Internet DRAFT - draft-iab-itat-report
draft-iab-itat-report
Network Working Group E. Lear, Ed.
Internet-Draft June 02, 2014
Intended status: Informational
Expires: December 04, 2014
Report from the IAB workshop on Internet Technology Adoption and
Transition (ITAT)
draft-iab-itat-report-04
Abstract
This document provides an overview of a workshop held by the Internet
Architecture Board (IAB) on Internet Technology Adoption and
Transition (ITAT). The workshop was hosted by the University of
Cambridge on December 4th and 5th of 2013 in Cambridge, UK. The goal
of the workshop was to facilitate adoption of Internet protocols,
through examination of a variety of economic models, with particular
emphasis at the waist of the hourglass. This report summarizes
contributions and discussions. As the topics were wide ranging,
there is no single set of recommendations for IETF participants to
pursue at this time. Instead, in the classic sense of early
research, the workshop noted areas that deserve further exploration.
Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the
workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are
those of the workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB
views and positions.
Status of This Memo
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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 04, 2014.
Copyright Notice
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Organization of This Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Motivations and Review of Existing Work . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Economics of Protocol Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. When can bundling help adoption of network
technologies or services? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Internet Protocol Adoption: Learning from Bitcoin . . . . 6
3.3. Long term strategy for a successful deployment of
DNSSEC - on all levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4. Framework for analyzing feasibility of Internet
protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5. Best Effort Service as a Deployment Success Factor . . . 8
4. Innovative / Out There Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. On the Complexity of Designed Systems (and its effect
on protocol deployment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Managing Diversity to Manage Technological
Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3. On Economic Models of Network Technology Adoption,
Design, and Viability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Making Standards Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Standards: A love/hate relationship with patents . . . . 10
5.2. Bridge Networking Research and Internet
Standardization: Case Study on Mobile Traffic
Offloading and IPv6 Transition Technologies . . . . . . . 10
5.3. An Internet Architecture for the Challenged . . . . . . . 11
6. Other Challenges and Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1. Resilience of the commons: routing security . . . . . . . 11
6.2. Getting to the next version of TLS . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Outcomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.1. Work for the IAB and the IETF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.2. Potential for the Internet Research Task Force . . . . . 12
7.3. Opportunities for others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
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9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Attendees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. Introduction
The Internet is a complex ecosystem that encompasses all aspects of
society. At its heart is a protocol stack with an hourglass shape,
and IP at its center. Recent research points to possible
explanations for the success of such a design and for the significant
challenges that arise when trying to evolve or change its middle
section, e.g., as partially evident in the difficulties encountered
by IPv6. The workshop had a number of other key examples to
consider, including the next generation of HTTP and real time web-
browser communications (WebRTC). The eventual success of many if not
all of these protocols will largely depend on our understanding of
not only what features and design principles contribute lasting
value, but also on how deployment strategies can succeed in unlocking
that value to foster protocol adoption. The latter is particularly
important in that most if not all Internet protocols exhibit strong
externalities that create strong barriers to adoption, especially in
the presence of a well-established incumbent. That is, factors
beyond the control of the end points (such as middleboxes) can limit
deployment, sometimes by design.
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) holds occasional workshops
designed to consider long-term issues and strategies for the
Internet, and to suggest future directions for the Internet
architecture. This long-term planning function of the IAB is
complementary to the ongoing engineering efforts performed by working
groups of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), under the
leadership of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) and area
directorates.
Taking into account [RFC5218] on what makes a protocol successful,
this workshop sought to explore how the complex interactions of
protocols' design and deployment affect their success. One of the
workshop's goals was, therefore, to encourage discussions to develop
an understanding of what makes protocol designs successful not only
in meeting initial design goals but more importantly in their ability
to evolve as these goals and the available technology change.
Another equally important goal was to develop protocol deployment
strategies that ensure that new features can rapidly gain enough of a
foothold to ultimately realize broad adoption. Such strategies must
be informed by both operational considerations and economic factors.
