Network Working Group A. Newton Internet-Draft ARIN Intended status: Standards Track S. Hollenbeck Expires: April 04, 2014 Verisign Labs October 01, 2013 Registration Data Access Protocol Query Format draft-ietf-weirds-rdap-query-07 Abstract This document describes uniform patterns to construct HTTP URLs that may be used to retrieve registration information from registries (including both Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) and Domain Name Registries (DNRs)) using "RESTful" web access patterns. Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on April 04, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Table of Contents 1. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1. Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. Lookup Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1.1. IP Network Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . 4 3.1.2. Autonomous System Path Segment Specification . . . . 5 3.1.3. Domain Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.1.4. Name Server Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . 6 3.1.5. Entity Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.6. Help Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2. Search Path Segment Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.1. Domain Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.2. Name Server Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.2.3. Entity Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4. Search Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5. Extensibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6. Internationalization Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. Change Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1. Conventions Used in This Document The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. 1.1. Acronyms and Abbreviations IDN: Internationalized Domain Name IDNA: Internationalized Domain Names in Applications DNR: Domain Name Registry RDAP: Registration Data Access Protocol REST: Representational State Transfer State Transfer. The term was first described in a doctoral dissertation [REST]. RESTful: an adjective that describes a service using HTTP and the principles of REST. RIR: Regional Internet Registry Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 2. Introduction This document describes a specification for querying registration data using a RESTful web service and uniform query patterns. The service is implemented using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) [RFC2616]. The protocol described in this specification is intended to address deficiencies with the WHOIS protocol [RFC3912] that have been identified over time, including: o Lack of standardized command structures, o lack of standardized output and error structures, o lack of support for internationalization and localization, and o lack of support for user identification, authentication, and access control. The patterns described in this document purposefully do not encompass all of the methods employed in the WHOIS and RESTful web services of all of the RIRs and DNRs. The intent of the patterns described here are to enable queries of: o networks by IP address, o autonomous system numbers by number, o reverse DNS meta-data by domain, o name servers by name, o registrars by name, and o entities (such as contacts) by identifier. It is envisioned that each registry will continue to maintain NICNAME /WHOIS and/or RESTful web services specific to their needs and those of their constituencies, and the information retrieved through the patterns described here may reference such services. Likewise, future IETF standards may add additional patterns for additional query types. A simple pattern namespacing scheme is described in Section 5 to accomodate custom extensions that will not interfere with the patterns defined in this document or patterns defined in future IETF standards. WHOIS services, in general, are read-only services. Therefore URL [RFC3986] patterns specified in this document are only applicable to the HTTP [RFC2616] GET and HEAD methods. This document does not describe the results or entities returned from issuing the described URLs with an HTTP GET. JSON [RFC4627] result formatting and processing is described in [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response]. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Additionally, resource management, provisioning and update functions are out of scope for this document. Registries have various and divergent methods covering these functions, and it is unlikely a uniform approach for these functions will ever be possible. HTTP contains mechanisms for servers to authenticate clients and for clients to authenticate servers (from which authorization schemes may be built) so such mechanisms are not described in this document. Policy, provisioning, and processing of authentication and authorization are out-of-scope for this document as deployments will have to make choices based on local criteria. Specified authentication mechanisms MUST use HTTP. 3. Path Segment Specification The uniform patterns start with a base URL [RFC3986] specified by each registry or any other service provider offering this service. The base URL is followed by a resource-type-specific path segment. The base URL may contain its own path segments (e.g. http:// example.com/... or http://example.com/rdap/... ). The characters used to form a path segment are limited to those that can be used to form a URI as specified in RFC 3986 [RFC3986]. 