Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-hip-rfc5206-bis
draft-ietf-hip-rfc5206-bis
Network Working Group T. Henderson, Ed.
Internet-Draft University of Washington
Obsoletes: 5206 (if approved) C. Vogt
Intended status: Standards Track Independent
Expires: April 13, 2017 J. Arkko
Ericsson
October 10, 2016
Host Mobility with the Host Identity Protocol
draft-ietf-hip-rfc5206-bis-14
Abstract
This document defines a mobility extension to the Host Identity
Protocol (HIP). Specifically, this document defines a "LOCATOR_SET"
parameter for HIP messages that allows for a HIP host to notify peers
about alternate addresses at which it may be reached. This document
also defines how the parameter can be used to preserve communications
across a change to the IP address used by one or both peer hosts.
The same LOCATOR_SET parameter can also be used to support end-host
multihoming (specified in RFC[Replace with the RFC number for draft-
ietf-hip-multihoming]). This document obsoletes RFC 5206.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
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time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 13, 2017.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
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(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Protocol Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Operating Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1.1. Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.2. Mobility Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (No Rekeying) . . . . 9
3.2.2. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (Mobile-Initiated
Rekey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.3. Mobility messaging through rendezvous server . . . . 11
3.2.4. Network Renumbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3. Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.1. Address Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.3.2. Credit-Based Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.3. Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.1. Traffic Type and Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2. Locator Type and Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3. UPDATE Packet with Included LOCATOR_SET . . . . . . . . . 17
5. Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.1. Locator Data Structure and Status . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2. Sending the LOCATOR_SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.3. Handling Received LOCATOR_SETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.4. Verifying Address Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.5. Changing the Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.6. Credit-Based Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6.1. Handling Payload Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.6.2. Credit Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
6.1. Impersonation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.1. Flooding Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.2.2. Memory/Computational-Exhaustion DoS Attacks . . . . . 29
6.3. Mixed Deployment Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.4. Privacy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8. Differences from RFC 5206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
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9. Authors and Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.1. Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
10.2. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Appendix A. Document Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1. Introduction and Scope
The Host Identity Protocol [RFC7401] (HIP) supports an architecture
that decouples the transport layer (TCP, UDP, etc.) from the
internetworking layer (IPv4 and IPv6) by using public/private key
pairs, instead of IP addresses, as host identities. When a host uses
HIP, the overlying protocol sublayers (e.g., transport layer sockets
and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Security Associations (SAs))
are instead bound to representations of these host identities, and
the IP addresses are only used for packet forwarding. However, each
host needs to also know at least one IP address at which its peers
are reachable. Initially, these IP addresses are the ones used
during the HIP base exchange.
One consequence of such a decoupling is that new solutions to
network-layer mobility and host multihoming are possible. There are
potentially many variations of mobility and multihoming possible.
The scope of this document encompasses messaging and elements of
procedure for basic network-level host mobility, leaving more
complicated mobility scenarios, multihoming, and other variations for
further study. More specifically, the following are in scope:
This document defines a LOCATOR_SET parameter for use in HIP
messages. The LOCATOR_SET parameter allows a HIP host to notify a
peer about alternate locators at which it is reachable. The
locators may be merely IP addresses, or they may have additional
multiplexing and demultiplexing context to aid with the packet
handling in the lower layers. For instance, an IP address may
need to be paired with an ESP Security Parameter Index (SPI) so
that packets are sent on the correct SA for a given address.
This document also specifies the messaging and elements of
procedure for end-host mobility of a HIP host. In particular,
message flows to enable successful host mobility, including
address verification methods, are defined herein.
The HIP rendezvous server [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis] can be used
to manage simultaneous mobility of both hosts, initial
reacahability of a mobile host, location privacy, and some modes
of NAT traversal. Use of the HIP rendezvous server to manage the
simultaneous mobility of both hosts is specified herein.
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The following topics are out of scope:
While the same LOCATOR_SET parameter supports host multihoming
(simultaneous use of a number of addresses), procedures for host
multihoming are out of scope, and are specified in
[I-D.ietf-hip-multihoming].
While HIP can potentially be used with transports other than the
ESP transport format [RFC7402], this document largely assumes the
use of ESP and leaves other transport formats for further study.
We do not consider localized mobility management extensions (i.e.,
mobility management techniques that do not involve directly
signaling the correspondent node); this document is concerned with
end-to-end mobility.
Finally, making underlying IP mobility transparent to the
transport layer has implications on the proper response of
transport congestion control, path MTU selection, and Quality of
Service (QoS). Transport-layer mobility triggers, and the proper
transport response to a HIP mobility or multihoming address
change, are outside the scope of this document.
The main sections of this document are organized as follows.
Section 3 provides a summary overview of operations, scenarios, and
other considerations. Section 4 specifies the messaging parameter
syntax. Section 5 specifies the processing rules for messages.
Section 6 describes security considerations for this specification.
2. Terminology and Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].
LOCATOR_SET. A HIP parameter containing zero or more Locator fields.
Locator. A name that controls how the packet is routed through the
network and demultiplexed by the end host. It may include a
concatenation of traditional network addresses such as an IPv6
address and end-to-end identifiers such as an ESP SPI. It may
also include transport port numbers or IPv6 Flow Labels as
demultiplexing context, or it may simply be a network address.
Address. A name that denotes a point-of-attachment to the network.
The two most common examples are an IPv4 address and an IPv6
address. The set of possible addresses is a subset of the set of
possible locators.
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Preferred locator. A locator on which a host prefers to receive
data. Certain locators are labelled as preferred when a host
advertises its locator set to its peer. By default, the locators
used in the HIP base exchange are the preferred locators. The use
of preferred locators, including the scenario where multiple
address scopes and families may be in use, is defined more in
[I-D.ietf-hip-multihoming] than in this document.
Credit Based Authorization. A mechanism allowing a host to send a
certain amount of data to a peer's newly announced locator before
the result of mandatory address verification is known.
3. Protocol Model
This section is an overview; more detailed specification follows this
section.
3.1. Operating Environment
The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] is a key establishment and
parameter negotiation protocol. Its primary applications are for
authenticating host messages based on host identities, and
establishing security associations (SAs) for the ESP transport format
[RFC7402] and possibly other protocols in the future.
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
| | | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | Key | | HIP | | Key | |
| | Management | <-+-----------------------+-> | Management | |
| | Process | | | | Process | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| ^ | | ^ |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | IPsec | | ESP | | IPsec | |
| | Stack | <-+-----------------------+-> | Stack | |
| | | | | | | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| Initiator | | Responder |
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
Figure 1: HIP Deployment Model
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The general deployment model for HIP is shown above, assuming
operation in an end-to-end fashion. This document specifies an
extension to the HIP protocol to enable end-host mobility. In
summary, these extensions to the HIP base protocol enable the
signaling of new addressing information to the peer in HIP messages.
