IPv6 Operations WG R. Graveman Internet-Draft RFG Security, LLC Expires: January 8, 2006 M. Parthasarathy Nokia P. Savola CSC/FUNET H. Tschofenig Siemens July 7, 2005 Using IPsec to Secure IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels draft-ietf-v6ops-ipsec-tunnels-00.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on January 8, 2006. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). Abstract This document gives guidance on securing manually configured IPv6-in- IPv4 tunnels using IPsec. No additional protocol extensions are described beyond those available with the IPsec framework. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Threats and the Use of IPsec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1 IPsec in Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2 IPsec in Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. Scenarios and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1 Router-to-Router Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2 Site-to-Router/Router-to-Site Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3 Host-to-Host Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. IKE and IPsec Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IPsec Configuration Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1 Transport vs Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.2 IPsec Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.3 IPsec Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 5.3.1 Generic SPDs for Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Dynamic Address Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. NAT Traversal and Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Tunnel Endpoint Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 12. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 13. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14.1 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14.2 Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 A. Specific SPDs for Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.1 Specific SPD for Host-to-Host Scenario . . . . . . . . . . 18 A.2 Specific SPD for Host-to-Router scenario . . . . . . . . . 19 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . 21 Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 1. Introduction The IPv6 operations (v6ops) working group has selected (manually configured) IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling [I-D.ietf-v6ops-mech-v2] as one of the IPv6 transition mechanisms for IPv6 deployment. [I-D.ietf-v6ops-mech-v2] identified a number of threats which had not been adequately analyzed or addressed in its predecessor, [RFC2893]. The most complete solution is to use IPsec to protect IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling. The document was intentionally not expanded to include the details on how to set up an IPsec-protected tunnel in an interoperable manner, but instead the details were deferred to this memo. First this document analyses the threats and scenarios that can be addressed by IPsec. Next, this document discusses some of the assumptions made by this document for successful IPsec SA establishment. Then, it gives the details of Internet Key Exchange (IKE) and IP security (IPsec) exchange with packet formats and SPD entries. Finally, it discusses the usage of IPsec NAT-traversal mechanism that can be used with configured tunnels in some scenarios. This document does not address the use of IPsec for tunnels which are not manually configured (e.g., 6to4 tunnels [RFC3056]). Presumably, some form of opportunistic encryption or "better-than-nothing security" might or might not be applicable. Similarly, propagating quality of service attributes (apart from ECN bits [I-D.ietf-v6ops- mech-v2]) from the encapsulated packets to the tunnel path is out of scope. 2. Threats and the Use of IPsec [I-D.ietf-v6ops-mech-v2] was mostly concerned about address spoofing threats: 1. IPv4 address of the encapsulating ("outer") packet can be spoofed. 2. IPv6 address of the encapsulated ("inner") packet can be spoofed. IPsec can obviously also provide payload integrity and confidentiality as well for the part of the end-to-end path that is tunneled. The reason for threat (1) is the lack of widespread deployment of IPv4 ingress filtering [RFC3704]. The reason for threat (2) is that the IPv6 packet is encapsulated in IPv4 and hence may escape IPv6 ingress filtering. [I-D.ietf-v6ops-mech-v2] specifies following Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 strict address checks as mitigating measures. To mitigate threat (1), the decapsulator verifies that the IPv4 source address of the packet is the same as the address of the configured tunnel endpoint. The decapsulator may also implement IPv4 ingress filtering, i.e., checks whether the packet is received on a legitimate interface. To mitigate threat (2), the decapsulator verifies whether the inner IPv6 address is a valid IPv6 address and also applies IPv6 ingress filtering before accepting the IPv6 packet. This memo proposes using IPsec for providing stronger security in preventing these threats and additionally providing integrity and confidentiality. IPsec can be used in two ways, in transport and tunnel mode; further comparison is done in Section 5.1. 