Network Working Group B. Williams Internet-Draft Akamai, Inc. Intended status: Experimental M. Boucadair Expires: October 31, 2014 France Telecom D. Wing Cisco Systems, Inc. April 29, 2014 Experimental Option for TCP Host Identification draft-williams-exp-tcp-host-id-opt-03 Abstract Recent IETF proposals have identified benefits to more distinctly identifying the hosts that are hidden behind a shared address/prefix sharing device or application-layer proxy. Analysis indicates that the use of a TCP option for this purpose can be successfully applied to a broad range of use cases. This document describes a common experimental TCP option format for host identification. Status of this Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on October 31, 2014. Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 1] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. 1. Introduction A broad range of issues associated with address sharing have been well documented in [RFC6269] and [I-D.boucadair-intarea-host-identifier-scenarios]. In addition, [RFC6967] provides analysis of various solutions to the problem of revealing the sending host's identifier (HOST_ID) information to the receiver, which indicates that a solution using a TCP [RFC0793] option for this purpose could be applied with limited performance impact and a high success ratio. Multiple recent Internet Drafts define TCP options for the purpose of host identification: [I-D.wing-nat-reveal-option], [I-D.abdo-hostid-tcpopt-implementation], and [I-D.williams-overlaypath-ip-tcp-rfc]. Specification of multiple option formats to serve the purpose of host identification increases the burden for potential implementers and presents interoperability challenges as well. This document defines a common TCP option format to meet the needs of all three of the above proposals. The option defined in this document uses the TCP experimental option codepoint sharing mechanism defined in [RFC6994] and is intended to allow broad deployment of the mechanism on the public Internet in order to validate the utility of this option format for the required use cases. Section 5 of this document discusses compatibility between this new TCP option and existing commonly deployed TCP options. 1.1. Important Use Cases This memo focuses primarily on the carrier grade NAT (CGN), application proxy, and overlay network use cases described in [I-D.boucadair-intarea-host-identifier-scenarios]. This means that the option could either be applied to an individual TCP packet at the connection endpoint (e.g. an application proxy or a transport layer overlay network) or at an address-sharing middle box (e.g. a CGN or a network layer overlay network). See Section 4 below for additional details about the types of devices that may add the option to a TCP packet, as well as limitations on use of the option when it is to be inserted by an address-sharing middlebox, including issues related to packet fragmentation. Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 2] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 The receiver-side use cases considered by this memo include the following: o Differentiating between attack and non-attack traffic when the source of the attack is sharing an address with non-attack traffic. o Application of per-client policies for resource utilization, etc. when multiple clients are sharing a common address. o Improving server-side load-balancing decisions by allowing the load for multiple clients behind a shared address to be assigned to different servers, even when session-affinity is required at the application layer. In all of the above cases, differentiation between address-sharing clients commonly needs to be performed by a network function that does not process the application layer protocol (e.g. HTTP) or the sercurity protocol (e.g. TLS), because the action needs to be performed prior to decryption or parsing the application layer. Due to this, a solution implemented within the application layer or security protocol cannot fully meet the receiver-side requirements. At the same time, as noted in [RFC6967], use of an IP option for this purpose has a low success rate. For these reasons, using a TCP option to deliver the host identifier has been selected as the most effective way to satisfy these specific use cases. 1.2. Experiment Goals The extensive testing effort documented in [I-D.abdo-hostid-tcpopt-implementation] confirmed that a TCP option could be used for host identification purposes without significant disruption of TCP connectivity to legacy servers that do no support the option. It also showed how mechanisms available in existing TCP implementations could make use of such a TCP option for improved diagnostics and/or packet filtering. Specification of the TCP option described in this memo will allow further experiments to be conducted in order to assess the viability of the option for the receiver-side use cases discussed above: o Differentiate between attack and non-attack traffic. o Enforce per-client policies. o Assist load-balancing decision-making. In particular, real-world deployment of the option is expected to Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 3] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 provide opportunities for engagement with a broader range of both application and middleware implementations in order to develop a more complete picture of how well the option meets the use-case requirements. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119]. 3. Option Format When used for host identification, the TCP experimental option has the following format and content. 0 1 2 3 01234567 89012345 67890123 45678901 +--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Kind | Length | ExID | +--------+--------+--------+--------+ | Host ID ... +--------+--- Kind: The option kind value is 253 Length: The length of the option is variable, based on the required size of the host identifier (e.g. a 2 octet host ID will require a length of 6, while a 4 octet host ID will require a length of 8). ExID: The experiment ID value is 0x0348 (840). Host ID: The host identifier is an application dependent value with an interpretation agreed upon by the sender and the receiver. When multiple host identifiers are required (e.g. a list of IP addresses, an IP address and a port number), the HOST_ID option is included multiple times within the packet, once for each identifier. While this approach significantly increases option space utilization when multiple identifiers are required, cases where only a single identifier is required are more common and thus it is beneficial to optimize for those cases. Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 4] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 4. Option Use The HOST_ID option should only be added by the origin host or any device involved in the forwarding path that changes IP addresses and/or TCP port numbers (e.g., NAT44 [RFC3022], Layer-2 Aware NAT, DS-Lite AFTR [RFC6333], NPTv6 [RFC6296], NAT64 [RFC6146], Dual-Stack Extra Lite [RFC6619], TCP Proxy, etc.). The HOST_ID option MUST NOT be added or modified en-route by any device that does not modify IP addresses and/or TCP port numbers. The information conveyed in the HOST_ID option SHOULD correlate to IP addresses and/or TCP port numbers change(s) (i.e., some of the IP address and /or port number bits are used to generate the HOST_ID). Intermediary devices (e.g. address sharing device) SHOULD be configurable to enable including the HOST_ID TCP option. These devices MUST be configured with the type of information to populate the HOST_ID TCP option (e.g. certain bits of the source IPv6 address, the full source IPv6 address, certain bits of the source IPv4 address, the full source IPv4 address, the source port number, etc.). The device may be configured to include multiple identifiers (e.g. both a source IP address and a source port number). In such case, the device MUST insert two instances of the HOST_ID option, each of which contains the appropriate information. Note, there is no need to signal the semantic of the included data as this specification assumes the service is aware of that information by out of band means (e.g. both the service and the address sharing device are managed by the same administrative entity). When an intermediary device is configured to include the HOST_ID option, it MUST include the HOST_ID option in SYN messages. In addition, an intermediary device and a receiving end device MAY be configurable to allow inclusion of the HOST_ID option in additional messages in order to support the use of SYN cookies. For example: o The HOST_ID option from the initial SYN might be included in the SYN/ACK message when a SYN cookie is being sent in order to echo the HOST_ID value back to the intermediary device. o The HOST_ID option might be included in ACK messages that contain no data. o The HOST_ID option might be included in all ACK messages until return messages from the receiver positively indicate that an ACK has been received (e.g. the return messages either includes or acknowledges data). Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 5] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 The option SHOULD NOT be included in packets if the resulting packet would require local fragmentation. The option MUST NOT be included in packets when there is not enough space for at least one valid identifier of the configured type. The device MUST be configured with the behavior to follow when a HOST_ID TCP option is already present in the message: o If the device is configured to strip any existing HOST_ID TCP option, it MUST remove all occurrences of the HOST_ID in a received TCP message. o If the device is configured to strip existing HOST_ID TCP options and insert a local HOST_ID TCP Option, it MUST remove all occurrences of the HOST_ID in a received TCP message and then MUST include a local HOST_ID TCP option. The device MAY be