The messages are authenticated via a signature or keyed hash message
authentication code (HMAC) based on its Host Identity. This document
specifies the format of this new addressing (LOCATOR_SET) parameter,
the procedures for sending and processing this parameter to enable
basic host mobility, and procedures for a concurrent address
verification mechanism.
---------
| TCP | (sockets bound to HITs)
---------
|
---------
----> | ESP | {HIT_s, HIT_d} <-> SPI
| ---------
| |
---- ---------
| MH |-> | HIP | {HIT_s, HIT_d, SPI} <-> {IP_s, IP_d, SPI}
---- ---------
|
---------
| IP |
---------
Figure 2: Architecture for HIP Host Mobility (MH)
Figure 2 depicts a layered architectural view of a HIP-enabled stack
using the ESP transport format. In HIP, upper-layer protocols
(including TCP and ESP in this figure) are bound to Host Identity
Tags (HITs) and not IP addresses. The HIP sublayer is responsible
for maintaining the binding between HITs and IP addresses. The SPI
is used to associate an incoming packet with the right HITs. The
block labeled "MH" is introduced below.
Consider first the case in which there is no mobility or multihoming,
as specified in the base protocol specification [RFC7401]. The HIP
base exchange establishes the HITs in use between the hosts, the SPIs
to use for ESP, and the IP addresses (used in both the HIP signaling
packets and ESP data packets). Note that there can only be one such
set of bindings in the outbound direction for any given packet, and
the only fields used for the binding at the HIP layer are the fields
exposed by ESP (the SPI and HITs). For the inbound direction, the
SPI is all that is required to find the right host context. ESP
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rekeying events change the mapping between the HIT pair and SPI, but
do not change the IP addresses.
Consider next a mobility event, in which a host moves to another IP
address. Two things need to occur in this case. First, the peer
needs to be notified of the address change using a HIP UPDATE
message. Second, each host needs to change its local bindings at the
HIP sublayer (new IP addresses). It may be that both the SPIs and IP
addresses are changed simultaneously in a single UPDATE; the protocol
described herein supports this. Although internal notification of
transport layer protocols regarding the path change (e.g. to reset
congestion control variables) may be desired, this specification does
not address such internal notification. In addition, elements of
procedure for traversing network address translators (NATs) and
firewalls, including NATs and firewalls that may understand the HIP
protocol, may complicate the above basic scenario and are not covered
by this document.
3.1.1. Locator
This document defines a generalization of an address called a
"locator". A locator specifies a point-of-attachment to the network
but may also include additional end-to-end tunneling or per-host
demultiplexing context that affects how packets are handled below the
logical HIP sublayer of the stack. This generalization is useful
because IP addresses alone may not be sufficient to describe how
packets should be handled below HIP. For example, in a host
multihoming context, certain IP addresses may need to be associated
with certain ESP SPIs to avoid violating the ESP anti-replay window.
Addresses may also be affiliated with transport ports in certain
tunneling scenarios. Locators may simply be traditional network
addresses. The format of the locator fields in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter is defined in Section 4.
3.1.2. Mobility Overview
When a host moves to another address, it notifies its peer of the new
address by sending a HIP UPDATE packet containing a single
LOCATOR_SET parameter and a single ESP_INFO parameter. This UPDATE
packet is acknowledged by the peer. For reliability in the presence
of packet loss, the UPDATE packet is retransmitted as defined in the
HIP protocol specification [RFC7401]. The peer can authenticate the
contents of the UPDATE packet based on the signature and keyed hash
of the packet.
When using ESP Transport Format [RFC7402], the host may at the same
time decide to rekey its security association and possibly generate a
new Diffie-Hellman key; all of these actions are triggered by
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including additional parameters in the UPDATE packet, as defined in
the base protocol specification [RFC7401] and ESP extension
[RFC7402].
When using ESP (and possibly other transport modes in the future),
the host is able to receive packets that are protected using a HIP
created ESP SA from any address. Thus, a host can change its IP
address and continue to send packets to its peers without necessarily
rekeying. However, the peers are not able to send packets to these
new addresses before they can reliably and securely update the set of
addresses that they associate with the sending host. Furthermore,
mobility may change the path characteristics in such a manner that
reordering occurs and packets fall outside the ESP anti-replay window
for the SA, thereby requiring rekeying.
3.2. Protocol Overview
In this section, we briefly introduce a number of usage scenarios for
HIP host mobility. These scenarios assume that HIP is being used
with the ESP transform [RFC7402], although other scenarios may be
defined in the future. To understand these usage scenarios, the
reader should be at least minimally familiar with the HIP protocol
specification [RFC7401] and with the use of ESP with HIP [RFC7402].
According to these specifications, the data traffic in a HIP session
is protected with ESP, and the ESP SPI acts as an index to the right
host-to-host context. More specification details are found later in
Section 4 and Section 5.
The scenarios below assume that the two hosts have completed a single
HIP base exchange with each other. Both of the hosts therefore have
one incoming and one outgoing SA. Further, each SA uses the same
pair of IP addresses, which are the ones used in the base exchange.
The readdressing protocol is an asymmetric protocol where a mobile
host informs a peer host about changes of IP addresses on affected
SPIs. The readdressing exchange is designed to be piggybacked on
existing HIP exchanges. In support of mobility, the LOCATOR_SET
parameter is carried in UPDATE packets.
The scenarios below at times describe addresses as being in either an
ACTIVE, UNVERIFIED, or DEPRECATED state. From the perspective of a
host, newly-learned addresses of the peer needs to be verified before
put into active service, and addresses removed by the peer are put
into a deprecated state. Under limited conditions described below
(Section 5.6), an UNVERIFIED address may be used. The addressing
states are defined more formally in Section 5.1.
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Hosts that use link-local addresses as source addresses in their HIP
handshakes may not be reachable by a mobile peer. Such hosts SHOULD
provide a globally routable address either in the initial handshake
or via the LOCATOR_SET parameter.
