configured tunnels are generally preferred. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 14]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 6. IPv6 Dominant Network Deployment Analysis In this section we are covering Scenario 3 as described in Section 3.1 of [BSCN]. The scenario, assumptions and requirements are driven from the [BSCN] text. Within this document, this situation is captured in Scenario C of Table 1. Some enterprise networks may wish to employ an IPv6-dominant network deployment strategy. What this means essentially is that the network or specific sites within the enterprise network will transition to IPv6 using only IPv6 routing to transfer both IPv4 and IPv6 packets over the network, even though the network may be Dual-IP capable. IPv4 routing would not be turned on within an IPv6-dominant network, except if required at to support edge IPv4 networks. Under this scenario, communications between IPv6 nodes will use IPv6. When IPv6-capable nodes in the IPv6-dominant network need to communicate with IPv4 nodes, the IPv6 nodes will use their Dual-IP implementation to tunnel IPv4 packets in IPv6 [6TUN]. An edge router within the IPv6-dominant network will decapsulate the IPv4 packet and route to the path of the IPv4 node on the network. This permits Dual-IP layer nodes to communicate with legacy IPv4 nodes within an IPv6-dominant network. From Table 1 scenarios E and F depict additional cases where an IPv6- dominant deployment strategy could be in place. In scenario E the entire network could be IPv6-dominant, but the Host OS 2 system is running an IPv4 application. In scenario F the Host OS 1 system network could be IPv6-dominant, but the rest of the networks are all IPv4. In each case, communicating with an IPv4 end host or over an IPv4 network requires a transition point exist within the network to support that operation. Furthermore, the node in the IPv6 dominant network must aquire an IPv4 address (to interoperate with the IPv4 end host), and locate a tunnel endpoint on their network which permits the IPv4 packet to be tunneled to the next hop IPv6 router and eventually to a destination Dual IP router. While retaining interoperability with IPv4 is a noble goal for Enterprise architects, it is an unfortunate fact that maintaining IPv4 services in an IPv6 dominant networks slows and may even impede your ability to reap the maximum benefits of IPv6. The decision whether or not to use an IPv6-dominant network deployment strategy is completely driven by the Enterprise's business and operational objectives and guided by the Enterprise's transition plan. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 15]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 7. General Issues from Analysis In this section we describe generic enterprise IPv6 deployment issues, applicable to the analysis sections 4-6 in this document. 7.1 Staged Plan for IPv6 Deployment The enterprise network administrator will need to follow a staged plan for IPv6 deployment. What this means is that a strategic identification of the enterprise network must be performed for all points and components of the transition. 7.2 Network Infrastructure Requirements The considerations for the enterprise components are detailed in Section 3.2 of [BSCN]. We do not go into detail of all aspects of such components in this document. In this document we focus on Layer 3 issues. 7.3 Stage 1: Initial connectivity steps The first steps for IPv6 deployment do not involve technical aspects per se; the enterprise needs to select an external IPv6 provider, and obtain globally routable IPv6 address space from that provider. 7.3.1 Obtaining external connectivity The enterprise service provider would typically be a topographically close IPv6 provider that is able to provide an IPv6 upstream link. It would be expected that the enterprise would use either native IPv6 upstream connectivity or, in its absence, a manually configured tunnel [BCNF] to the upstream provider. 7.3.2 Obtaining global IPv6 address space The enterprise will obtain global IPv6 address space from its selected upstream provider, as provider assigned (PA) address space. The enterprise should receive at least a /48 allocation from its provider, as described in [ALLOC]. The procedure for enterprise renumbering between providers is described in [RENUM]. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 16]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 7.4 Stage 2: Deploying generic basic service components Most of these are discussed in Section 4 of [BSCN]. Here we comment on those aspects that we believe are in scope for this analysis document. Thus we have not included network management, multihoming, multicast or application transition analysis here, but these aspects should be addressed in Stage 2. 7.4.1 IPv6 DNS The enterprise site should deploy a DNS service that is capable of both serving IPv6 DNS records using the AAAA format [DNSV6REC] and of communicating over IPv6 transport. Specific IPv6 DNS issues are reported in [DNSV6]. 