configured to use existing HOST_ID TCP options as differentiators when selecting the value to use in the local HOST_ID TCP option. o The device may be configured to maintain any existing HOST_ID TCP option(s) in the received message, the device MUST NOT remove those instances of the option. Furthermore, it MUST add a new HOST_ID TCP option while preserving the order of appearance in the message. In particular, the local HOST_ID TCP option MUST appear as the last occurrence of the HOST_ID TCP option in the message. Note: Because the order of appearance of TCP options may be modified by some middleboxes, deployments relying on manipulating multiple occurrences of the HOST_ID option may experience some complications. These complications can be soften if the devices adding HOST_ID options belong the same administrative domain. The administrative entity managing that domain should ensure involved middleboxes do not alter the order of TCP options. 5. Interaction with Other TCP Options This section details how the HOST_ID option functions in conjunction with other TCP options. 5.1. Option Space TCP provides for a maximum of 40 octets for TCP options. As discussed in Appendix A of Multipath TCP (MPTCP) [RFC6824], a typical SYN from modern, popular operating systems contain several TCP options (MSS, window scale, SACK permitted, and timestamp) which consume 19-24 octets depending on word alignment of the options. The Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 6] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 initial SYN from a multipath TCP client would consume an additional 16 octets. HOST_ID needs at least 6 octets to be useful, so 9-21 octets are sufficient for many scenarios that benefit from HOST_ID. However, 4 octets are not enough space for the HOST_ID option. Thus, a TCP SYN containing all the typical TCP options (MSS, window Scale, SACK permitted, timestamp), and also containing multipath capable or multipath join), and also being word aligned, has insufficient space to also accommodate HOST_ID. This means something has to give. The choices are to avoid word alignment in that case (freeing 5 octets), remove a TCP option from the original TCP SYN, or avoid adding the HOST_ID option. We expect to learn from deployment experience during the experiment which of these options, or a combination of these options, is best. 5.2. Authentication Option (TCP-AO) The TCP-AO option [RFC5925] supports a "TCP option flag" to indicate whether TCP options other than TCP-AO are included in the MAC calculation (Section 3.1 of [RFC5925]). When the options are not included in the MAC calculation, the use of HOST_ID option does not interfere with TCP-AO option. However, because TCP-AO provides integrity protection of the source IP address, TCP-AO is broken in the presence of NAT. Because TCP-AO is incompatible with address sharing, an experimental extension to TCP-AO (called TCP-AO-NAT) is introduced in [RFC6978]. Injecting a HOST_ID TCP option does not interfere with the use of TCP-AO-NAT if the TCP options are not included in the MAC calculation. As specified in [RFC5925], TCP-AO must be the first TCP option processed on incoming segments. 6. Security Considerations Security (including privacy) considerations common to all HOST_ID solutions are discussed in [RFC6967]. These considerations should be taken into account. The content of the HOST_ID option SHOULD NOT be used for purposes that require a trust relationship between the host and the server (e.g. billing and/or intrusion prevention) unless a mechanism outside the scope of this specification is used to ensure the necessary level of trust. When the receiving network uses the values provided by the option in a way that does not require trust (e.g. maintaining session Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 7] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 affinity in a load-balancing system), then use of a mechanism to enforce the trust relationship might not be required. 7. Privacy Considerations Sending a TCP SYN across the public Internet necessarily discloses the public IP address of the sending host. When an intermediate address sharing device is deployed on the public Internet (see [I-D.boucadair-intarea-host-identifier-scenarios] for examples), anonymity of the hosts using the device will be increased, with hosts represented by multiple source IP addresses on the ingress side of the device using a single source IP address on the egress side. The HOST_ID TCP option removes that increased anonymity, taking information that was already visible in TCP packets on the public Internet on the ingress side of the address sharing device and making it available on the egress side of the device as well. In some cases, an explicit purpose of the address sharing device is anonymity, in which case use of the HOST_ID TCP option would be incompatible with the purpose of the device. Use of the HOST_ID TCP option described here should follow the recommendations