3.2.1. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (No Rekeying)
A mobile host sometimes needs to change an IP address bound to an
interface. The change of an IP address might be needed due to a
change in the advertised IPv6 prefixes on the link, a reconnected PPP
link, a new DHCP lease, or an actual movement to another subnet. In
order to maintain its communication context, the host needs to inform
its peers about the new IP address. This first example considers the
case in which the mobile host has only one interface, one IP address
in use within the HIP session, a single pair of SAs (one inbound, one
outbound), and no rekeying occurs on the SAs. We also assume that
the new IP addresses are within the same address family (IPv4 or
IPv6) as the previous address. This is the simplest scenario,
depicted in Figure 3. Note that the conventions for message
parameter notations in figures (use of parentheses and brackets) is
defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC7401].
Mobile Host Peer Host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, SEQ)
----------------------------------->
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, ECHO_REQUEST)
<-----------------------------------
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
----------------------------------->
Figure 3: Readdress without Rekeying, but with Address Check
The steps of the packet processing are as follows:
1. The mobile host may be disconnected from the peer host for a
brief period of time while it switches from one IP address to
another; this case is sometimes referred to in the literature as
a "break-before-make" case. The host may also obtain its new IP
address before loosing the old one ("make-before-break" case).
In either case, upon obtaining a new IP address, the mobile host
sends a LOCATOR_SET parameter to the peer host in an UPDATE
message. The UPDATE message also contains an ESP_INFO parameter
containing the values of the old and new SPIs for a security
association. In this case, the OLD SPI and NEW SPI parameters
both are set to the value of the preexisting incoming SPI; this
ESP_INFO does not trigger a rekeying event but is instead
included for possible parameter-inspecting firewalls on the path
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([RFC5207] specifies some such firewall scenarios in which the
HIP-aware firewall may want to associate ESP flows to host
identities). The LOCATOR_SET parameter contains the new IP
address (Locator Type of "1", defined below) and a locator
lifetime. The mobile host waits for this UPDATE to be
acknowledged, and retransmits if necessary, as specified in the
base specification [RFC7401].
2. The peer host receives the UPDATE, validates it, and updates any
local bindings between the HIP association and the mobile host's
destination address. The peer host MUST perform an address
verification by placing a nonce in the ECHO_REQUEST parameter of
the UPDATE message sent back to the mobile host. It also
includes an ESP_INFO parameter with the OLD SPI and NEW SPI
parameters both set to the value of the preexisting incoming SPI,
and sends this UPDATE (with piggybacked acknowledgment) to the
mobile host at its new address. This UPDATE also acknowledges
the mobile host's UPDATE that triggered the exchange. The peer
host waits for its UPDATE to be acknowledged, and retransmits if
necessary, as specified in the base specification [RFC7401]. The
peer MAY use the new address immediately, but it MUST limit the
amount of data it sends to the address until address verification
completes.
3. The mobile host completes the readdress by processing the UPDATE
ACK and echoing the nonce in an ECHO_RESPONSE, containing the ACK
of the peer's UPDATE. This UPDATE is not protected by a
retransmission timer because it does not contain a SEQ parameter
requesting acknowledgment. Once the peer host receives this
ECHO_RESPONSE, it considers the new address to be verified and
can put the address into full use.
While the peer host is verifying the new address, the new address is
marked as UNVERIFIED in the interim, and the old address is
DEPRECATED. Once the peer host has received a correct reply to its
UPDATE challenge, it marks the new address as ACTIVE and removes the
old address.
3.2.2. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (Mobile-Initiated Rekey)
The mobile host may decide to rekey the SAs at the same time that it
notifies the peer of the new address. In this case, the above
procedure described in Figure 3 is slightly modified. The UPDATE
message sent from the mobile host includes an ESP_INFO with the OLD
SPI set to the previous SPI, the NEW SPI set to the desired new SPI
value for the incoming SA, and the KEYMAT Index desired. Optionally,
the host may include a DIFFIE_HELLMAN parameter for a new Diffie-
Hellman key. The peer completes the request for a rekey as is
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normally done for HIP rekeying, except that the new address is kept
as UNVERIFIED until the UPDATE nonce challenge is received as
described above. Figure 4 illustrates this scenario.
Mobile Host Peer Host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
----------------------------------->
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST)
<-----------------------------------
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
----------------------------------->
Figure 4: Readdress with Mobile-Initiated Rekey
3.2.3. Mobility messaging through rendezvous server
Section 6.11 of [RFC7401] specifies procedures for sending HIP UPDATE
packets. The UPDATE packets are protected by a timer subject to
exponential backoff and resent UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times. It may be,
however, that the peer is itself in the process of moving when the
local host is trying to update the IP address bindings of the HIP
association. This is sometimes called the "double-jump" mobility
problem; each host's UPDATE packets are simultaneously sent to a
stale address of the peer, and the hosts are no longer reachable from
one another.
The HIP Rendezvous Extension [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis] specifies a
rendezvous service that permits the I1 packet from the base exchange
to be relayed from a stable or well-known public IP address location
to the current IP address of the host. It is possible to support
double-jump mobility with this rendezvous service if the following
extensions to the specifications of [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis] and
[RFC7401] are followed.
1. The mobile host sending an UPDATE to the peer, and not receiving
an ACK, MAY resend the UPDATE to a rendezvous server (RVS) of the
peer, if such a server is known. The host MAY try the RVS of the
peer up to UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times as specified in [RFC7401]. The
host MAY try to use the peer's RVS before it has tried
UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times to the last working address (i.e. the RVS
MAY be tried in parallel with retries to the last working
address). The aggressiveness of a host replicating its UPDATEs
to multiple destinations, to try candidates in parallel instead
of serially, is a policy choice outside of this specification.
2. A rendezvous server supporting the UPDATE forwarding extensions
specified herein MUST modify the UPDATE in the same manner as it
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modifies the I1 packet before forwarding. Specifically, it MUST
rewrite the IP header source and destination addresses, recompute
the IP header checksum, and include the FROM and RVS_HMAC
parameters.
3. A host receiving an UPDATE packet MUST be prepared to process the
FROM and RVS_HMAC parameters, and MUST include a VIA_RVS
parameter in the UPDATE reply that contains the ACK of the UPDATE
SEQ.
4. An initiator receiving a VIA_RVS in the UPDATE reply should
initiate address reachability tests (described later in this
document) towards the end host's address and not towards the
address included in the VIA_RVS.
This scenario requires that hosts using rendezvous servers also take
steps to update their current address bindings with their rendezvous
server upon a mobility event. [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis] does not
specify how to update the rendezvous server with a client host's new
address. [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5203-bis] Section 3.2 describes how a host
may send a REG_REQUEST in either an I2 packet (if there is no active
association) or an UPDATE packet (if such association exists).
According to procedures described in [I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5203-bis], if a
mobile host has an active registration, it may use mobility updates
specified herein, within the context of that association, to
readdress the association.