7.4.2 IPv6 Routing The enterprise network will need to support methods for internal and external routing. For a single-homed single-site network, a static route to a single upstream provider may be sufficient, although the site may choose to use an exterior routing protocol, especially where it has multiple upstream providers. For internal routing, an appropriate interior routing protocol may be deployed. IPv6 routing protocols that can be used are as follows: BGP4+ [BGP4], IS-IS [ISIS], OSPFv3 [OSPF] and RIPng [RIPng]. 7.4.3 Configuration of Hosts An enterprise network will have a number of tools available for IPv4 address and other configuration information delegation and management, including manual configuration, NIS [NIS] or DHCP [DHCPv4]. In an IPv6 enterprise, Stateless Address Autoconfiguration [ADDRCONF] may be used to configure a host with a global IPv6 address, a default router, and an on-link prefix information. For secure autoconfiguration, the IPsec [IPSEC] or SEND method [SEND] can be used. A stateless configured node wishing to gain other configuration information (e.g. DNS, NTP servers) will likely need a Stateful DHCPv6 [DHCPv6] service available. For nodes configuring using DHCPv6, where DHCPv6 servers are offlink, a DHCPv6 Relay Agent function will be required. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 17]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Hosts may also generate or request IPv6 Privacy Addresses [PRIVv6]; there is support for DHCPv6 to assign privacy addresses to nodes in managed environments. 7.4.4 Developing an IPv6 addressing plan A site will need to formulate an IPv6 addressing plan, utilising the globally aggregatable public IPv6 prefix allocated to it by its upstream connectivity provider. In a Dual-IP deployment, the site will need to decide whether it wishes to deploy IPv6 links to be congruent with existing IPv4 subnets. In this case, nodes will fall into the same links or subnets for both protocols. Such a scheme could be followed, with IPv6 prefix allocations being made such that room for topological growth is provisioned (reducing the potential requirement for future renumbering due to restructuring). A beneficial property of IPv6 is that an administrator will not need to invest as much effort in address conservation. With IPv4, a site will likely allocate IPv4 subnets to be as small as possible for the number of hosts currently in the subnet (e.g. a /26 for 50 nodes), because IPv4 address conservation is required. This creates problems when the number of nodes on a subnet grows, larger IPv4 prefixes are then required, and potentially time-consuming and disruptive renumbering events will follow. With IPv6, a link can in effect have any number of nodes, allowing link growth without the need to adjust prefix allocations with the associated renumbering requirement. The size of the initial site allocation (currently recommended to be a /48) also is likely to allow room for site growth without a need to return to the connectivity provider to obtain more, potentially non-sequential, address space (as is the case for IPv4 today, with the associated paperwork and probable delays). At the time of writing, best practice in IPv6 site address planning is restricted due to limited wide-scale deployments. Administrators should allocate /64 size prefixes for subnets, and do so in a way that has scope for growth within a site. The site should utilise a plan that reserves space for topological growth in the site, given that its initial IPv6 prefix allocation (currently recommended to be a /48) is likely to include such room for growth. 7.4.5 Security When deploying IPv6 within a Dual-IP network, a site will need to implement its site security policy for IPv6-capable nodes as it does for IPv4-capable nodes. For example, a border firewall should be capable of filtering and controlling IPv6 traffic by enforcing the same policy as it already does for IPv4. However, a site will also need to review its security policy in light of IPv6 specific functionality that will be deployed in the draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 18]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 site, e.g. Mobile IPv6, stateless autoconfiguration (and SEND), IPv6 Privacy Extensions, end-to-end IPSEC, and, not least, the use of globally aggregatable public address space where for IPv4 private addressing and NAT may have been used. An overview of how Network Architecture Protection (NAP) using IPv6 can provide the same or more benefits without the need for NAT can be found in [NAP]. This describes how the perceived security with IPv4 NAT can be achieved and surpassed with IPv6, i.e. how IPv6 technology can be used to provide the market-perceived benefits of IPv4 NAT. Where deployed, intrusion detection systems will need to be enhanced to both check IPv6 transport for known application layer attack patterns and also to check for new potential IPv6 threats, e.g. excessive hop-by-hop headers, or errant IPv6 header options. The deployment of specific transition mechanisms may also introduce threats, e.g. carrying IPv6 data tunnelled in IPv4. The site security policy should embrace the transition mechanisms that are deployed. An overview of IPv6 security issues can be found in [V6SEC]. This includes discussion of issues specific to the IPv6 protocol, to transition mechanisms, and to IPv6 deployment itself. 