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Internet LPWAN RFC Request for Comments I-D Internet-Draft SCHC This document requests an Internet Protocol Number assignment for SCHC so that SCHC can be used for IP independent SCHC of other transports such as UDP and ESP. With SCHC at, effectively, the Transport Layer, this document describes how to provide Forward Error Correction (FEC), enabled via SCHC, at the IP datagram level. This is the most efficient bandwidth consumption approach to FEC. As it is done outside any security envelope, it does come with the risk of DoS attacks against the FEC.

Introduction LPWAN Static Context Header Compression (SCHC) Architecture originally envisioned SCHC used at the Network layer, encompassing IP and Transport, by the network provider. Then SCHC would be used by the application; this would include any security envelope. This approach brakes down when dealing with Diet ESP . When Next Header is ESP, it is challenging for the ESP process to determine if an incoming ESP payload is regular ESP or a diet ESP payload. Careful allocation of the incoming SPI can mitigate this and have an implicit SCHC header, but it is not sound protocol design. If the Next Header in the IP header were SCHC, not ESP, a clear segregation of incoming traffic is directly supportable. DTLS 1.3 further complicates this. DTLS 1.3 headers themselves are typically already very compressed and SCHC would not provide much value. But the UDP header in front of DTLS would benefit of a separate compression from the IP Header compression. Where it is possible with ESP's SPI to mitigate inbound packet processing challenges implicit SCHC would generate, DTLS header does not safely even provide this and a SCHC IP number is necessary to separate traffic. Once SCHC is available as an IP Number, it effectively becomes a new Transport Layer and some interesting options are now possible to support communications like UAS Command and Control (C2) that must reach the Unmanned Aircraft (UA) from the Ground Control Station (GCS). Forward Error Correction (FEC) can be provided at the IP datagram level as a function of this new SCHC Transport Layer. This addition of FEC as described in can significantly reduce the risk of losing a message from either lossy wireless or RED (Random Early Discard) within the Internet routing fabric.

Basic use case for SCHC as an IP Number A mobile node, or network, may use different links over a period of time. In some cases the node has the multiple interfaces and, in theory, could tune the compression to each interface. In other cases, it is the whole network that is mobile and individual nodes have no "knowledge" of which link with what characteristics is actively handling the traffic. In either case, the node administrator is aware that some links are constrained and use of SCHC compression is highly recommended. One example is an UA that uses different links over the duration of an operation (i.e. flight).

• Operation starts using Veriport's WiFi service.
• On gaining altitude, UA transitions to a Cellular service.
• On gaining more altitude, UA transitions to a constrained 700MHz UHF service.
• On approach to destination vertiport, link transition is reversed.

The UA could use SCHC compression only on the UHF link, but this may complicate the implementation. A more complex example is an Unmanned Cargo Aircraft that has multiple avionics systems, all Ethernet connected to an onboard router that has the multiple interfaces. Here the nodes each manage their own secure path to their ground-based server, but have no knowledge of which link is in use to intelligently use compression.

FEC use case for SCHC as an IP Number UAS C2 often requires that a command must reach the UA. There are multiple ways, with at least one wireless link in path, to achieve a high to mandatory level of delivery assurance. A common aviation approach is to use a highly reliable radio band. These RF bands tend to be narrow and are data constrained and thus typically receiver density constrained. That is, they can only send limited, short messages to a limited number of UA per ground antenna. Even within this performance constraint, this RF approach requires both the UA and GCS to be on the same wireless network, or the intervening Internet path having an assured level of packet delivery. This effectively rules out general purpose Internet paths where RED practically assures packet loss at a critical time. FEC is a long-established methodology to ensure that the message (data) gets through. It can selectively be used on a per message basis with the application signaling SCHC which RuleID to use. For example there can be two RuleIDs, one for basic compression () and one that adds FEC to this (see ). Or there could be three rules so that there can be two levels of delivery assurance (and FEC overhead) for different levels of must deliver.

Terms and Definitions

Requirements Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Internet Protocol Number for SCHC SCHC as the IP payload SHOULD be indicated in the IPv4 "Protocol" field or the IPv6 "Next Header" field with a value of TBD1 (recommended: 144) as shown below: Internet Protocol Numbers

Decimal	Keyword	Protocol	IPv6 Extension Header	Reference
TBD1 (144)	SCHC	Static Context Header Compression		This RFC

The SCHC compressed header with payload is shown below. The size of the SCHC RuleID is variable as described in . An implementation should have a table of source IP address and RuleID size. The addresses should be represented in prefix format to allow for groups of addresses having the same RuleID size.

SCHC Packet

The RuleID may be statically configured per , or may be negotiated within a protocol as in IKE .

IANA Considerations

IANA IP Number Registry Update This document requests IANA to make the following change to the "Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers" registry:

IP Number:

This document defines the new IP Number value TBD1 (suggested: 144) () in the "Assigned Internet Protocol Numbers" registry.

Decimal	Keyword	Protocol	IPv6 Extension Header	Reference
TBD1 (144)	SCHC	Static Context Header Compression		This RFC

Security Considerations TBD

References IANA

FEC applied to IP Datagram Example FEC, applied at the IP Datagram level, is the most efficient implementation in terms of data transmission overhead. Only the IP Header is repeated for each message fragment and FEC frame. Reed-Solomon FEC is used in this example. This does come at the potential risk and overhead caused by malicious alteration of content. The fragments have to be assembled with the potential help of FEC before any security layer Integrity Check can be validated. But this is just one of many DoS attacks and as these messages will tend to be small, any memory allocation or FEC processing should be minimal. All SCHC rules applying to the datagram are applied first. If the compressed residue is N bytes, then a Reed-Solomon block of N/2 is generated across the compressed residue. The compressed residue is now divided into 2 IP datagrams with the Reed-Solomon block being a 3rd IP datagram. The SCHC RuleID's lower 2 bits are used as a block sequence number. The receiver of these blocks uses the SCHC RuleID's lower 2 bits block sequence number to rebuild the message. If either block 1 or 2 is missing, then it is replaced with a null block and Reed-Solomon is used to reconstruct it. The SCHC RuleID represented in the upper bits is then used to decompress the message which is then passed to the proper Transport Layer. If Reed-Solomon is used to generate one parity block of length N/2 at a transmission cost of 40 + N/2 bytes (where 40 is the size of the IPv6 header), this is only a transmission savings where N greater than 80. If N is less, then just sending the message twice should result in the same recovery rate with lower transmission cost. Note that if SCHC is independently used to compress the IPv6 header, the resulting IPv6 residue size is used above.

Acknowledgments Discussions with Pascal Thubert, lpwan co-chair, helped develop this approach of using SCHC E2E below the current Transport Layers. The addition of using SCHC as an actual Transport Layer for FEC support came from discussions with long-range wireless providers on mandates to assure C2 delivery and the need of an E2E approach.