3.1. Lookup Path Segment Specification The resource type path segments for exact match lookup are: o 'ip': Used to identify IP networks and associated data referenced using either an IPv4 or IPv6 address. o 'autnum': Used to identify autonomous system registrations and associated data referenced using an AS Plain autonomous system number. o 'domain': Used to identify reverse DNS (RIR) or domain name (DNR) information and associated data referenced using a fully-qualified domain name. o 'nameserver': Used to identify a name server information query using a host name. o 'entity': Used to identify an entity information query using a string identifier. 3.1.1. IP Network Path Segment Specification Syntax: ip/ or ip// Queries for information about IP networks are of the form /ip/XXX/... or /ip/XXX/YY/... where the path segment following 'ip' is either an IPv4 [RFC1166] or IPv6 [RFC5952] address (i.e. XXX) or an IPv4 or IPv6 CIDR [RFC4632] notation address block (i.e. XXX/YY). Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Semantically, the simpler form using the address can be thought of as a CIDR block with a bitmask length of 32 for IPv4 and a bitmask length of 128 for IPv6. A given specific address or CIDR may fall within multiple IP networks in a hierarchy of networks, therefore this query targets the "most-specific" or smallest IP network which completely encompasses it in a hierarchy of IP networks. The IPv4 and IPv6 address formats supported in this query are described in section 3.2.2 of [RFC3986], as IPv4address and IPv6address ABNF definitions. Any valid IPv6 text address format [RFC4291] can be used, compressed or not compressed. The restricted rules to write a text representation of an IPv6 address [RFC5952] are not mandatory. However, the zone id [RFC4007] is not appropriate in this context and therefore prohibited. This is an example URL for the most specific network containing 192.0.2.0: /ip/192.0.2.0 This is an example of a URL the most specific network containing 192.0.2.0/24: /ip/192.0.2.0/24 This is an example URL for the most specific network containing 2001:db8:1:1::1: /ip/2001:db8:1:1::1 3.1.2. Autonomous System Path Segment Specification Syntax: autnum/ Queries for information regarding autonomous system number registrations are of the form /autnum/XXX/... where XXX is an AS Plain autonomous system number [RFC5396]. In some registries, registration of autonomous system numbers is done on an individual number basis, while other registries may register blocks of autonomous system numbers. The semantics of this query are such that if a number falls within a range of registered blocks, the target of the query is the block registration, and that individual number registrations are considered a block of numbers with a size of 1. For example, to find information on autonomous system number 65551, the following path would be used: /autnum/65551 Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 The following path would be used to find information on 4-byte autonomous system number 65538: /autnum/65538 3.1.3. Domain Path Segment Specification Syntax: domain/ Queries for domain information are of the form /domain/XXXX/..., where XXXX is a fully-qualified domain name [RFC4343] in either the in-addr.arpa or ip6.arpa zones (for RIRs) or a fully-qualified domain name in a zone administered by the server operator (for DNRs). Internationalized domain names represented in either A-label or U-label format [RFC5890] are also valid domain names. IDN labels SHOULD NOT be represented as a mixture of A-labels and U-labels. If the client sends the server an IDN in U-label format, servers that support IDNs MUST convert the IDN into A-label format and perform IDNA processing as specified in RFC 5891 [RFC5891]. The server should perform an exact match lookup using the A-label. The following path would be used to find information describing the zone serving the network 192.0.2/24: /domain/2.0.192.in-addr.arpa The following path would be used to find information describing the zone serving the network 2001:db8:1::/48: /domain/1.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa The following path would be used to find information for the example.com domain name: /domain/example.com The following path would be used to find information for the xn--xemple-9ua.example IDN: /domain/xn--xemple-9ua.example 3.1.4. Name Server Path Segment Specification Syntax: nameserver/ The parameter represents a fully qualified name as specified in RFC 952 [RFC0952] and RFC 1123 [RFC1123]. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Internationalized names represented in either A-label or U-label format [RFC5890] are also valid name server names. IDN labels SHOULD NOT be represented as a mixture of A-labels and U-labels. If the client sends the server an IDN in U-label format, servers that support IDNs MUST convert the IDN into A-label format and perform IDNA processing as specified in RFC 5891 [RFC5891]. The server should perform an exact match lookup using the A-label. The following path would be used to find information for the ns1.example.com name server: /nameserver/ns1.example.com The following path would be used to find information for the ns1.xn--xemple-9ua.example name server: /nameserver/ns1.xn--xemple-9ua.example 3.1.5. Entity Path Segment Specification Syntax: entity/ The parameter represents an entity (such as a contact, registrant, or registrar) identifier. For example, for some DNRs contact identifiers are specified in RFC 5730 [RFC5730] and RFC 5733 [RFC5733]. The following path would be used to find information for the entity associated with handle CID-4005: /entity/CID-4005 3.1.6. Help Path Segment Specification Syntax: help The help path segment can be used to request helpful information (command syntax, terms of service, privacy policy, rate limiting policy, supported authentication methods, supported extensions, technical support contact, etc.) from an RDAP server. The response to "help" should provide basic information that a client needs to successfully use the service. The following path would be used to return "help" information: /help Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 3.2. Search Path Segment Specification The resource type path segments for search are: o 'domains': Used to identify a domain name information search using a pattern to match a fully-qualified domain name. o 'nameservers': Used to identify a name server information search using a pattern to match a host name. o 'entities': Used to identify an entity information search using a pattern to match a string identifier. RDAP search path segments are formed using a concatenation of the plural form of the object being searched for, a forward slash character ('/', ASCII value 0x002F), and an HTTP query string. The HTTP query string is formed using a concatenation of the question mark character ('?', ASCII value 0x003F), the JSON object value associated with the object being searched for, the equal sign character ('=', ASCII value 0x003D), and the search pattern. For the domain and entity objects described in this document the plural object forms are "domains" and "entities". 3.2.1. Domain Search Syntax: domains?name= Searches for domain information are of the form /domains?name=XXXX where XXXX is a search pattern representing a domain name in "letters, digits, hyphen" format [RFC5890] in a zone administered by the server operator of a DNR. The following path would be used to find DNR information for domain names matching the "example*.com" pattern: /domains?name=example*.com Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) in U-label format [RFC5890] can also be used as search patterns (see Section 4). Searches for these names are of the form /domains?name=XXXX, where XXXX is a search pattern representing a domain name in U-label format [RFC5890]. 3.2.2. Name Server Search Syntax: nameservers?name= Searches for name server information are of the form Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 /nameservers?name=XXXX where XXXX is a search pattern representing a host name in "letters, digits, hyphen" format [RFC5890] in a zone administered by the server operator of a DNR. The following path would be used to find DNR information for name server names matching the "ns1.example*.com" pattern: /nameservers?name=ns1.example*.com Internationalized name server names in U-label format [RFC5890] can also be used as search patterns (see Section 4). Searches for these names are of the form /nameservers?name=XXXX, where XXXX is a search pattern representing a name server name in U-label format [RFC5890]. 3.2.3. Entity Search Syntax: entities?fn= Syntax: entities?handle= Searches for entity information by name are of the form /entities?fn=XXXX where XXXX is a search pattern representing an entity name as specified in Section 6.1 of [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response]. The following path would be used to find information for entity names matching the "Bobby Joe*" pattern. /entities?fn=Bobby%20Joe* Searches for entity information by handle are of the form /entities?handle=XXXX where XXXX is a search pattern representing an entity handle as specified in Section 6.1 of [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response]. The following path would be used to find information for entity names matching the "CID-40*" pattern. /entities?handle=CID-40* URLs MUST be properly encoded according to the rules of [RFC3986]. In the example above, "Bobby Joe*" is encoded to "Bobby%20Joe*". 4. Search Processing Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Partial string searching uses the asterisk ('*', ASCII value 0x002A) character to match zero or more trailing characters. Additional pattern matching processing is beyond the scope of this specification. If a server receives a search request but cannot process the request because it does not support a particular style of partial match searching, it SHOULD return an HTTP 422 [RFC4918] error. When returning a 422 error, the server MAY also return an error response body as specified in Section 7 of [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response] if the requested media type is one that is specified in [I-D.ietf-weirds-using-http]. Because Unicode characters may be combined with another Unicode character or