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Participants in this workshop consisted of operators, researchers
from the fields of computer science and economics, as well as
engineers. Contributions were wide ranging. As such, this report
makes few recommendations for the IETF to consider.
1.1. Organization of This Report
This report records the participants' discussions. At the end,
workshop participants reviewed potential follow-up items. These will
be highlighted at each point during the report, and a summary is
given at the end.
Section 2 discusses the economics of protocol adoption. Section 3
delves into an examination of recent operational challenges and some
success stories. Section 4 examines different views of success
factors. Finally section 5 summarizes views of the participants, and
identifies a few key insights.
2. Motivations and Review of Existing Work
Our workshop began with an introduction that asks the question: is
the neck of the Internet hourglass closed for business? There are
numerous instances where progress has been slow, the three biggest
that come to mind being IPv6 [RFC2480], SCTP [RFC4960], and DNSSEC
[RFC4034]. The impact of DNSSEC is of particular interest, because
it is relied upon for the delivery of other services, such as DANE
[RFC6698] and it could be used for application discovery services
through DNS (specifically where security properties are part of that
discovery). Thus slowdown at the neck of the glass can have an
impact closer to the lip.
Even when one considers the classic neck of the hourglass to be IP
and transport layers, it was suggested that the hourglass might
extend as high as the application layer.
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______________________
\ /
\ Applications /
\ /
\ /
\ /
\__________/
| HTTP(s)|
|________|
/ \
/ TCP/IP \
/______________\
/ MPLS/ \
/ Framing \
/____________________\
/ Physical \
/________________________\
HTTP(s) as the new neck?
This idea was rebutted by the argument that protocols do continue to
evolve, that protocols like SMTP and IMAP in the applications space
have continued to evolve, as has the transport layer.
The workshop moved on to a review of RFC 5218 which discusses
protocol success factors. This work was presented in the IETF 70
plenary, and was the basis for this ongoing work. There were two
clear outcomes from the discussion. The first was that the Internet
Architecture Board should review and consider that document in the
context of evaluating birds of a feather (BoF) session proposals at
the IETF, so that any working group proposal is carefully crafted to
address a specific design space and provide positive net value.
Another aspect was to continue work on tracking the value-specific
works in terms of success, wild success, or failure. On that last
point, failure remains difficult to judge, particularly at the neck
of the hourglass.
3. Economics of Protocol Adoption
Several papers were presented that looked at economic aspects of
protocol adoption.
3.1. When can bundling help adoption of network technologies or
services?
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Economics of bundling is a long studied field, but not as applied to
protocols. It is relevant to the IETF and inherent to two key
notions: layering and "mandatory to implement". Two current examples
include DANE atop DNSSEC and WebRTC atop SCTP. The workshop reviewed
a model [Weber13] that examines the concept that bundling of
technologies can lead to several possible outcomes, which includes
more or less adoption of both. This will depend on a number of
factors, including the costs, benefits, and externalities associated
with adopting each. (Simply put, an externality is an effect or use
decision by one set of parties that has either a positive or negative
impact on others who did not have a choice or whose interests were
not taken into account.) Bundling of capabilities may provide
positive value when individual capabilities on their own do not on
their own provide sufficient critical mass to propel further
adoption. Specifically, bundling can help when one technology does
not provide positive value until critical mass of deployment exists,
and where a second technology has low adoption cost and immediate
value and hence drives initial adoption until enough of a user base
exists to allow critical mass sufficient for the first technology to
get positive value. One question was what happens where one
technology depends on the other. That is directly tied to "mandatory
to implement" discussions within the IETF. That is a matter for
follow-on work. IETF participants can provide researchers anecdotal
experience to help improve models in this area.
3.2. Internet Protocol Adoption: Learning from Bitcoin
The workshop considered an examination of protocol success factors in
the context of Bitcoin[Boehme13]. Here, there were any number of
barriers to success, including adverse press, legal uncertainties,
glitches and breaches, previous failed attempts, and speculative
attacks, amongst others. Bitcoin has thus far overcome these
barriers thanks to several key factors:
o First, there is a built-in reward system for early adopters.