2.1 IPsec in Transport Mode In transport mode, the IPsec security association (SA) is established to protect the traffic defined by (IPv4-source, IPv4-dest, protocol = 41). On receiving such an IPsec packet, the receiver first applies the IPsec transform (ESP) and then matches the packet against the SPI and the inbound selectors associated with the SA to verify that the packet is appropriate for the SA via which it was received. The successful verification implies that the packet came from the right IPv4 endpoint as the SA is bound to the IPv4 source address. This prevents threat (1) but not the threat (2). IPsec in transport mode does not verify the contents of the payload itself where the IPv6 addresses are carried, that is, two nodes that are using IPsec transport mode to secure the tunnel can spoof the inner payload. The packet will be decapsulated successfully and accepted. The shortcoming can be mitigated by IPv6 ingress filtering i.e., check that the packet is arriving from the interface in the direction of the route towards the tunnel end-point, similar to a Strict Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) check [RFC3704]. In most implementations, a transport mode SA is applied to a normal IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel. Therefore, ingress filtering can be applied in the tunnel interface. (Transport mode is often also used in other kind of tunnels such as GRE and L2TP.) 2.2 IPsec in Tunnel Mode In tunnel mode, the IPsec SA is established to protect the traffic defined by (IPv6-source, IPv6-destination). On receiving such an Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 IPsec packet, the receiver first applies the IPsec transform (ESP) and then matches the packet against the SPI and the inbound selectors associated with the SA to verify that the packet is appropriate for the SA via which it was received. The successful verification implies that the packet came from the right endpoint. The outer IPv4 addresses may be spoofed and IPsec cannot detect it in this mode; the packets will be demultiplexed based on the SPI and possibly the IPv6 address bound to the SA. Thus, the outer address spoofing is irrelevant as long as the decryption succeeds and the inner IPv6 packet can be verified to come from the right tunnel endpoint. Tunnel mode SA can be used in two ways depending on whether it is modelled as an interface or not. These are described in section Section 5.3. 3. Scenarios and Overview There are roughly three kinds of scenarios: 1. (generic) router-to-router tunnels. 2. site-to-route/router-to-site tunnels. This refers to a tunnel between a site's IPv6 (border) device to an IPv6 upstream provider's router. A degenerate case of a site is a single host. 3. Host-to-host tunnels. 3.1 Router-to-Router Tunnels IPv6/IPv4 hosts and routers can tunnel IPv6 datagrams over regions of IPv4 routing topology by encapsulating them within IPv4 packets. Tunneling can be used in a variety of ways. .--------. _----_ .--------. |v6-in-v4| _( IPv4 )_ |v6-in-v4| | Router | <======( Internet )=====> | Router | | A | (_ _) | B | '--------' '----' '--------' ^ IPsec tunnel between ^ | Router A and Router B | V V Figure 1: Router-to-Router Scenario IPv6/IPv4 routers interconnected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans one segment of the end-to-end path that the IPv6 packet takes. The source and destination addresses of the IPv6 packets traversing the tunnel could come from a wide range of IPv6 prefixes, so binding IPv6 addresses to be used to the SA is not feasible. IPv6 ingress filtering must be performed to mitigate the IPv6 address spoofing threat. A specific case of router-to-router tunnels, when one router resides at an end site, is described in the next section. 3.2 Site-to-Router/Router-to-Site Tunnels This is a generalization of host-to-router and router-to-host tunneling, because the issues when connecting a whole site (using a router), and connecting a single host are roughly equal. _----_ .---------. IPsec _----_ IPsec .-------. _( IPv6 )_ |v6-in-v4 | Tunnel _( IPv4 )_ Tunnel | V4/V6 | ( Internet )<--->| Router |<=======( Internet )=======>| Site B | (_ _) | A | (_ _) '--------' '----' '---------' '----' ^ | V .--------. | Native | | IPv6 | | node | '--------' Figure 2: Router-to-Site Scenario IPv6/IPv4 routers can tunnel IPv6 packets to their final destination IPv6/IPv4 site. This tunnel spans only the last segment of the end- to-end path. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 +---------------------+ | IPv6 Network | | | .--------. _----_ | .--------. | | V6/V4 | _( IPv4 )_ | |v6-in-v4| | | Site B |<====( Internet )==========>| Router | | '--------' (_ _) | | A | | '----' | '--------' | IPsec tunnel between | ^ | IPv6 Site and Router A | | | | V | | .-------. | | | V6 | | | | Hosts | | | '--------' | +---------------------+ Figure 3: Site-to-Router Scenario Respectively, IPv6/IPv4 hosts can tunnel IPv6 packets to an intermediary IPv6/IPv4 router that is reachable via an IPv4 infrastructure. This type of tunnel spans the first segment of the packet's end-to-end path. The hosts in the site originate the packets with source addresses coming from a well known prefix whereas the destination address could be any node on the Internet. In this case, the IPsec tunnel mode SA can be bound to the prefix that was allocated to the router at Site B and router A can verify that the source address of the packet matches the prefix. Site B will not be able to do a similar verification for the packets it receives. This may be quite reasonable for most of the deployment cases, for example, the ISP allocating a /48 to a customer. The CPE (where the tunnel is terminated) "trusts" (in a weak sense) the ISP's router and the ISP's router can verify that the Site B is the only one that can originate packets within the /48. IPv6 spoofing must be prevented, and setting up ingress filtering may require some amount of manual configuration; see more of these options in Section 5. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 3.3 Host-to-Host Tunnels .--------. _----_ .--------. | V6/V4 | _( IPv4 )_ | V6/V4 | | Host | <======( Internet )=====> | Host | | A | (_ _) | B | '--------' '----' '--------' IPsec tunnel between Host A and Host B Figure 4: Host-to-Host Scenario IPv6/IPv4 hosts that are interconnected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans the entire end-to-end path that the packet takes. In this case, the source and the destination IPv6 address are known a priori. A tunnel mode SA can be bound to the specific address. The address verification prevents IPv6 address spoofing completely. As noted in Introduction, automatic host-to-host tunneling methods (e.g., 6to4) are out of scope of this memo. 4. IKE and IPsec Versions This section discusses the different versions of the IKE and IPsec security architecture and their applicability to this document. IPsec security architecture is defined in [RFC2401] and [I-D.ietf- ipsec-rfc2401bis]. There are several differences between them. The difference relevant to this document are discussed below. 1. [RFC2401] does not allow IP as the next layer protocol in traffic selectors when IPsec SA is negotiated. [I-D.ietf-ipsec- rfc2401bis] also allows IP as the next layer protocol like TCP or UDP in traffic selectors. 2. [RFC2401] does not support transport mode SAs between hosts and security gateways. [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis] supports transport mode SA between hosts and security gateway to provide link security e.g., IP-IP tunnel protected with IPsec. 3. [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis] assumes IKEv2, as some of the new features cannot be negotiated using IKEv1. It is valid to negotiate multiple traffic selectors for a given IPsec SA in [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis]. This is possible only with [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2]. If [RFC2409] is used, then multiple SAs need to be set up for each traffic selector. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Note that the existing implementations based on [RFC2409] may already be able to support the [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis] features described in (1) and (2). If appropriate, the deployment may choose to use them. IKE is defined in [RFC2409] (which is referred to as IKE in this document) and in [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2] (which is referred to as IKEv2 in this document). IKEv2 supports features that are useful for configuring and securing tunnels which are not present with IKEv1. 1. IKEv2 supports legacy authentication methods by carrying them in EAP payloads. This can be used to authenticate the hosts/sites to the ISP using EAP methods that support username and password. 2. IKEv2 supports dynamic address configuration which may be used to configure the IPv6 address of the host. NAT traversal works with both the old and revised IPsec architectures, but the negotiation is integrated with IKEv2. We do not consider the usage of the IP Authentication Header (AH) [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2402bis] as ESP [I-D.ietf-ipsec-esp-v3] provides security services (such as integrity protection without confidentiality protection using 'NULL' encryption) which are comparable with AH. This is explicitly stated in [I-D.ietf-ipsec- rfc2401bis]. 