3.2.4. Network Renumbering
It is expected that IPv6 networks will be renumbered much more often
than most IPv4 networks. From an end-host point of view, network
renumbering is similar to mobility, and procedures described herein
also apply to notify a peer of a changed address.
3.3. Other Considerations
3.3.1. Address Verification
When a HIP host receives a set of locators from another HIP host in a
LOCATOR_SET, it does not necessarily know whether the other host is
actually reachable at the claimed addresses. In fact, a malicious
peer host may be intentionally giving bogus addresses in order to
cause a packet flood towards the target addresses [RFC4225].
Therefore, the HIP host needs to first check that the peer is
reachable at the new address.
Address verification is implemented by the challenger sending some
piece of unguessable information to the new address, and waiting for
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some acknowledgment from the Responder that indicates reception of
the information at the new address. This may include the exchange of
a nonce, or the generation of a new SPI and observation of data
arriving on the new SPI. More details are found in Section 5.4 of
this document.
An additional potential benefit of performing address verification is
to allow NATs and firewalls in the network along the new path to
obtain the peer host's inbound SPI.
3.3.2. Credit-Based Authorization
Credit-Based Authorization (CBA) allows a host to securely use a new
locator even though the peer's reachability at the address embedded
in the locator has not yet been verified. This is accomplished based
on the following three hypotheses:
1. A flooding attacker typically seeks to somehow multiply the
packets it generates for the purpose of its attack because
bandwidth is an ample resource for many victims.
2. An attacker can often cause unamplified flooding by sending
packets to its victim, either by directly addressing the victim
in the packets, or by guiding the packets along a specific path
by means of an IPv6 Routing header, if Routing headers are not
filtered by firewalls.
3. Consequently, the additional effort required to set up a
redirection-based flooding attack (without CBA and return
routability checks) would pay off for the attacker only if
amplification could be obtained this way.
On this basis, rather than eliminating malicious packet redirection
in the first place, Credit-Based Authorization prevents
amplifications. This is accomplished by limiting the data a host can
send to an unverified address of a peer by the data recently received
from that peer. Redirection-based flooding attacks thus become less
attractive than, for example, pure direct flooding, where the
attacker itself sends bogus packets to the victim.
Figure 5 illustrates Credit-Based Authorization: Host B measures the
amount of data recently received from peer A and, when A readdresses,
sends packets to A's new, unverified address as long as the sum of
the packet sizes does not exceed the measured, received data volume.
When insufficient credit is left, B stops sending further packets to
A until A's address becomes ACTIVE. The address changes may be due
to mobility, multihoming, or any other reason. Not shown in Figure 5
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are the results of credit aging (Section 5.6.2), a mechanism used to
dampen possible time-shifting attacks.
+-------+ +-------+
| A | | B |
+-------+ +-------+
| |
address |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
ACTIVE | |
|------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
|<-------------------------------| do not change credit
| |
+ address change |
+ address verification starts |
address |<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
UNVERIFIED |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
|<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
| |
|<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
| X credit < size(packet)
| | => do not send packet!
+ address verification concludes |
address | |
ACTIVE |<-------------------------------| do not change credit
| |
Figure 5: Readdressing Scenario
This document does not specify how to set the credit limit value, but
the goal is to allow data transfers to proceed without much
interruption while the new address is verified. A simple heuristic
to accomplish this, if the sender knows roughly its round-trip time
(RTT) and current sending rate to the host, is to allow enough credit
to support maintaining the sending rate for a duration corresponding
to two or three RTTs.
3.3.3. Preferred Locator
When a host has multiple locators, the peer host needs to decide
which to use for outbound packets. It may be that a host would
prefer to receive data on a particular inbound interface. HIP allows
a particular locator to be designated as a Preferred locator and
communicated to the peer (see Section 4).
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4. LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format
The LOCATOR_SET parameter has a type number value that is considered
to be a 'critical parameter' as per the definition in [RFC7401]; such
parameter types MUST be recognized and processed by the recipient.
The parameter consists of the standard HIP parameter Type and Length
fields, plus zero or more Locator sub-parameters. Each Locator sub-
parameter contains a Traffic Type, Locator Type, Locator Length,
Preferred locator bit, Locator Lifetime, and a Locator encoding. A
LOCATOR_SET containing zero Locator fields is permitted but has the
effect of deprecating all addresses.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
. .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format
Type: 193
Length: Length in octets, excluding Type and Length fields, and
excluding padding.
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Traffic Type: Defines whether the locator pertains to HIP signaling,
user data, or both.
Locator Type: Defines the semantics of the Locator field.
Locator Length: Defines the length of the Locator field, in units of
4-byte words (Locators up to a maximum of 4*255 octets are
supported).
Reserved: Zero when sent, ignored when received.
P: Preferred locator. Set to one if the locator is preferred for
that Traffic Type; otherwise, set to zero.
Locator Lifetime: Locator lifetime, in seconds.
Locator: The locator whose semantics and encoding are indicated by
the Locator Type field. All Locator sub-fields are integral
multiples of four octets in length.
The Locator Lifetime indicates how long the following locator is
expected to be valid. The lifetime is expressed in seconds. Each
locator MUST have a non-zero lifetime. The address is expected to
become deprecated when the specified number of seconds has passed
since the reception of the message. A deprecated address SHOULD NOT
be used as a destination address if an alternate (non-deprecated) is
available and has sufficient address scope.
4.1. Traffic Type and Preferred Locator
The following Traffic Type values are defined:
0: Both signaling (HIP control packets) and user data.
1: Signaling packets only.
2: Data packets only.
The "P" bit, when set, has scope over the corresponding Traffic Type.
That is, when a "P" bit is set for Traffic Type "2", for example, it
means that the locator is preferred for data packets. If there is a
conflict (for example, if the "P" bit is set for an address of Type
"0" and a different address of Type "2"), the more specific Traffic
Type rule applies (in this case, "2"). By default, the IP addresses
used in the base exchange are Preferred locators for both signaling
and user data, unless a new Preferred locator supersedes them. If no
locators are indicated as preferred for a given Traffic Type, the
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implementation may use an arbitrary destination locator from the set
of active locators.
4.2. Locator Type and Locator
The following Locator Type values are defined, along with the
associated semantics of the Locator field:
0: An IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address [RFC4291]
(128 bits long). This locator type is defined primarily for non-
ESP-based usage.
1: The concatenation of an ESP SPI (first 32 bits) followed by an
IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address (an additional
128 bits). This IP address is defined primarily for ESP-based
usage.