Participants are monetarily rewarded at an exponentially declining
rate.
o There exist exchanges or conversion mechanisms to directly convert
bitcoin to other currencies.
o Finally, there is some store of value in the currency itself, e.g,
people find intrinsic value in it.
The first two of these factors may be transferrable to other
approaches. One key protocol success factor is direct benefit to the
participant. Another key protocol success factor is the ability to
interface with other systems for mutual benefit. In the context of
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Bitcoin there has to be a way to exchange the coins for other
currencies. The Internet Email system had simpler adaption
mechanisms to allow interchange with non-Internet email systems,
facilitating its success. Another more simply stated approach is "IP
over everything".
A key message from this presentation is that if a protocol imposes
externalities or costs on other systems, find a means to establish
incentives for those other players for implementation. As it happens
there is a limited example of how to do this that is directly
relevant to the IETF.
3.3. Long term strategy for a successful deployment of DNSSEC - on all
levels
The workshop reviewed the approach Sweden's .SE registry has taken to
improving deployment of DNSSEC[Lowinder13]. .SE has roughly 1.5
million domains. IIS manages the ccTLD. They made the decision to
encourage deployment of DNSSEC within .SE. They began by
understanding what the full ecosystem looked like, who their
stakeholders were, and examined financial, legal, and technical
aspects to deployment. As they began their rollout, they charged
extra for DNSSEC. As they put it, this didn't work very well.
They went on to fund development of OpenDNSSEC to remove technical
barriers to deployment at end sites, noting that tooling was lacking
in this area. Even with this development, more tooling is necessary,
as they point out a need for APIs between the signing zone and the
registrar.
To further encourage deployment, the government of Sweden provided
financial incentives to communities to see that their domains were
signed. .SE further provided an incentive to registrars to see that
their domains were signed. In summary, .SE examined all the players
and provided incentives for each to participate.
The workshop discussed whether or not this model could be applied to
other domains. .SE was in a position to effectively subsidize DNS
deployment because of their ability to set prices. This may be
appropriate for certain other top level domains, but it was pointed
out that the margins of other domains do not allow for a cost
reduction to be passed on at this point in time.
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3.4. Framework for analyzing feasibility of Internet protocols
One of the goals of the workshop was to provide ways to determine
when work in the IETF was likely to lead to adoption. The workshop
considered an interactive approach that combines value net analysis,
deployment environment analysis, and technical architecture analysis
that leads to feasibility and solution analysis[Leva13]. This work
provided an alternative to RFC 5218 that had many points in common.
The case study examined was that of MPTCP. Various deployment
challenges were observed. First and foremost, increasing bandwidth
within the network seems to decrease attractiveness of MPTCP.
Second, the benefit/cost tradeoff by vendors was not considered
attractive. Third, not all parties may agree on the benefits.
Solutions analysis suggested several approaches to improve
deployment, including open source, lobbying of various implementers,
proxy deployment, and implementation by parties where they own both
ends of a connection.
3.5. Best Effort Service as a Deployment Success Factor
When given the choice between vanilla and chocolate, why not choose
both? The workshop considered an approach that became a recurring
theme throughout the workshop, which was to not examine when it was
necessary to make a choice between technologies, but rather to
implement multiple mechanisms to achieve adoption[Welzl13]. The
workshop discussed the case of Skype, where it will use the best
available transport mechanism to improve communication between
clients, rather than to tie fate to any specific transport. The
argument goes that such an approach provides a means to introduce new
transports such as SCTP. This would be an adaptation of "Happy
Eyeballs" [RFC6555].
4. Innovative / Out There Models
There were several approaches presented that examined how we look at
protocol adoption.
4.1. On the Complexity of Designed Systems (and its effect on protocol
deployment)
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The workshop reviewed a comparison between the hourglass model and
what systems biologists might call the bowtie model[Meyer13]. The
crux of this comparison is that both rely on certain building blocks
to accomplish a certain end. In the case of our hourglass model, IP
sits notably in the center, whereas in the case of systems biology,
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the means by which all organisms
convert nutrients to usable energy, and thus resides centrally within
the biological system.