characters, partial matching is not feasible across combinations of Unicode characters. Servers SHOULD NOT partially match combinations of Unicode characters where a Unicode character may be legally combined with another Unicode character or characters. Clients should avoid submitting a partial match search of Unicode characters where a Unicode character may be legally combined with another Unicode character or characters. Partial match searches with incomplete combinations of characters where a character must be combined with another character or characters are invalid. Partial match searches with characters that may be combined with another character or characters are to be considered non-combined characters (that is, if character x may be combined with character y but character y is not submitted in the search string then character x is a complete character and no combinations of character x are to be searched). Because Unicode characters may be combined with another Unicode character or characters, partial matching requires that a server maintain a list of valid character combinations to be considered a match. When comparing DNS U-labels, servers SHOULD use the code points specified in [RFC5892] to determine partial matches. When comparing entity names, servers SHOULD use the normalization rules and code points specified by [I-D.ietf-precis-nickname] to determine partial matches. 5. Extensibility This document describes path segment specifications for a limited number of objects commonly registered in both RIRs and DNRs. It does not attempt to describe path segments for all of the objects registered in all registries. Custom path segments can be created for objects not specified here using the process described in Section 6 of "HTTP usage in the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)" [I-D.ietf-weirds-using-http]. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 Custom path segments can be created by prefixing the segment with a unique identifier followed by an underscore character (0x5F). For example, a custom entity path segment could be created by prefixing "entity" with "custom_", producing "custom_entity". Servers MUST return an appropriate failure status code for a request with an unrecognized path segment. 6. Internationalization Considerations There is value in supporting the ability to submit either a U-label (Unicode form of an IDN label) or an A-label (ASCII form of an IDN label) as a query argument to an RDAP service. Clients capable of processing non-ASCII characters may prefer a U-label since this is more visually recognizable and familiar than A-label strings, but clients using programmatic interfaces might find it easier to submit and display A-labels if they are unable to input U-labels with their keyboard configuration. Both query forms are acceptable. Internationalized domain and name server names can contain character variants and variant labels as described in RFC 4290 [RFC4290]. Clients that support queries for internationalized domain and name server names MUST accept service provider responses that describe variants as specified in "JSON Responses for the Registration Data Access Protocol" [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response]. 7. IANA Considerations This document does not specify any IANA actions. 8. Security Considerations Security services for the operations specified in this document are described in "Security Services for the Registration Data Access Protocol" [I-D.ietf-weirds-rdap-sec]. Search functionality typically requires more server resources (such as memory, CPU cycles, and network bandwidth) when compared to basic lookup functionality. This increases the risk of server resource exhaustion and subsequent denial of service due to abuse. This risk can be mitigated by developing and implementing controls to restrict search functionality to identified and authorized clients. If those clients behave badly, their search privileges can be suspended or revoked. Rate limiting as described in Section 5.5 of "HTTP usage in the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)" [I-D.ietf-weirds-using-http] can also be used to control the rate of received search requests. Server operators can also reduce their risk by restricting the amount of information returned in response to a search request. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 11] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 9. Acknowledgements This document is derived from original work on RIR query formats developed by Byron J. Ellacott of APNIC, Arturo L. Servin of LACNIC, Kaveh Ranjbar of the RIPE NCC, and Andrew L. Newton of ARIN. Additionally, this document incorporates DNR query formats originally described by Francisco Arias and Steve Sheng of ICANN and Scott Hollenbeck of Verisign. The authors would like to acknowledge the following individuals for their contributions to this document: Francisco Arias, Marc Blanchet, Ernie Dainow, Jean-Philippe Dionne, Behnam Esfahbod, Edward Lewis, and John Levine. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [I-D.ietf-precis-nickname] Saint-Andre, P., "Preparation and Comparison of Nicknames", draft-ietf-precis-nickname-06 (work in progress), July 2013. [I-D.ietf-weirds-json-response] Newton, A. and S. Hollenbeck, "JSON Responses for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", draft-ietf- weirds-json-response-05 (work in progress), August 2013. [I-D.ietf-weirds-rdap-sec] Hollenbeck, S. and N. Kong, "Security Services for the Registration Data Access Protocol", draft-ietf-weirds- rdap-sec-05 (work in progress), August 2013. [I-D.ietf-weirds-using-http] Newton, A., Ellacott, B., and N. Kong, "HTTP usage in the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", draft-ietf- weirds-using-http-07 (work in progress), July 2013. [RFC0952] Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M., and E. Feinler, "DoD Internet host table specification", RFC 952, October 1985. [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989. [RFC1166] Kirkpatrick, S., Stahl, M., and M. Recker, "Internet numbers", RFC 1166, July 1990. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 12] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. [RFC2616] Fielding, R., Gettys, J., Mogul, J., Frystyk, H., Masinter, L., Leach, P., and T. Berners-Lee, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -- HTTP/1.1", RFC 2616, June 1999. [RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC 3986, January 2005. [RFC4290] Klensin, J., "Suggested Practices for Registration of Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)", RFC 4290, December 2005. [RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture", RFC 4291, February 2006. [RFC4343] Eastlake, D., "Domain Name System (DNS) Case Insensitivity Clarification", RFC 4343, January 2006. [RFC4632] Fuller, V. and T. Li, "Classless Inter-domain Routing (CIDR): The Internet Address Assignment and Aggregation Plan", BCP 122, RFC 4632, August 2006. [RFC4918] Dusseault, L., "HTTP Extensions for Web Distributed Authoring and Versioning (WebDAV)", RFC 4918, June 2007. [RFC5396] Huston, G. and G. Michaelson, "Textual Representation of Autonomous System (AS) Numbers", RFC 5396, December 2008. [RFC5730] Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)", STD 69, RFC 5730, August 2009. [RFC5733] Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) Contact Mapping", STD 69, RFC 5733, August 2009. [RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, August 2010. [RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, August 2010. [RFC5892] Faltstrom, P., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5892, August 2010. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 13] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 [RFC5952] Kawamura, S. and M. Kawashima, "A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation", RFC 5952, August 2010. 10.2. Informative References [REST] Fielding, R. and R. Taylor, "Principled Design of the Modern Web Architecture", ACM Transactions on Internet Technology Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2002. [RFC3912] Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912, September 2004. [RFC4007] Deering, S., Haberman, B., Jinmei, T., Nordmark, E., and B. Zill, "IPv6 Scoped Address Architecture", RFC 4007, March 2005. [RFC4627] Crockford, D., "The application/json Media Type for JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)", RFC 4627, July 2006. Appendix A. Change Log Initial -00: Adopted as working group document. -01: Added "Conventions Used in This Document" section. Added normative reference to draft-ietf-weirds-rdap-sec and some wrapping text in the Security Considerations section. -02: Removed "unified" from the title. Rewrote the last paragraph of section 2. Edited the first paragraph of section 3 to more clearly note that only one path segement is provided. Added "bitmask" to "length" in section 3.1. Changed "lowest IP network" to "smallest IP network" in section 3.1. Added "asplain" to the description of autonomous system numbers in section 3.2. Minor change from "semantics is" to "semantics are" in section 3.2. Changed the last sentence in section 4 to more clearly specify error response behavior. Added acknowledgements. Added a paragraph in the introduction regarding future IETF standards and extensibility. -03: Changed 'query' to 'lookup' in document title to better describe the 'exact match lookup' purpose of this document. Included a multitude of minor additions and clarifications provided by Marc Blanchet and Jean-Philippe Dionne. Modified the domain and name server sections to include support for IDN U-labels. -04: Updated the domain and name server sections to use .example IDN U-labels. Added text to note that mixed IDN labels SHOULD NOT be used. Fixed broken sentences in Section 6. -05: Added "help" path segment. -06: Added search text and removed or edited old search text. Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 14] Internet-Draft RDAP Query Format October 2013 -07: Fixed query parameter typo by replacing "/?" with "?". Changed "asplain" to "AS Plain". Added entity search by handle. Corrected section references. Updated IDN search text. Authors' Addresses Andrew Lee Newton American Registry for Internet Numbers 3635 Concorde Parkway Chantilly, VA 20151 US Email: andy@arin.net URI: http://www.arin.net Scott Hollenbeck Verisign Labs 12061 Bluemont Way Reston, VA 20190 US Email: shollenbeck@verisign.com URI: http://www.verisignlabs.com/ Newton & Hollenbeck Expires April 04, 2014 [Page 15]