4.3. UPDATE Packet with Included LOCATOR_SET
A number of combinations of parameters in an UPDATE packet are
possible (e.g., see Section 3.2). In this document, procedures are
defined only for the case in which one LOCATOR_SET and one ESP_INFO
parameter is used in any HIP packet. Any UPDATE packet that includes
a LOCATOR_SET parameter SHOULD include both an HMAC and a
HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
The UPDATE MAY also include a HOST_ID parameter (which may be useful
for HIP-aware firewalls inspecting the HIP messages for the first
time). If the UPDATE includes the HOST_ID parameter, the receiving
host MUST verify that the HOST_ID corresponds to the HOST_ID that was
used to establish the HIP association, and the HIP_SIGNATURE MUST
verify with the public key associated with this HOST_ID parameter.
The relationship between the announced Locators and any ESP_INFO
parameters present in the packet is defined in Section 5.2. This
document does not support any elements of procedure for sending more
than one LOCATOR_SET or ESP_INFO parameter in a single UPDATE.
5. Processing Rules
This section describes rules for sending and receiving the
LOCATOR_SET parameter, testing address reachability, and using
Credit-Based Authorization (CBA) on UNVERIFIED locators.
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5.1. Locator Data Structure and Status
Each locator announced in a LOCATOR_SET parameter is represented by a
piece of state that contains the following data:
o the actual bit pattern representing the locator,
o the lifetime (seconds),
o the status (UNVERIFIED, ACTIVE, DEPRECATED),
o the Traffic Type scope of the locator, and
o whether the locator is preferred for any particular scope.
The status is used to track the reachability of the address embedded
within the LOCATOR_SET parameter:
UNVERIFIED indicates that the reachability of the address has not
been verified yet,
ACTIVE indicates that the reachability of the address has been
verified and the address has not been deprecated,
DEPRECATED indicates that the locator lifetime has expired.
The following state changes are allowed:
UNVERIFIED to ACTIVE The reachability procedure completes
successfully.
UNVERIFIED to DEPRECATED The locator lifetime expires while the
locator is UNVERIFIED.
ACTIVE to DEPRECATED The locator lifetime expires while the locator
is ACTIVE.
ACTIVE to UNVERIFIED There has been no traffic on the address for
some time, and the local policy mandates that the address
reachability needs to be verified again before starting to use it
again.
DEPRECATED to UNVERIFIED The host receives a new lifetime for the
locator.
A DEPRECATED address MUST NOT be changed to ACTIVE without first
verifying its reachability.
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Note that the state of whether or not a locator is preferred is not
necessarily the same as the value of the Preferred bit in the Locator
sub-parameter received from the peer. Peers may recommend certain
locators to be preferred, but the decision on whether to actually use
a locator as a preferred locator is a local decision, possibly
influenced by local policy.
In addition to state maintained about status and remaining lifetime
for each locator learned from the peer, an implementation would
typically maintain similar state about its own locators that have
been offered to the peer.
An unbounded locator lifetime can be signified by setting the value
of the lifetime field to the maximum (unsigned) value.
Finally, the locators used to establish the HIP association are by
default assumed to be the initial preferred locators in ACTIVE state,
with an unbounded lifetime.
5.2. Sending the LOCATOR_SET
The decision of when to send the LOCATOR_SET is a local policy issue.
However, it is RECOMMENDED that a host send a LOCATOR_SET whenever it
recognizes a change of its IP addresses in use on an active HIP
association, and assumes that the change is going to last at least
for a few seconds. Rapidly sending LOCATOR_SETs that force the peer
to change the preferred address SHOULD be avoided.
The sending of a new LOCATOR_SET parameter replaces the locator
information from any previously sent LOCATOR_SET parameter, and
therefore if a host sends a new LOCATOR_SET parameter, it needs to
continue to include all active locators. Hosts MUST NOT announce
broadcast or multicast addresses in LOCATOR_SETs.
We now describe a few cases introduced in Section 3.2. We assume
that the Traffic Type for each locator is set to "0" (other values
for Traffic Type may be specified in documents that separate the HIP
control plane from data plane traffic). Other mobility cases are
possible but are left for further study.
1. Host mobility with no multihoming and no rekeying. The mobile
host creates a single UPDATE containing a single ESP_INFO with a
single LOCATOR_SET parameter. The ESP_INFO contains the current
value of the SPI in both the OLD SPI and NEW SPI fields. The
LOCATOR_SET contains a single Locator with a "Locator Type" of
"1"; the SPI MUST match that of the ESP_INFO. The Preferred bit
SHOULD be set and the "Locator Lifetime" is set according to
local policy. The UPDATE also contains a SEQ parameter as usual.
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This packet is retransmitted as defined in the HIP protocol
specification [RFC7401]. The UPDATE should be sent to the peer's
preferred IP address with an IP source address corresponding to
the address in the LOCATOR_SET parameter.
2. Host mobility with no multihoming but with rekeying. The mobile
host creates a single UPDATE containing a single ESP_INFO with a
single LOCATOR_SET parameter (with a single address). The
ESP_INFO contains the current value of the SPI in the OLD SPI and
the new value of the SPI in the NEW SPI, and a KEYMAT Index as
selected by local policy. Optionally, the host may choose to
initiate a Diffie Hellman rekey by including a DIFFIE_HELLMAN
parameter. The LOCATOR_SET contains a single Locator with
"Locator Type" of "1"; the SPI MUST match that of the NEW SPI in
the ESP_INFO. Otherwise, the steps are identical to the case in
which no rekeying is initiated.
5.3. Handling Received LOCATOR_SETs
A host SHOULD be prepared to receive a single LOCATOR_SET parameter
in a HIP UPDATE packet. Reception of multiple LOCATOR_SET parameters
in a single packet, or in HIP packets other than UPDATE, is outside
of the scope of this specification.
Because a host sending the LOCATOR_SET may send the same parameter in
different UPDATE messages to different destination addresses,
including possibly the rendezvous server of the host, the host
receiving the LOCATOR_SET MUST be prepared to handle the possibility
of duplicate LOCATOR_SETs sent to more than one of the host's
addresses. As a result, the host MUST detect and avoid reprocessing
a LOCATOR_SET parameter that is redundant with a LOCATOR_SET
parameter that has been recently received and processed.
This document describes sending both ESP_INFO and LOCATOR_SET
parameters in an UPDATE. The ESP_INFO parameter is included when
there is a need to rekey or key a new SPI, and is otherwise included
for the possible benefit of HIP-aware NATs and firewalls. The
LOCATOR_SET parameter contains a complete listing of the locators
that the host wishes to make or keep active for the HIP association.