7.5 Stage 3: Widespread Dual-Stack deployment on-site With the basic building blocks of external connectivity, interior IPv6 routing, an IPv6 DNS service and address allocation management in place, the IPv6 capability can be rolled out to the wider enterprise. This involves putting IPv6 on the wire in the desired links, and enabling applications and other services to begin using an IPv6 transport. In the Dual-IP deployment case, this means enabling IPv6 on existing IPv4 subnets. As described in Section 7.4.4 above, it is likely that IPv6 links will be congruent with IPv4 subnets, because IPv4 subnets tend to be created for geographic, policy or administrative reasons that would be IP version-independent. While the use of IPv6 by some applications can be administratively controlled (e.g. in the case of open source software by compiling the application without IPv6 support enabled), the use of IPv6 transport, and preference over IPv4 transport, will vary per application based on the developer/author's implementation. A Dual-IP deployment will often be made by sites wishing to support use of IPv6 within a site, even if IPv6 transport is not preferred by all applications. Putting support for IPv6 in all site infrastructure (DNS, email transport, etc) allows IPv6 usage to be phased in over time. As nodes become IPv6 capable, and applications and services IPv6 enabled, the IPv6 capable infrastructure can be leveraged. For most networks, Dual-IP will be at the very least a medium-term transition towards an IPv6 dominant future. However, the introduction of IPv6 support, with draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 19]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 the potential benefits of globally aggregatable public address usage (with [NAP]), and other new IPv6 capabilities, can bring more immediate benefits for the site. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 20]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 8. Applicable Transition Mechanisms This section will provide general guidance for the use of specific transition mechanisms which in turn can be used by the enterprise to support the enterprise matrix notional networks (rows) in Section 3, and within the context of the analysis discussed in Sections 4, 5, and 6. Table 1 provides a number of common scenarios that an enterprise architect might encounter as they consider how and where they should consider deploying transition mechanisms to support the network transition to IPv6. Selecting the most appropriate mechanism for each scenario is more of an art than a science and consequently making recommendations against each of the ten scenarios would be simply fodder for sharpshooters touting their favored product. However we can provide some high-level guidance that should benefit the architect's decision making process. 8.1 Recognizing Incompatible Network touchpoints Mapping your specific situation into one of the ten scenarios of Table 1 is far less important than recognizing the critical touchpoints within the enterprise networks where incompatible networks interface. Unless a transition mechanism is being offered by the enterprise as a service, it is at these touchpoints that a mechanism must be considered. A quick review of Table 1 reveals that the ten scenarios can be boiled down to variations of four major themes. The simplest, but also most favored (due to its flexibility), is wide spread Dual IP with compatible hosts at either end. This situation is illustrated in Scenario A and transition mechanism considerations have already been described in some detail in Section 4. In the second common theme (depicted in Scenarios B-D of Table 1), the enterprise is comprised of compatible hosts, with one or more incompatible network touchpoints in between. As described in Section 4.2.2.1, tunneling can be used to "bypass" the incompatible network segments. One tunneling option, Manual Configured Tunnels [BCNF] could be used by the enterprise, but as the name implies, this mechanism provides no automated tunnnel configuration. 