The workshop also examined the notion of "robust yet fragile", which
examines the balance between the cost of implementing robust systems
versus their value. That is, highly efficient systems can prove
fragile in the face of failure, or may prove hard to evolve.
The key question asked during this presentation was how we could
apply what has been learned in systems biology or what do the
findings reduce to for engineers? The answer was that more work is
needed. The discussion highlighted the complexity of the Internet in
terms of predicting network behavior. As such, one promising area to
examine may be that of network management.
4.2. Managing Diversity to Manage Technological Transition
The workshop considered the difference between planned versus
unplanned technology transitions[Kohno13]. They examined several
transitions at the link, IP, and application layers in Japan. One
key claim in the study is that there is a phase difference in the
diversity trend between each layer. The statistics presented show
that indeed HTTP is the predominant substrate for other applications.
Another point made was that "natural selection" is a strong means to
determine technology.
Along these lines there were two papers submitted that examined the
formation and changes to the hourglass in the context of evolutionary
economics. Unfortunately the presenter was unable to attend due to
illness. The work was discussed at the workshop, and there were
different points of view as to the approach.
4.3. On Economic Models of Network Technology Adoption, Design, and
Viability
The workshop considered how network protocol capabilities enable
certain sorts of services that are beneficial to consumers and
service providers. This model looks at smart data pricing (SDP) in
which some behavior is desired and rewarded through a pricing
model.[Sen13] The example given was use of time-dependent pricing
(TDP) and demonstrated how a service provider was able to load shift
traffic to off-peak periods. Explict Congestion Notification (ECN)
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and RADIUS were used by the project alongside a simple GUI. This
sort of work may prove useful to service providers as caching models
evolve over time. The question within the room was how will protocol
developers consider these sorts of requirements.
5. Making Standards Better
There were several papers that focused on how standards are produced.
5.1. Standards: A love/hate relationship with patents
One of the biggest barriers to deployment is that of the unseen
patent by the non-practicing entity (NPE).[Lear13] While this problem
is relatively well understood by the industry, the discussion looked
at patents as a means to improve interoperability. Those who hold
patents have the ability to license them in such a way that a single
approach towards standardization is the result (e.g., they get to
decide the venue for their work).
5.2. Bridge Networking Research and Internet Standardization: Case
Study on Mobile Traffic Offloading and IPv6 Transition
Technologies
There was a presentation and discussion about the gap between the
research community and standards organizations. Two cases were
examined: mobile offloading and IPv6 transition technologies.[Ding13]
In the case of mobile offloading, a mechanism was examined that
required understanding of both 3GPP and IETF standards. Resistance
in both organizations was encountered. In the 3GPP, the problem was
that the organization already had an offloading model in play. In
the IETF, the problem was a lack of understanding of the
interdisciplinary space. The researchers noted that in the case of
the IETF, they may have taken the wrong tack by having jumped into
the solution without having fully explained the problem they were
trying to solve. In the case of IPv6 transition technologies
researchers encountered a crowded field and not much appetite for new
transition technologies.
The workshop discussed whether the standards arena is the best venue
or measurement of success for researchers. The IRTF is meant to
bridge academic research and the IETF. As we will discuss below,
several avenues for continued dialog are contemplated.
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5.3. An Internet Architecture for the Challenged
The workshop engaged in a very provocative discussion about whether
the existing Internet architecture serves the broadest set of needs.
Three specific aspects were examined: geographic, technical, and
socioeconomic. Researchers presented an alternative hourglass or
protocol architecture known as Lowest Common Denominator Networking
(LCDNet) that re-examines some of the base assumptions of the
existing architecture, including its "always on"
nature.[Sathiaseelan13]
The workshop questioned many of the baseline assumptions of the
researchers. In part this may have been due to constrained
discussion time on the topic, where a fuller explanation was
warranted.