In general, the processing of a LOCATOR_SET depends upon the packet
type in which it is included. Here, we describe only the case in
which ESP_INFO is present and a single LOCATOR_SET and ESP_INFO are
sent in an UPDATE message; other cases are for further study. The
steps below cover each of the cases described in Section 5.2.
The processing of ESP_INFO and LOCATOR_SET parameters is intended to
be modular and support future generalization to the inclusion of
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multiple ESP_INFO and/or multiple LOCATOR_SET parameters. A host
SHOULD first process the ESP_INFO before the LOCATOR_SET, since the
ESP_INFO may contain a new SPI value mapped to an existing SPI, while
a Type "1" locator will only contain a reference to the new SPI.
When a host receives a validated HIP UPDATE with a LOCATOR_SET and
ESP_INFO parameter, it processes the ESP_INFO as follows. The
ESP_INFO parameter indicates whether an SA is being rekeyed, created,
deprecated, or just identified for the benefit of HIP-aware NATs and
firewalls. The host examines the OLD SPI and NEW SPI values in the
ESP_INFO parameter:
1. (no rekeying) If the OLD SPI is equal to the NEW SPI and both
correspond to an existing SPI, the ESP_INFO is gratuitous
(provided for HIP-aware NATs and firewalls) and no rekeying is
necessary.
2. (rekeying) If the OLD SPI indicates an existing SPI and the NEW
SPI is a different non-zero value, the existing SA is being
rekeyed and the host follows HIP ESP rekeying procedures by
creating a new outbound SA with an SPI corresponding to the NEW
SPI, with no addresses bound to this SPI. Note that locators in
the LOCATOR_SET parameter will reference this new SPI instead of
the old SPI.
3. (new SA) If the OLD SPI value is zero and the NEW SPI is a new
non-zero value, then a new SA is being requested by the peer.
This case is also treated like a rekeying event; the receiving
host MUST create a new SA and respond with an UPDATE ACK.
4. (deprecating the SA) If the OLD SPI indicates an existing SPI and
the NEW SPI is zero, the SA is being deprecated and all locators
uniquely bound to the SPI are put into the DEPRECATED state.
If none of the above cases apply, a protocol error has occurred and
the processing of the UPDATE is stopped.
Next, the locators in the LOCATOR_SET parameter are processed. For
each locator listed in the LOCATOR_SET parameter, check that the
address therein is a legal unicast or anycast address. That is, the
address MUST NOT be a broadcast or multicast address. Note that some
implementations MAY accept addresses that indicate the local host,
since it may be allowed that the host runs HIP with itself.
The below assumes that all locators are of Type "1" with a Traffic
Type of "0"; other cases are for further study.
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For each Type "1" address listed in the LOCATOR_SET parameter, the
host checks whether the address is already bound to the SPI
indicated. If the address is already bound, its lifetime is updated.
If the status of the address is DEPRECATED, the status is changed to
UNVERIFIED. If the address is not already bound, the address is
added, and its status is set to UNVERIFIED. Mark all addresses
corresponding to the SPI that were NOT listed in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter as DEPRECATED.
As a result, at the end of processing, the addresses listed in the
LOCATOR_SET parameter have either a state of UNVERIFIED or ACTIVE,
and any old addresses on the old SA not listed in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter have a state of DEPRECATED.
Once the host has processed the locators, if the LOCATOR_SET
parameter contains a new Preferred locator, the host SHOULD initiate
a change of the Preferred locator. This requires that the host first
verifies reachability of the associated address, and only then
changes the Preferred locator; see Section 5.5.
If a host receives a locator with an unsupported Locator Type, and
when such a locator is also declared to be the Preferred locator for
the peer, the host SHOULD send a NOTIFY error with a Notify Message
Type of LOCATOR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED, with the Notification Data field
containing the locator(s) that the receiver failed to process.
Otherwise, a host MAY send a NOTIFY error if a (non-preferred)
locator with an unsupported Locator Type is received in a LOCATOR_SET
parameter.
A host MAY add the source IP address of a received HIP packet as a
candidate locator for the peer even if it is not listed in the peer's
LOCATOR_SET, but it SHOULD prefer locators explicitly listed in the
LOCATOR_SET.
5.4. Verifying Address Reachability
A host MUST verify the reachability of an UNVERIFIED address. The
status of a newly learned address MUST initially be set to UNVERIFIED
unless the new address is advertised in a R1 packet as a new
Preferred locator. A host MAY also want to verify the reachability
of an ACTIVE address again after some time, in which case it would
set the status of the address to UNVERIFIED and reinitiate address
verification. A typical verification that is protected by
retransmission timers is to include an ECHO REQUEST within an UPDATE
sent to the new address.
A host typically starts the address-verification procedure by sending
a nonce to the new address. A host MAY choose from different message
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exchanges or different nonce values so long as it establishes that
the peer has received and replied to the nonce at the new address.
For example, when the host is changing its SPI and sending an
ESP_INFO to the peer, the NEW SPI value SHOULD be random and the
random value MAY be copied into an ECHO_REQUEST sent in the rekeying
UPDATE. However, if the host is not changing its SPI, it MAY still
use the ECHO_REQUEST parameter for verification but with some other
random value. A host MAY also use other message exchanges as
confirmation of the address reachability.
In some cases, it MAY be sufficient to use the arrival of data on a
newly advertised SA as implicit address reachability verification as
depicted in Figure 7, instead of waiting for the confirmation via a
HIP packet. In this case, a host advertising a new SPI as part of
its address reachability check SHOULD be prepared to receive traffic
on the new SA.
Mobile host Peer host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, ...)
---------------------------------->
prepare incoming SA
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, ...) with new SPI
<-----------------------------------
switch to new outgoing SA
data on new SA
----------------------------------->
mark address ACTIVE
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) later arrives
----------------------------------->
Figure 7: Address Activation Via Use of a New SA
When address verification is in progress for a new Preferred locator,
the host SHOULD select a different locator listed as ACTIVE, if one
such locator is available, to continue communications until address
verification completes. Alternatively, the host MAY use the new
Preferred locator while in UNVERIFIED status to the extent Credit-
Based Authorization permits. Credit-Based Authorization is explained
in Section 5.6. Once address verification succeeds, the status of
the new Preferred locator changes to ACTIVE.