6to4 [6to4] can be used to support enterprises that do not have an assigned IPv6 prefix address. Identifying the responsible device to perform the tunneling is driven by the position of the incompatible touchpoint. If a local network is incompatible than host tunneling is appropriate. If the backbone (provider) network is incompatible then gateway-to-gateway tunneling might be a better choice. By working to ensure tunnel endpoints are always configured at dual-IP devices, end-to-end communication or services (IPv4 or IPv6) can be preserved. Having IPv6 applications on a Dual-IP host on a v4-only network lets you use ISATAP [ISTP] or Teredo [TRDO] to tunnel to a v6 end service. ISATAP [ISTP] can be used to provide end node IPv6 draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 21]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 connectivity from nodes on an isolated IPv4 network, through the use of automatic tunneling of IPv6 in IPv4. Enterprise architects should consider providing a Tunnel Broker [TBRK, TSPB] as a cost effective service to local users or applications. Tunnel Brokers can be used to provide tunnel setup for an enterprise using manual configured tunnels, 6to4, or DSTM. Tunnel Brokers can automate the use of tunnels across an enterprise deploying IPv6. Later in the transition process, after the enterprise has transitioned to a predominately IPv6 infrastructure, the architect should implement the Dual-IP Transition Mechanism [DSTM, DSTM+]. Or in the case of early deployment of IPv6-dominant networks DSTM can be used too. 8.2 Recognizing Application incompatibilities Having recognized incompatible network touchpoints, it is also incumbent on the architect to identify application incompatibilities. During the transition period, particularly for large enterprises, it is to be expected that applications hosted at one location may lead (or lag) the IPv6-compability of its peer (or server) at some other location. This leads us to the third theme represented by Scenario E and G, i.e. incompatible applications communicating across a homogenous network. Translation is an obvious solution, but not recommended except for legacy devices at the network edge which cannot or never will be upgraded to IPv6. A more scaleable solution would be to use an Application Layer Gateways (ALG) between the incompatible hosts. 8.3 Using Multiple Mechanisms to Support IPv6 Transition Inevitably, during the course of transitioning a large enterprise to IPv6, the architect will be faced with both incompatible hosts and simulataneously (at different parts of the enterprise) incompatible networks. These highly complex situations represent the fourth common theme in Table 1 and are specifically depicted by Scenarios F, H, I and J. Maintaining IP interoperability in these situations requires additional planning and may require multiple or even nested use of diverse transition mechanisms. For example, an ALG co-located with the application server may be required to service both IPv4 and IPv6 data streams that are simulataneously tunneled through incompatible network segment(s). 8.4 Analysis of Selected Transition Mechanisms The following transition mechanism have at least two independent implementations and are deployed in enterprises today. The authors are only comfortable analyzing the transition mechanisms below, in draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 22]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 addition to our analysis in Sections 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3. Manual Configured Tunnels for IPv6 [BCNF] is a useful mechanism to develop a test network in the enterprise, but will not scale well for a complete implementation of an IPv6 network. Manual Configured Tunnels for IPv6 is an IETF Proposed Standard. 6to4 [6t4] is a useful tunneling mechanism for deployment if the enterprise has not obtained a native IPv6 prefix from their provider. 6to4 is an IETF Proposed Standard. NAT-PT [NATPT] can be useful when there is no other means to access an IPv4 node behind a NAT network that only has a private address. But, it is recommended that the enterprise also look at the ability to provide access to that IPv4 node using a Proxy or Application Layer Gateway as discussed in Section 8.3. NAT-PT is an IETF Proposed Standard. Teredo [TRDO] can be useful for an enterprise when an enterprise node only has an IPv4 address and use of NAT-PT, Proxy, or an Application Layer Gateway is not optimal. Teredo is on track to be an IETF Proposed Standard. ISATAP [ISTP] is a useful tunneling mechanism when the enterprise has deployed IPv6, and there are particpating nodes for the IPv6 deployment that exist on IPv4 networks. ISATAP is being submitted as an IETF Experimental RFC. DSTM [DSTM, DSTM+] is a useful tunneling mechanism for later in the enterprise transition or deployment of IPv6-dominant network links is desired. DSTM is to being submitted as an IETF Experimental RFC. Tunnel Broker [TBRK, TSPB] is a useful tunneling mechanism, when the Enterprise wants to automate the setup of tunnels in the enterprise, and a tunnel broker can be used to support 6to4, ISATAP, and DSTM mechanisms. Tunnel Broker set-up protocol is being submitted as an IETF Experimental RFC. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 23]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 9. Security Considerations Security considerations for IPv6 deployment in a Dual-IP environment are discussed above in section 7.4.5, where external references to overview documents [V6SEC] [NAP] are also included. 10. IANA Considerations This document has no actions for IANA. 11. References 11.1 Normative References There are no normative references in this document to depict correct protocol operation. This document is an analysis technical effort not a operative or protocol specification. 