5. IPsec Configuration Details This section describes details about the IPsec tunnel establishment for protection of IPv4/IPv6 data traffic. However, first we'll take a look on the packet format on the wire, and the salient differences between transport and tunnel modes. The packet format is the same for both transport mode and tunnel mode as shown in Figure 5. IPv4 header (source = IPV4-TEP1, destination = IPV4-TEP2) ESP header IPv6 header (source = IPV6-EP1, destination = IPV6-EP2) Figure 5: Packet Format for transport and tunnel mode Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 5.1 Transport vs Tunnel Mode Transport mode is typically used by setting up a regular IPv6-in-IPv4 (or GRE, L2TP, ...) tunnel, and then applying a transport mode SA to protect the packets before they are sent out over an interface. Tunnel mode can be deployed in two very different ways depending on the implementation: 1. "Generic SPDs": some implementations model the tunnel mode SA as an IP interface. In this case, an IPsec tunnel interface is created and used with "any" address ("::/0 <-> ::/0" ) as IPsec traffic selectors while setting up the SA. Though this allows all traffic between the two nodes to be protected by IPsec, the routing table would decide what traffic gets sent over the tunnel. Ingress filtering must be separately applied on the tunnel interface as the IPsec policy checks do not check the IPv6 addresses at all. Routing protocols, multicast, etc. will work through this kind of tunnel. This mode is very similar to the transport mode. 2. "Specific SPDs": some implementations don't model the tunnel mode SA as an IP interface. Traffic selection is done based on specific SPD entries, e.g., "2001:db8:1::/48 <-> 2001:db8: 2::/48". As the IPsec session between two endpoints does not have an interface (though an implementation may have a common pseudo-interface for all IPsec traffic), there is no DAD, MLD, or link-local traffic to protect; multicast is not possible over such a tunnel. Ingress filtering is performed automatically by the IPsec traffic selectors. Ingress filtering is guaranteed by IPsec processing when option (2) is chosen whereas the operator has to enable them explicitly when transport mode or option (1) of tunnel mode SA is chosen. We describe the specific SPD case in Appendix A due to its length and relative complexity compared to transport mode or generic SPD tunnel mode. 5.2 IPsec Transport Mode The transport mode has typically been applied to L2TP, GRE, and other kind of tunneling methods, especially when the user wants to tunnel non-IP traffic. [RFC3884] provides an example of applicability. IPv6 ingress filtering must be applied on the tunnel interface on all the packets which pass the inbound IPsec processing. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 The following SPD entries assume that there are two routers Router1 and Router2, whose tunnel endpoint's IPv4 address is denoted by IPV4- TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. (In other scenarios, the SPDs are set up in a similar fashion.) The implementations that are strictly conformant to [RFC2401] may not be able to setup the IPsec transport mode SA. Router1's SPD OUT : IF SRC = IPV4-TEP1 && DST = IPV4-TEP2 && protocol = 41 THEN USE ESP TRANSPORT MODE SA Router1's SPD IN: IF SRC = IPV4-TEP2 && DST = IPV4-TEP1 && protocol = 41 THEN USE ESP TRANSPORT MODE SA Router2's SPD OUT: IF SRC = IPV4-TEP2 && DST = IPV4-TEP1 && protocol = 41 THEN USE ESP TRANSPORT MODE SA Router2's SPD IN: IF SRC = IPV4-TEP1 && DST = IPV4-TEP2 && protocol = 41 THEN USE ESP TRANSPORT MODE SA The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPv4-TEP1, IPV4-TEP2 and protocol value 41 as phase 2 identities. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. 5.3 IPsec Tunnel Mode As we described above, tunnel mode can be used either with "generic" or "specific" SPDs. We describe the generic approach below, and specific SPDs in Appendix A. Implementations may or may not model a tunnel mode SA as a separate interface between each IPsec peer. A separate interface for each is simple as long as generic SPDs are used. However, with specific SPDs, having an interface becomes highly problematic. That is, interfaces must always have link-local addresses, run Duplicate Address Detection, etc. -- which results in packets which must be secured. These would require a set-up of a number of complex SPDs because link-local addresses are not unique. Therefore, we specifically require that specific SPD tunnel mode is not modelled as Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 separate interfaces. Routing protocols, multicast, etc. work fine over generic SPD tunnel mode, but are not feasible with specific SPDs. 5.3.1 Generic SPDs for Tunnel Mode In the generic SPD case, for any