laid out in [RFC6967]. In particular: o The HOST_ID option SHOULD NOT be used to provide client geographic or network location information that was not publicly visible in IP packets for the TCP flows processed by the inserting host. For example, the client's IP address MAY be used as the HOST_ID option value, but any geographic or network location information derived from the client's IP address SHOULD NOT be used as the HOST_ID value. o The HOST_ID option MAY provide differentiating information that is locally unique such that individual TCP flows processed by the inserting host can be reliably identified. The HOST_ID option SHOULD NOT provide client identification information that was not publicly visible in IP packets for the TCP flows processed by the inserting host. o The HOST_ID option SHOULD be stripped from IP packets traversing middle boxes that provide network-based anonymity services. 8. IANA Considerations This document specifies a new TCP option that uses the shared experimental options format [RFC6994], with ExID=0x0348 (840) in network-standard byte order. This ExID has already been registered Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 8] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 with IANA. 9. Acknowledgements Many thanks to J. Touch, M. Scharf, W. Eddy, T. Reddy, and Y. Nishida for their comments. 10. References 10.1. Normative References [RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, September 1981. [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 10.2. Informative References [I-D.abdo-hostid-tcpopt-implementation] Abdo, E., Boucadair, M., and J. Queiroz, "HOST_ID TCP Options: Implementation & Preliminary Test Results", draft-abdo-hostid-tcpopt-implementation-03 (work in progress), July 2012. [I-D.boucadair-intarea-host-identifier-scenarios] Boucadair, M., Binet, D., Durel, S., Chatras, B., Reddy, T., Williams, B., Sarikaya, B., and L. Xue, "Host Identification: Use Cases", draft-boucadair-intarea-host-identifier-scenarios-05 (work in progress), April 2014. [I-D.williams-overlaypath-ip-tcp-rfc] Williams, B., "Overlay Path Option for IP and TCP", draft-williams-overlaypath-ip-tcp-rfc-04 (work in progress), June 2013. [I-D.wing-nat-reveal-option] Yourtchenko, A. and D. Wing, "Revealing hosts sharing an IP address using TCP option", draft-wing-nat-reveal-option-03 (work in progress), December 2011. [RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, January 2001. Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 9] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 [RFC5925] Touch, J., Mankin, A., and R. Bonica, "The TCP Authentication Option", RFC 5925, June 2010. [RFC6146] Bagnulo, M., Matthews, P., and I. van Beijnum, "Stateful NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers", RFC 6146, April 2011. [RFC6269] Ford, M., Boucadair, M., Durand, A., Levis, P., and P. Roberts, "Issues with IP Address Sharing", RFC 6269, June 2011. [RFC6296] Wasserman, M. and F. Baker, "IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation", RFC 6296, June 2011. [RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual- Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4 Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011. [RFC6619] Arkko, J., Eggert, L., and M. Townsley, "Scalable Operation of Address Translators with Per-Interface Bindings", RFC 6619, June 2012. [RFC6824] Ford, A., Raiciu, C., Handley, M., and O. Bonaventure, "TCP Extensions for Multipath Operation with Multiple Addresses", RFC 6824, January 2013. [RFC6967] Boucadair, M., Touch, J., Levis, P., and R. Penno, "Analysis of Potential Solutions for Revealing a Host Identifier (HOST_ID) in Shared Address Deployments", RFC 6967, June 2013. [RFC6978] Touch, J., "A TCP Authentication Option Extension for NAT Traversal", RFC 6978, July 2013. [RFC6994] Touch, J., "Shared Use of Experimental TCP Options", RFC 6994, August 2013. Appendix A. Change History [Note to RFC Editor: Please remove this section prior to publication.] A.1. Changes from version 02 to 03 Clarification of arguments in favor of this approach. Add discussion of important use cases. Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 10] Internet-Draft Experimental TCP Host ID Option April 2014 Clarification of experiment goals and earlier test results. A.2. Changes from version 01 to 02 Add note re: order of appearance. A.3. Changes from version 00 to 01 Add discussion of experiment goals. Limit external references to the earlier drafts. Add guidance to limit the types of device that add the option. Improve/correct discussion of TCP-AO and security. Authors' Addresses Brandon Williams Akamai, Inc. 8 Cambridge Center Cambridge, MA 02142 USA Email: brandon.williams@akamai.com Mohamed Boucadair France Telecom Rennes, 35000 Fance Email: mohamed.boucadair@orange.com Dan Wing Cisco Systems, Inc. 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134 USA Email: dwing@cisco.com Williams, et al. Expires October 31, 2014 [Page 11]