11.2 Non-Normative References [DNSV6] Durand, A., Ihren, J. and P. Savola, "Operational Considerations and Issues with IPv6 DNS", Work in Progress. [CONF] Thomson, S., Narten, T., "IPv6 Stateless Autoconfiguration" RFC 2462 December 1998. [DHCPF] Droms, R., Bound, J., Volz, B., Lemon, T., et al. "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)" RFC 3315 July 2003. [DHCPL] Droms, R., "Stateless Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Service for IPv6" RFC 3756 April 2004. [APPS] Shin, M-K., Hong, Y-G., Haigino, J., Savola, P., Castro, E., "Application Aspects of IPv6 Transition" RFC 3038 March 2005. [BSCN] Bound, J., (Ed) et al. "IPv6 Enterprise Network Scenarios" Work in Pogress. [6TO4] Carpenter, B., Moore, K., "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds" RFC 3056 February 2001. [TRDO] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through NATs" Work in Progress. [BCNF] Nordmark, E., Gilligan, R., "Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers" Work in Progress from RFC 2893. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 24]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 [DSTM] Bound, J., (Ed) et al. "Dual Stack Transition Mechanim" Work in Progress. [DSTM+] DSTM Industry Design Team web site www.dstm.info [ISTP] Templin, F., et al "Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP)". Work in Progress. [6TUN] Conta, A., Deering, S., "Generic Packet Tunneling in IPv6" RFC 2473 December 1998. [TBRK] Durand, A., et al "IPv6 Tunnel Broker" RFC 3053 January 2001. [TSPB] Blanchet, M., Parent, F. "IPv6 Tunnel Broker with the Tunnel Setup Protocol". Work in Progress. [SEC1] Savola, P. and Patel, C. "Security Considerations for 6to4" RFC3964 December 2004. [ULA] Hinden, B., Haberman, B., "Unique Local IPv6 Addresses". Work in Progress. [RENUM] Baker, F., Lear, E., Droms, R., "Procedures for Renumbering an IPv6 Network without a Flag Day". Work in Progress. [ALLOC] IAB, IESG, "IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address Allocations to Sites" RFC 3177 September 2001. [NATPT] Tsirtsis, G., Srisuresh, P., "Network Address Translation - Protocol Translation (NAT-PT)" RFC 2766 February 2000 [NATDE] Aoun, C., Davies, E., "Reasons to move NAT-PT to Experimental" Work in Progress. [UMAN] Huitema, C.,. et al "Evaluation of IPv6 Transition Mechanisms for Unmanaged Networks". RFC 3904 September 2004. [ISPA] Lind, M., et al "Scenarios and Analysis for Introducing IPv6 into ISP Networks". RFC 4029 March 2005. [3GPA] Wiljakka, J., "Analysis on IPv6 Transition in 3GPP Networks" Work in Progress. [V6SEC] Davies, E. et al "IPv6 Transition/Co-existence Security Considerations". Work in Progress. [NAP] Van de Velde, G. et al "IPv6 Network Architecture Protection", Work in Progress. [OSPF] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J. "OSPF for IPv6" RFC2740 December 1999. BGP4] Bates, T., Rekhter, Y. et. al. "Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC2283 June 2000. [ISIS] Oran, D. EDITOR, "OSI IS-IS Intra-domain Routing Protocol", RFC1142 February 1990. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 25]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 [RIPng] Malkin, G., Minnear, R. "RIPng for IPv6" RFC2080 January 1997 Change Log June 2005 - to July 2005 ID 02 to 03 - Fixed more IETF id-nits. - Added Section 8.4 Transition Mechanism Summary analysis. March 2005 to June 2005 ID 01 to 02 - Fixed IETF id-nits. - Updated Section 3 Table 1 and added discussion of intent and scenario analysis per WG input. - Completed sections 6, 7, and 8. - Completed required Security Section. - Fixed normative vs. non-normative references. - Changed abstract and context of document to only deal with dual IP layer networks and nodes. - Removed Table of Content Campus VLAN appendix place holder. November 2004 to March 2005 ID 00 to 01 - Changed introduction, Section 1-3 to reflect authors and IETF WG discussions to attempt consensus on these initial sections. - Added explanation of why Appendix A is in the document to introduction. - Expanded what topics are out of scope for this document. - Updated terminology section. - Updated section 3 matrix and description to simplify and focus on dual IP layer. - Edited base text of Sections 4-7 but all three require extensive additional test for descriptions. - Edited section 8 and removed table and will reference table in section 3. This section still needs to be written. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 26]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Document Acknowledgments The Author's would like to acknowledge contributions from the following: IETF v6ops Working Group members, Pekka Savola, and Jordi Palet. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 27]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Author's Addresses Jim Bound HP 110 Spitbrook Road Nashua, NH 03062 USA Phone: 603.465.3130 Email: jim.bound@hp.com Yanick Pouffary HP Competency Center 950, Route des Colles, BP027, 06901 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX FRANCE Phone: + 33492956285 Email: Yanick.pouffary@hp.com Tim Chown School of Electronics and Computer Science University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ United Kingdom Email: tjc@ecs.soton.ac.uk David Green SRI International 333 Ravenswood Ave Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 USA Phone: 732 532-6715 Email: david.green@sri.com Steve Klynsma The MITRE Corporation 7515 Colshire Drive McLean, VA 22102-5708 USA 703-883-6469 Email: sklynsma@mitre.org draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 28]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005) This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE." Disclaimer This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 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Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 30]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Appendix A - Crisis Management Network Scenarios Introduction: This appendix first describes different scenarios for the introduction of IPv6 into a crisis management network for emergency services, defense, or security forces that are currently running IPv4 service. Then, the scenarios for introducing IPv6 are analyzed and the relevance of already defined transition mechanisms are evaluated. Known challenges are also identified. When a crisis management enterprise deploys IPv6, its goal is to provide IPv6 connectivity on it's institutional fixed networks and on the mobile wireless services that are deployed to a crisis area. The new IPv6 service must be added to an already existing IPv4 service, the introduction of IPv6 must not interrupt this IPv4 service, and the IPv6 services must be interoperable with existing IPv4 services. Crisis management enterprises accessing IPv4 service across mobile ground networks, airborne networks, and satellites will find different ways to add IPv6 to this service based on their network architecture, funding, and institutional goals. This document discusses a small set of scenarios representing the architectures for IPv6 expected to be dominant in crisis management networks during the next decade. It evaluates the relevance of the existing transition mechanisms in the context of these deployment scenarios, and points out the lack of essential functionality in these methods to the ISP's operation of an IPv6 service. The document is focused on services that include both IPv6 and IPv4 and does cover issues surrounding accessing IPv4 services across IPv6-only networks. It is outside the scope of this document to describe detailed implementation plans for IPv6 in defense networks Scenarios for IPv6 Deployment in Crisis Management Networks: Scenario 1: Limited IPv6 Deployment Network..................... Sparse IPv6 dual-stack deployment in an existing IPv4 network infrastructure. Enterprise with an existing IPv4 network wants to deploy a set of particular IPv6 "applications" and have some ability to interoperate with other institutions that are using IPv6 services. The IPv6 deployment is limited to the minimum required to operate this set of applications. Assumptions: IPv6 software/hardware components for the application are available, and platforms for the application are IPv6 capable. Requirements: Do not disrupt IPv4 infrastructure. Scenario 2: Dual Stack Network Wide-scale/total dual-stack deployment of IPv4 and IPv6 capable hosts and network infrastructure. Enterprise with an existing IPv4 network wants to deploy IPv6 in conjunction with their IPv4 network in order to take advantage of emerging IPv6 network-centric draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 31]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 capabilities and to be interoperable with other agencies, international partners, and commercial enterprises that are deploying an IPv6 architecture. Assumptions: The IPv4 network infrastructure used has an equivalent capability in IPv6. Requirements: Do not disrupt existing IPv4 network infrastructure with IPv6. IPv6 should be equivalent or "better" than the network infrastructure in IPv4. It may not be feasible to deploy IPv6 on all parts of the network immediately. Dual stacked defense enterprise network must be interoperable with both IPv4 and IPv6 networks and applications. Scenario 3: ..............................IPv6 Dominant Network Enterprise has some limited IPv4-capable/only nodes/applications needing to communicate over the IPv6 infrastructure. Crisis management enterprise re-structuring an existing network, decides to pursue aggressive IPv6 transition as an enabler for network- centric services and wants to run some native IPv6-only networks to eliminate cost/complexity of supporting a dual stack. Some legacy IPv4 capable nodes/applications within the enterprise will have slow technical refresh/replacement path and will need to communicate over the IPv6 dominant infrastructure for years until they are replaced. The IPv6 dominant enterprise network will need to be interoperable with it's own legacy networks, commercial networks, and the legacy