scenario, SPDs are not really used for traffic selectors. All the SPD entries match all the traffic, i.e., "src = ::/0 & destination = ::/0" (we do not write these out as the SPD entries are trivial). We assume that the tunnel is modelled as an interface, one for each IPsec session. Instead of SPDs, routing table is used to perform outbound traffic selection, and all the traffic that is passes to the interface, gets IPsec-protected. Similarly, the inbound SPD matches everything, so demultiplexing is done based on the SPI. This is secure; while an attacker could spoof packets with the correct SPI (and even tunnel source/destination addresses), the attacker would not know the keying material and such packets would fail IPsec processing. This mode obviously does not prevent from spoofing IPv6 addresses, as any traffic sent by the IPsec peer is accepted. Therefore, ingress filtering must be applied on the tunnel interface. As all (IP) traffic will pass on this kind of tunnel, routing protocols, multicast, etc. will work without problems. 6. Dynamic Address Configuration With the exchange of protected configuration payloads, IKEv2 is able to provide the IKEv2 peer with DHCP-like information payloads. These configuration payloads are exchanged between the IKEv2 initiator and the responder. This can be used (for example) by the host in the host-to-router scenario to obtain the IPv6 address from the ISP as part of setting up the IPsec tunnel mode SA. The details of these procedures are out of scope of this memo. 7. NAT Traversal and Mobility Network address (and port) translation devices are commonly found in today's networks. A detailed description of the problem of IPsec protected data traffic traversing a NAT including requirements are discussed in [RFC3715]. IKEv2 can detect the presence of a NAT automatically by sending an Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Informational exchange with NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP and NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP payloads before establishing an IPsec SA. These payloads are processed the same way as in the initial IKE_SA_INIT exchange. Once a NAT is detected and both end points support IPsec NAT traversal extensions UDP encapsulation can be enabled. More details about UDP encapsulation of IPsec protected IP packets can be found in [RFC3948]. For IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling, NAT traversal is interesting for two reasons: 1. One of the tunnel endpoints is often behind a NAT, and configured tunneling, using protocol 41, is not guaranteed to traverse the NAT. Hence, using IPsec tunnels would enable one to both set-up a secure tunnel, and set-up a tunnel where it might not always be possible without other tunneling mechanisms. 2. Using NAT traversal allows the outer address to change without having to renegotiate the SAs. This could be very beneficial for a crude form of mobility, and in scenarios the NAT changes the IP addresses frequently. However, as the outer address may change, this might introduce new security issues, and using tunnel mode would be most appropriate. When NAT is not applied, the second benefit would still be desirable. In particular, using manually configured tunneling is an operational challenge with dynamic IP addresses as both ends need to be reconfigured if an address changes. Therefore an easy and efficient way to re-establish the IPsec tunnel if the IP address changes would be desirable. MOBIKE is looking into providing a solution for IKEv2 but the work is still in progress [I-D.ietf-mobike-protocol]. 8. Tunnel Endpoint Discovery The IKEv2 initiator needs to know the address of the IKEv2 responder to start IKEv2 signaling. A number of ways can be used to provide the initiator with this information, for example: o Using off-band mechanisms, e.g., from the ISP's web page. o Using DNS to look up a service name by appending it to the DNS search path provided by DHCPv4 (e.g. "tunnel- service.example.com"). o Using a DHCP option. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 o Using a pre-configured or pre-determined IPv4 anycast address. o Using other, unspecified or proprietary methods. For the purpose of this document it is assumed that this address can be obtained somehow. Once the address has been learned, it is configured as the tunnel end-point for the configured IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel. This problem is also discussed at more length in [I-D.palet-v6ops- tun-auto-disc]. 