5.5. Changing the Preferred Locator
A host MAY want to change the Preferred outgoing locator for
different reasons, e.g., because traffic information or ICMP error
messages indicate that the currently used preferred address may have
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become unreachable. Another reason may be due to receiving a
LOCATOR_SET parameter that has the "P" bit set.
To change the Preferred locator, the host initiates the following
procedure:
1. If the new Preferred locator has ACTIVE status, the Preferred
locator is changed and the procedure succeeds.
2. If the new Preferred locator has UNVERIFIED status, the host
starts to verify its reachability. The host SHOULD use a
different locator listed as ACTIVE until address verification
completes if one such locator is available. Alternatively, the
host MAY use the new Preferred locator, even though in UNVERIFIED
status, to the extent Credit-Based Authorization permits. Once
address verification succeeds, the status of the new Preferred
locator changes to ACTIVE and its use is no longer governed by
Credit-Based Authorization.
3. If the peer host has not indicated a preference for any address,
then the host picks one of the peer's ACTIVE addresses randomly
or according to local policy. This case may arise if, for
example, ICMP error messages that deprecate the Preferred locator
arrive, but the peer has not yet indicated a new Preferred
locator.
4. If the new Preferred locator has DEPRECATED status and there is
at least one non-deprecated address, the host selects one of the
non-deprecated addresses as a new Preferred locator and
continues. If the selected address is UNVERIFIED, the address
verification procedure described above will apply.
5.6. Credit-Based Authorization
To prevent redirection-based flooding attacks, the use of a Credit-
Based Authorization (CBA) approach MUST be used when a host sends
data to an UNVERIFIED locator. The following algorithm addresses the
security considerations for prevention of amplification and time-
shifting attacks. Other forms of credit aging, and other values for
the CreditAgingFactor and CreditAgingInterval parameters in
particular, are for further study, and so are the advanced CBA
techniques specified in [CBA-MIPv6].
5.6.1. Handling Payload Packets
A host maintains a "credit counter" for each of its peers. Whenever
a packet arrives from a peer, the host SHOULD increase that peer's
credit counter by the size of the received packet. When the host has
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a packet to be sent to the peer, and when the peer's Preferred
locator is listed as UNVERIFIED and no alternative locator with
status ACTIVE is available, the host checks whether it can send the
packet to the UNVERIFIED locator. The packet SHOULD be sent if the
value of the credit counter is higher than the size of the outbound
packet. If the credit counter is too low, the packet MUST be
discarded or buffered until address verification succeeds. When a
packet is sent to a peer at an UNVERIFIED locator, the peer's credit
counter MUST be reduced by the size of the packet. The peer's credit
counter is not affected by packets that the host sends to an ACTIVE
locator of that peer.
Figure 8 depicts the actions taken by the host when a packet is
received. Figure 9 shows the decision chain in the event a packet is
sent.
Inbound
packet
|
| +----------------+ +---------------+
| | Increase | | Deliver |
+-----> | credit counter |-------------> | packet to |
| by packet size | | application |
+----------------+ +---------------+
Figure 8: Receiving Packets with Credit-Based Authorization
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Outbound
packet
| _________________
| / \ +---------------+
| / Is the preferred \ No | Send packet |
+-----> | destination address |-------------> | to preferred |
\ UNVERIFIED? / | address |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| Yes
|
v
_________________
/ \ +---------------+
/ Does an ACTIVE \ Yes | Send packet |
| destination address |-------------> | to ACTIVE |
\ exist? / | address |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| No
|
v
_________________
/ \ +---------------+
/ Credit counter \ No | |
| >= |-------------> | Drop or |
\ packet size? / | buffer packet |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| Yes
|
v
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Reduce credit | | Send packet |
| counter by |----------------> | to preferred |
| packet size | | address |
+---------------+ +---------------+
Figure 9: Sending Packets with Credit-Based Authorization
5.6.2. Credit Aging
A host ensures that the credit counters it maintains for its peers
gradually decrease over time. Such "credit aging" prevents a
malicious peer from building up credit at a very slow speed and using
this, all at once, for a severe burst of redirected packets.
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Credit aging may be implemented by multiplying credit counters with a
factor, CreditAgingFactor (a fractional value less than one), in
fixed time intervals of CreditAgingInterval length. Choosing
appropriate values for CreditAgingFactor and CreditAgingInterval is
important to ensure that a host can send packets to an address in
state UNVERIFIED even when the peer sends at a lower rate than the
host itself. When CreditAgingFactor or CreditAgingInterval are too
small, the peer's credit counter might be too low to continue sending
packets until address verification concludes.
The parameter values proposed in this document are as follows:
CreditAgingFactor 7/8
CreditAgingInterval 5 seconds
These parameter values work well when the host transfers a file to
the peer via a TCP connection and the end-to-end round-trip time does
not exceed 500 milliseconds. Alternative credit-aging algorithms may
use other parameter values or different parameters, which may even be
dynamically established.
6. Security Considerations
The HIP mobility mechanism provides a secure means of updating a
host's IP address via HIP UPDATE packets. Upon receipt, a HIP host
cryptographically verifies the sender of an UPDATE, so forging or
replaying a HIP UPDATE packet is very difficult (see [RFC7401]).
Therefore, security issues reside in other attack domains. The two
we consider are malicious redirection of legitimate connections as
well as redirection-based flooding attacks using this protocol. This
can be broken down into the following:
1) Impersonation attacks
- direct conversation with the misled victim
- man-in-the-middle attack
2) DoS attacks
- flooding attacks (== bandwidth-exhaustion attacks)
* tool 1: direct flooding
* tool 2: flooding by botnets
* tool 3: redirection-based flooding
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- memory-exhaustion attacks
- computational-exhaustion attacks
3) Privacy concerns
We consider these in more detail in the following sections.
In Section 6.1 and Section 6.2, we assume that all users are using
HIP. In Section 6.3 we consider the security ramifications when we
have both HIP and non-HIP hosts.
6.1. Impersonation Attacks
An attacker wishing to impersonate another host will try to mislead
its victim into directly communicating with them, or carry out a man-
in-the-middle (MitM) attack between the victim and the victim's
desired communication peer. Without mobility support, such attacks
are possible only if the attacker resides on the routing path between
its victim and the victim's desired communication peer, or if the
attacker tricks its victim into initiating the connection over an
incorrect routing path (e.g., by acting as a router or using spoofed
DNS entries).