networks of similar organizations that will remain IPv4 dominant during a long transition period. Reserve units, contractors, other agencies, and international partners may need IPv4 service across this enterprise's IPv6 dominant backbone. Assumptions: Required IPv6 network infrastructure is available, or available over some defined timeline, supporting the aggressive transition plan. Requirements:Reduce operation and maintenance requirements and increase net-centricity through aggressive IPv6 transition. Interoperation and coexistence with legacy IPv4 networks and applications is required. Legacy IPv4 nodes/applications/networks will need to be able to operate across the IPv6 backbone and need to be able to interoperate with the IPv6-dominant network's nodes/applications. Description of a Generic Crisis Management Network A generic network topology for a crisis management reflects the various ways a crisis management network can connect customers through their network infrastructure. Because the institution's existing wired and fixed site wireless infrastructure can be destroyed or unavailable in a crisis, the crisis management network must be able to deploy it's own mobile wireless network or connect through external wired and wireless networks provided by ISPs or partner organizations. This infrastructure lets us divide the basic areas for IPv4/IPv6 interoperability into three main areas: the customer applications, the local network, and the network backbone. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 32]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 The basic components in a crisis management network are depicted in Figure 1. ------------ ---------- ---- Wired Connection | Network and| | | .... Wireless Connection | Service |--| Backbone | | Operation | | | ------------ ---------- / | --------------------- / : _|Connection to | / : |Commercial Internet | / : --------------------- Network Backbone -------------- /------|-------------|-------------------------------- ---------- / ---------- ---------- | Home |/ | Wireless | External |............. | Base | | Mobile | |Untrusted |+--------- : | Network | | Network | |Network | | : ---------- ---------- ---------- | : | : : | : Local Network -----:------------:--------------------------------------------------- | : : | : Customer Apps +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ | : | | | | | | | : |Customer| |Customer| |Customer|+----------- :.... | | | | | |.............. +--------+ +--------+ +--------+ Figure 1: Crisis Management Network Topology. Stages of IPv6 Deployment: The stages are derived from the generic description of scenarios for crisis management networks in Section 2. Combinations of different building blocks that constitute an crisis network environment lead to a number of scenarios from which the network engineers can choose. The scenarios most relevant to this document are those that maximize the network's ability to offer IPv6 to its customers in the most efficient and feasible way. The assumption in the first three stages the goal is to offer both IPv4 and IPv6 to the customer, and that in the distant future all IPv4 services will be eventually switched to IPv6. This document will cover engineering the first four stages. The four most probable stages are: o Stage 1 Limited Launch o Stage 2 Dual Stack Dominance o Stage 3 IPv6 Dominance o Stage 4 IPv6 Transition Complete Generally, a crisis management network is able to entirely upgrade a current IPv4 network to provide IPv6 services via a dual-stack network in Stage 2 and then slowly progress to stages 3 and 4 as indicted in Figure 2. During stage 2, When most applications are IPv6 dominant, operational and maintenance costs can be reduced on draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 33]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 some networks by moving to stage 3 and running backbone networks entirely on IPv6 while adding IPv4 backwards compatibility via v4 in v6 tunneling or translation mechanisms to the existing configuration from stage 2. When designing a new network, if a new IPv6-only service is required, it can be implemented at a lower cost jumping directly to stage 3/4 if there are only limited/no legacy concerns. Tunnels Dominant dual Full dual Stack IPv4-only --> or limited --> stacking with --> everywhere, mostly --> V6 dual stacks transition v6 apps, some Only Limited v6 mechanisms in v6 only nets with Applications backbone transition mechanisms pushed to legacy v4 nets Figure 2: Transition Path. Stage 1 Scenario: Limited Launch The first stage begins with an IPv4-only network and IPv4 customers. This is the most common case today and the natural starting point for the introduction of IPv6. During this stage the enterprise begins to connect individual IPv6 applications run on dual stacked hosts through host based tunneling using Tunnel Broker, ISATAP, Teredo. Some early adopter networks are created for pilot studies and networked together through configured tunnels and 6to4. The immediate first step consists of obtaining a prefix