9. Recommendations In Section 5 we examined the differences of setting up an IPsec IPv6- in-IPv4 using either tunnel or transport mode. We observe that the transport mode and tunnel mode with generic SPDs are very similar; multicast and routing protocols work over both, and ingress filtering must be applied on the tunnel interface manually. Tunnel mode with specific SPDs is slightly more complicated. The approach does not seem feasible if modelled as an interface, so we do not support it. Without an interface, the main benefit is that it automatically applies ingress filtering within the IPsec processing. However, multicast, routing protocols, etc. are not feasible with this approach, so its applicability is limited to host-to-host or edge tunnel cases. Tunnel mode may be more attractive when the IPv4 tunnel endpoint addresses change, as MOBIKE only supports tunnel mode. Therefore our primary recommendation is to either tunnel mode with generic SPDs or transport mode, and applying ingress filtering on the tunnel. 10. IANA Considerations This memo makes no request to IANA. [[ RFC-editor: please remove this section prior to publication. ]] 11. Security Considerations When you run IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels (unsecured) over the Internet, it is possible to "inject" packets in the tunnel by spoofing the source address (data plane security), or if the tunnel is signalled somehow (e.g., some messages where you authenticate to the server, so that you would get a static v6 prefix), someone might be able to spoof the signalling (control plane security). Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 The IPsec framework plays an important role in adding security to the both, the protocol for tunnel setup and data traffic. IKE provides a secure signaling protocol for establishing, maintaining and deleting an IPsec tunnel. IPsec, with the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), offers integrity and data origin authentication, confidentiality, with optional (at the discretion of the receiver) anti-replay features. The usage of confidentity-only is discouraged. ESP furthermore provides limited traffic flow confidentality. IPsec provides access control mechanisms through the distribution of keys and also through the usage of policies dictated by the Security Policy Database (SPD). The NAT traversal mechanism provided by IKE introduces some weaknesses into IKE and IPsec. These issues are discussed in more detail in [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2]. Please note that the usage of IPsec for the scenarios described in Figure 3, Figure 2 and Figure 1 does not aim to protect the end-to- end communication. It protects just the tunnel part. It is still possible for an IPv6 endpoint that is not attached to the IPsec tunnel to spoof packets. 12. Contributors The authors are listed in alphabetical order. Suresh Satapati also participated in the initial discussions on the topic. 13. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Stephen Kent, Michael Richardson, Florian Weimer, Elwyn Davies, and Eric Vyncke for their substantive feedback. We would like to thank Pasi Eronen for his text contributions. 14. References 14.1 Normative References [I-D.ietf-ipsec-esp-v3] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", draft-ietf-ipsec-esp-v3-10 (work in progress), March 2005. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 [I-D.ietf-ipsec-ikev2] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", draft-ietf-ipsec-ikev2-17 (work in progress), October 2004. [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", draft-ietf-ipsec-rfc2401bis-06 (work in progress), April 2005. [I-D.ietf-v6ops-mech-v2] Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", draft-ietf-v6ops-mech-v2-07 (work in progress), March 2005. [RFC2461] Narten, T., Nordmark, E., and W. Simpson, "Neighbor Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December 1998. [RFC2710] Deering, S., Fenner, W., and B. Haberman, "Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) for IPv6", RFC 2710, October 1999. [RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004. [RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M. Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets", RFC 3948, January 2005. 14.2 Informative References [I-D.ietf-ipsec-rfc2402bis] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", draft-ietf-ipsec-rfc2402bis-11 (work in progress), March 2005. [I-D.ietf-mobike-protocol] Eronen, P., "IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming Protocol (MOBIKE)", draft-ietf-mobike-protocol-00 (work in progress), June 2005. [I-D.palet-v6ops-tun-auto-disc] Palet, J. and M. Diaz, "Analysis of IPv6 Tunnel End-point Discovery Mechanisms", draft-palet-v6ops-tun-auto-disc-03 (work in progress), January 2005. [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 16] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. [RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998. [RFC2893] Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 2893, August 2000. [RFC3056] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001. [RFC3715] Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address Translation (NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715, March 2004. [RFC3884] Touch, J., Eggert, L., and Y. Wang, "Use of IPsec Transport Mode for Dynamic Routing", RFC 3884, September 2004. Authors' Addresses Richard Graveman RFG Security, LLC 15 Park Avenue Morristown, New Jersey 07960 USA Email: rfg@acm.org Mohan Parthasarathy Nokia 313 Fairchild Drive Mountain View CA-94043 USA Email: mohanp@sbcglobal.net Pekka Savola CSC/FUNET Espoo Finnland Email: psavola@funet.fi Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 17] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Hannes Tschofenig Siemens Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 Munich, Bayern 81739 Germany Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com Appendix A. Specific SPDs for Tunnel Mode We describe the specific SPD case in an appendix due to its length and relative complexity compared to transport mode or generic SPD tunnel mode. We assume that this kind of IPsec associations are not modelled as interfaces, because then the link-local traffic would require very complex SPDs as well. A.1 Specific SPD for Host-to-Host Scenario The following SPD entries assume that there are two hosts Host1 and Host2, whose IPv6 addresses are denoted by IPV6-EP1 and IPV6-EP2 (global addresses) and IPV4 addresses of the tunnel endpoints are denoted by IPV4-TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. The outbound SPD will encrypt the traffic to the specified global IPv6 address. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 18] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Host1's SPD OUT : IF SRC = IPV6-EP1 & destination = IPV6-EP2 THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA: outer source = IPv4-TEP1 outer dest = IPV4-TEP2 Host1's SPD IN: IF SRC = IPV6-EP2 && DST = IPV6-EP1 THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA outer source = IPV4-TEP2 outer dest = IPV4-TEP1 Host2's SPD OUT: IF SRC = IPV6-EP2 & destination = IPV6-EP1 THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA: outer source = IPv4-TEP2 outer dest = IPV4-TEP1 Host2's SPD IN: IF SRC = IPV6-EP1 && DST = IPV6-EP2 THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA: outer source = IPv4-TEP1 outer dest = IPV4-TEP2 The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPV6-EP1 and IPV6-TEP2 as phase 2 identities. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. A.2 Specific SPD for Host-to-Router scenario The following SPD entries assume that the host has the IPv6 address IPV6-EP1 and the tunnel end points of the host and router are IPV4- TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. If the tunnel is between a router and a host where the router has allocated a IPV6-PREF/48 to the host, the corresponding SPD entries can be derived by substituting IPV6-EP1 by IPV6-PREF/48. Please note the bypass entry for host's outbound SPD, and the corresponding router's inbound SPD. While this might be an implementation matter for host-to-router tunneling, having a similar entry, "SRC=IPV6-PREF/48 & destination=IPV6-PREF/48" would be critical for site-to-router tunneling. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 19] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Host's SPD OUT: IF SRC=IPV6-EP1 & destination = IPV6-EP1 THEN BYPASS IF SRC = IPV6-EP1 & destination = any THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA: outer source = IPv4-TEP1 outer dest = IPV4-TEP2 Host's SPD IN: IF SRC = any && DST = IPV6-EP1 THEN use ESP TUNNEL MODE SA outer source = IPV4-TEP2 outer dest = IPV4-TEP1 Router's SPD OUT: IF SRC = any & destination = IPV6-EP1 THEN USE ESP TUNNEL MODE SA: outer source = IPv4-TEP2 outer dest = IPV4-TEP1 Router's SPD IN: IF SRC=IPV6-EP1 & destination = IPV6-EP1 THEN BYPASS IF SRC = IPV6-EP1 && DST = any THEN use ESP TUNNEL MODE SA outer source = IPV4-TEP1 outer dest = IPV4-TEP2 The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPV6-EP1 and ID_IPV6_ADDR_RANGE or ID_IPV6_ADDR_SUBNET as its phase 2 identity. The starting address is zero IP address and the end address is all ones for ID_IPV6_ADDR_RANGE. The starting address is zero IP address and the end address is all zeroes for ID_IPV6_ADDR_SUBNET. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 20] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels July 2005 Intellectual Property Statement The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in this document or the extent to which any license under such rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79. 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Disclaimer of Validity This document and the information contained herein are provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005). This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their rights. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society. Graveman, et al. Expires January 8, 2006 [Page 21]