6. Other Challenges and Approaches
The workshop held a number of other discussions about different
approaches to technology adoption. We should highlight that a number
of papers were submitted to the workshop on routing security, two of
which were not possible to present.
6.1. Resilience of the commons: routing security
The workshop discussed a presentation on the tragedy of the commons
in the context of global inter-domain routing[Robachevsky13]. The
"Internet Commons" is a collection of networks that we depend on but
do not control. The main threat to the commons in the context of BGP
is routing pollution, or unwanted or unnecessary routing entries.
The Internet Society has been working with service providers to
improve resiliency by driving a common understanding of both problem
and solution space, and developing a shared view with regard to risk
and benefits, with the idea being that there would be those who would
engage in reciprocal cooperation with the hopes that others would do
similarly in order to break the tragedy.
What was notable in discussion was that there was no magic bullet to
addressing the resiliency issue, and that this was a matter of
clearly identifying the key players and convincing them that their
incentives were aligned. It also involved developing approaches to
measure resiliency.
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6.2. Getting to the next version of TLS
Originally the workshop had planned to look at the question of
whether the IETF could mandate stronger security. This evolved into
a discussion about getting to the next version of Transport Layer
Security (TLS), and what challenges lie ahead. It was pointed out
that there were still many old versions of TLS in existence today,
due to many old implementations. In particular, it was pointed out
that a substantial amount of traffic is still encrypted using triple
DES.
One concern about the next generation is that perfect could become
the enemy of good. Another point that was made was that perhaps a
testing platform might help interoperability. Finally, there was
some discussion about how new versions of TLS get promoted.
7. Outcomes
This wide ranging workshop discussed many aspects that go to the
success or failure of the work of the IETF. While there is no single
silver bullet that we can point to for making a protocol successful,
the workshop did discuss a number of outcomes and potential next
steps.
7.1. Work for the IAB and the IETF
The IAB's role in working group formation consists of providing
guidance to the IESG on which birds of a feather sessions should be
held, review of proposed working group charters, and shepherding some
work so that it can reach a suitable stage for standardization. In
each of these stages the IAB has an opportunity to apply the lessons
of RFC 5218, as well as other work such as the notion of bundling
choices, when members give advice.
In addition to working group creation, the IAB has an opportunity to
track and present protocol success stories, either through wikis or
through discussion at plenary sessions. For instance, there is much
interest at the moment of this report in Bitcoin, its success, and
what parallels and lessons can be drawn. Specifically it would be
useful to track examples of first mover advantages.
Finally, one area that the IETF may wish to consider, relating
specifically to DNSSEC, as raised by our speakers was standardization
of the provisioning interface of DNSSEC (DS keys) between parent and
child zone. Contributions in this area would be welcome.
7.2. Potential for the Internet Research Task Force
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There are at least two possible activities that the IRTF might wish
to consider. The first would be a research group that considers
protocol alternatives and recommendations that might be useful in
areas where environments are constrained, due to bandwidth or other
resources. Such a group has already been proposed, in fact.
The second possibility is a more general group that focuses on
economic considerations relating to Internet protocol design. In
particular there were a number of areas that were presented to the
working group that deserve further investigation, and could use
collaboration between researchers, engineers, and operators. Two
examples include work on bundling as well as systems biology.
7.3. Opportunities for others
Incentive models often involve many different players. As we
considered work in the workshop, our partners such as ICANN and the
RIRs can continue to play a role in encouraging deployment of
protocols through their policies. Their members can also participate
in any activity of the IRTF that is related to this work.
Specifically, RIRs have a specific role to play in encouraging
security of the routing system, and ICANN has a specific role to play
in securing the domain name service.
The suggestion was made that the IETF working groups could leverage
graduate students in many universities around the world in helping
review documents (drafts, RFCs etc.). This would serve as a source
of education in real world processes to students, and would engage
the research community in IETF processes more thoroughly, as well as
providing a scale-out resource for handling the IETF review workload.