allocation typically a /32) from the appropriate RIR (e.g. AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE, ...) according to allocation procedures. The crisis management enterprise will also need to establish IPv6 connectivity between its home base networks and mobile wireless networks over it's backbone and negotiate IPv6 service with its service providers and with peer organizations; it is of utmost importance to require IPv6 capability or an upgrade plan when negotiating purchases of network applications and infrastructure. In the short term, network connections, especially legacy wireless networks, that cannot provide IPv6 services can provide IPv6 services through the use of tunnels. However, the longer-term goal must be requiring and obtaining IPv6 native connectivity from the transit networks, because otherwise the quality of IPv6 connectivity will likely be poor and the transition to stage 2 will be delayed. Stage 2 Scenario: Dual Stack Dominance Stage 2 occurs when most applications, local networks, and network backbones become dual-stacked so that native IPv6 connections are enabled. At this point there is a mix of IPv4 and IPv6 applications and services in use across the enterprise. The enterprise may be made IPv6-capable through either software upgrades, hardware upgrades, or a combination of both. Generally IPv6 is added during normal technical refresh as the enterprise buys new equipment that is IPv6 ready. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 34]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 Specialty legacy applications and wireless/satellite networks may be especially slow to transition to IPv6 capability due to upgrade costs so plans must be made for backwards compatibility for these systems. Since some new IPv6 services cannot be provided through IPv4, and some legacy network connections may not yet be upgraded, tunneling mechanisms have to be provided on the backbone to provide IPv6 connectivity through to customer IPv6 applications still relying on legacy IPv4-only networks. The tunnels may provide host-based tunneling for individual customers or site-to-site tunnels to connect small IPv6 domains through IPv4 only networks. If any new applications are IPv6-only rather than dual-stacked, and need to interact with IPv4-only legacy applications, translators will be used as a transition mechanism of last resort during this stage. Stage 3 Scenario: IPv6 Dominance Stage 3 occurs when the majority of network services are being provided by IPv6 so that most network traffic is dominantly IPv6 and the net-centric benefits of IPv6 end-to-end communications, IPSEC based security, QOS, mobility, and autoconfiguration are realized. During this stage, some networks and applications will become native IPv6-only and will have to rely on transition mechanism for backwards compatibility with IPv4. The switch to native IPv6 may be pursued to lower the operations and maintenance cost of network operations and lower the performance overhead associated with running two stacks on networked systems. During this stage, IPv4 in IPv6 tunnels are used to provide IPv4 services to the remaining customers needing these services across IPv6 only backbones. At this stage requirements for IPv4 compatibility can be pushed out of the network backbone and to IPv4 end-user networks. DSTM, with or without tunnel brokers, can be used to provide host- based tunnels for IPv4 service on local networks that only support IPv6. Remaining IPv4 dominant networks requiring IPv4 service across IPv6-only backbones will have to connect through site-to- site tunnels. Since many new applications are IPv6-only rather than dual-stacked, legacy IPv4 applications may require translators for interoperability. Stage 4 Scenario: IPv6 Only In the future, if IPv6 becomes the only service required, IPv4 service can be dropped. This transition may be hastened by the desire to save operational and maintenance costs by dropping IPv4 services and only supporting one IP family. Security Concerns Adding security to IPv6 services requires developing new customer applications for IPSEC, new firewalls, guards, VPN/encrypters, and end-user security such as host-based firewalls and virus checkers for IPv6 attacks. Police, homeland defense, and military crisis management networks require especially high levels of security and should begin creation and implementation of their specialized security architectures as soon as they begin planning for IPv6 transition. New IPv6 features such as MIPv6, stateless address auto-assignment, and ubiquitous end-user IPSEC will likely not be compatible with current information-assurance tools that are simply ported from IPv4 to a minimal IPv6 capability. A complete new security policy, architecture, and tools will most likely be draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 35]^L Internet Draft IPv6 Enterprise Network Analysis July 2005 required to realize the true net-centric benefits of IPv6 in crisis networks requiring high security. draft-ietf-v6ops-ent-analysis-02.txt Expires Jan 2006 [Page 36]^L