Several attendees who have such students were prepared to try this
out.
8. Security Considerations
This document does not discuss a protocol. Security for the workshop
itself was excellent.
9. Acknowledgments
The IAB would like to thank the program committee, who consisted of
Roch Guerin, Constantine Dovrolis, Hannes Tschofenig, Joel Halpern,
Eliot Lear, and Richard Clayton, as well as Bernard Aboba and Dave
Thaler. Their earlier work provided a strong basis for this
workshop.
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A special debt of gratitude is owed to our hosts, Ross Anderson and
Richard Clayton for arranging an excellent venue for our discussions.
10. Attendees
The following people attended the ITAT workshop:
Aaron Yi Ding, Adrian Farrel, Andrei Robachevzsky, Andrew Sullivan
Arjuna Sathiaseelan, Bjoern Zeeb, Dave Meyer, Dave Thaler, Dongting
Yu, Eliot Lear, Elwyn Davies, Erik Nordmark, Hannes Tschofenig, Joel
Halpern, Jon Crowcroft, Lars Eggert, Martin Stiemerling, Michael
Welzl, Michiel Leenaars, Miya Kohno, Rainer Boehme, Richard Clayton,
Roch Guerin, Ross Anderson, Russ Housley, Sam Smith, Sean Turner,
Soumya Sen, Spencer Dawkins, Steven Weber, Tapio Levae, Toby
Moncaster, Tony Finch
11. Informative References
[Boehme13]
Boehme, R., "Internet Protocol Adoption: Learning from
Bitcoin", December 2013.
[Ding13] Yi Ding, A., Korhonen, J., Savolainen, T., Kojo, M.,
Tarkoma, S., and J. Crowcroft, "Bridge Networking Research
and Internet Standardization: Case Study on Mobile Traffic
Offloading and IPv6 Transition Technologies", December
2013.
[Kohno13] Kohno, M., Asaba, T., and F. Baker, "Managing Diversity to
Manage Technological Transition", December 2013.
[Lear13] Lear, E. and D. Mohlenhoff, "Standards: a love/hate
relationship with patents", December 2013.
[Leva13] Leva, T. and H. Soumi, "Framework for analyzing
feasibility of Internet protocols", December 2013.
[Lowinder13]
Eklund Lowinder, A.M. and P. Wallstrom, "Long term
strategy for a successful deployment of DNSSEC - on all
levels", December 2013.
[Meyer13] Meyer, D. M., "On the Complexity of Engineered Systems
(and its effect on protocol deployment)", December 2013.
[RFC2480] Freed, N., "Gateways and MIME Security Multiparts", RFC
2480, January 1999.
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[RFC4034] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S.
Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions",
RFC 4034, March 2005.
[RFC4960] Stewart, R., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol", RFC
4960, September 2007.
[RFC5218] Thaler, D. and B. Aboba, "What Makes For a Successful
Protocol?", RFC 5218, July 2008.
[RFC6555] Wing, D. and A. Yourtchenko, "Happy Eyeballs: Success with
Dual-Stack Hosts", RFC 6555, April 2012.
[RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication
of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, August 2012.
[Robachevsky13]
Robachevsky, A., "Resilience of the commons: routing
security", December 2013.
[Sathiaseelan13]
Sathiaseelan, A., Trossen, D., Komnios, I., Ott, J., and
J. Crowcroft, "An Internet Architecture for the
Challenged", December 2013.
[Sen13] Sen, S., "On Economic Models of Network Technology
Adoption, Design, and Viability", December 2013.
[Weber13] Weber, S., Guerin, R., and J. C. Oliveira, "When can
bundling help adoption of network technologies or
services?", December 2013.
[Welzl13] Welzl, M., "The "best effort" service as a deployment
success factor", December 2013.
Author's Address
Eliot Lear (editor)
Richtistrasse 7
Wallisellen, ZH CH-8304
Switzerland
Phone: +41 44 878 9200
Email: lear@cisco.com
Lear Expires December 04, 2014 [Page 15]