The HIP extensions defined in this specification change the situation
in that they introduce an ability to redirect a connection, both
before and after establishment. If no precautionary measures are
taken, an attacker could potentially misuse the redirection feature
to impersonate a victim's peer from any arbitrary location. However,
the authentication and authorization mechanisms of the HIP base
exchange [RFC7401] and the signatures in the UPDATE message prevent
this attack. Furthermore, ownership of a HIP association is securely
linked to a HIP HI/HIT. If an attacker somehow uses a bug in the
implementation to redirect a HIP connection, the original owner can
always reclaim their connection (they can always prove ownership of
the private key associated with their public HI).
MitM attacks are possible if an on-path attacker is present during
the initial HIP base exchange and if the hosts do not authenticate
each other's identities. However, once such an opportunistic base
exchange has taken place, a MitM attacker that comes later to the
path cannot steal the HIP connection because it is very difficult for
an attacker to create an UPDATE packet (or any HIP packet) that will
be accepted as a legitimate update. UPDATE packets use HMAC and are
signed. Even when an attacker can snoop packets to obtain the SPI
and HIT/HI, they still cannot forge an UPDATE packet without
knowledge of the secret keys. Also, replay attacks on the UPDATE
packet are prevented as described in [RFC7401].
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6.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks
6.2.1. Flooding Attacks
The purpose of a denial-of-service attack is to exhaust some resource
of the victim such that the victim ceases to operate correctly. A
denial-of-service attack can aim at the victim's network attachment
(flooding attack), its memory, or its processing capacity. In a
flooding attack, the attacker causes an excessive number of bogus or
unwanted packets to be sent to the victim, which fills their
available bandwidth. Note that the victim does not necessarily need
to be a node; it can also be an entire network. The attack functions
the same way in either case.
An effective DoS strategy is distributed denial of service (DDoS).
Here, the attacker conventionally distributes some viral software to
as many nodes as possible. Under the control of the attacker, the
infected nodes (e.g. nodes in a botnet), jointly send packets to the
victim. With such an 'army', an attacker can take down even very
high bandwidth networks/victims.
With the ability to redirect connections, an attacker could realize a
DDoS attack without having to distribute viral code. Here, the
attacker initiates a large download from a server, and subsequently
uses the HIP mobility mechanism to redirect this download to its
victim. The attacker can repeat this with multiple servers. This
threat is mitigated through reachability checks and credit-based
authorization. Reachability checks, which when conducted using HIP
can leverage the built-in authentication properties of HIP, can
prevent redirection-based flooding attacks. However, the delay of
such a check can have a noticeable impact on application performance.
To reduce the impact of the delay, credit-based authorization can be
used to send a limited number of packets to the new address while the
validity of the IP address is still in question. Both strategies do
not eliminate flooding attacks per se, but they preclude: (i) their
use from a location off the path towards the flooded victim; and (ii)
any amplification in the number and size of the redirected packets.
As a result, the combination of a reachability check and credit-based
authorization lowers a HIP redirection-based flooding attack to the
level of a direct flooding attack in which the attacker itself sends
the flooding traffic to the victim.
6.2.2. Memory/Computational-Exhaustion DoS Attacks
We now consider whether or not the proposed extensions to HIP add any
new DoS attacks (consideration of DoS attacks using the base HIP
exchange and updates is discussed in [RFC7401]). A simple attack is
to send many UPDATE packets containing many IP addresses that are not
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flagged as preferred. The attacker continues to send such packets
until the number of IP addresses associated with the attacker's HI
crashes the system. Therefore, a HIP association SHOULD limit the
number of IP addresses that can be associated with any HI. Other
forms of memory/computationally exhausting attacks via the HIP UPDATE
packet are handled in the base HIP document [RFC7401].
A central server that has to deal with a large number of mobile
clients MAY consider increasing the SA lifetimes to try to slow down
the rate of rekeying UPDATEs or increasing the cookie difficulty to
slow down the rate of attack-oriented connections.
6.3. Mixed Deployment Environment
We now assume an environment with both HIP and non-HIP aware hosts.
Four cases exist.
1. A HIP host redirects its connection onto a non-HIP host. The
non-HIP host will drop the reachability packet, so this is not a
threat unless the HIP host is a MitM that could somehow respond
successfully to the reachability check.
2. A non-HIP host attempts to redirect their connection onto a HIP
host. This falls into IPv4 and IPv6 security concerns, which are
outside the scope of this document.
3. A non-HIP host attempts to steal a HIP host's session (assume
that Secure Neighbor Discovery is not active for the following).
The non-HIP host contacts the service that a HIP host has a
connection with and then attempts to change its IP address to
steal the HIP host's connection. What will happen in this case
is implementation dependent but such a request should fail by
being ignored or dropped. Even if the attack were successful,
the HIP host could reclaim its connection via HIP.
4. A HIP host attempts to steal a non-HIP host's session. A HIP
host could spoof the non-HIP host's IP address during the base
exchange or set the non-HIP host's IP address as its preferred
address via an UPDATE. Other possibilities exist, but a solution
is to prevent the local redirection of sessions that were
previously using an unverified address, but outside of the
existing HIP context, into the HIP SAs until the address change
can be verified.
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6.4. Privacy Concerns
The exposure of a host's IP addresses through HIP mobility extensions
may raise privacy concerns. The administrator of a host may be
trying to hide its location in some context through the use of a VPN
or other virtual interfaces. Similar privacy issues also arise in
other frameworks such as WebRTC and are not specific to HIP.
Implementations SHOULD provide a mechanism to allow the host
administrator to block the exposure of selected addresses or address
ranges. While this issue may be more relevant in a host multihoming
scenario in which multiple IP addresses might be exposed
([I-D.ietf-hip-multihoming]), it is worth noting also here that
mobility events might cause an implementation to try to inadvertently
use a locator that the adminstrator would rather avoid exposing to
the peer host.
7. IANA Considerations
[RFC5206], obsoleted by this document, specified an allocation for a
LOCATOR parameter in the HIP Parameters registry, with a type value
of 193. This document requests IANA to rename the parameter to
'LOCATOR_SET' and to update the reference from [RFC5206] to this
specification.
[RFC5206], obsoleted by this document, specified an allocation a
LOCATOR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED type in the Notify Message Type registry,
with a type value of 46. This document requests IANA to update the
reference from [RFC5206] to this specification.
8. Differences from RFC 5206
This section summarizes the technical changes made from [RFC5206].
This section is informational, intended to help implementors of the
previous protocol version. If any text in this section contradicts
text in other portions of this specification, the text found outside
of this section should be considered normative.
This document specifies extensions to the HIP Version 2 protocol,
while [RFC5206] specifies extensions to the HIP Version 1 protocol.
[RFC7401] documents the differences between these two protocol
versions.
[RFC5206] included procedures for both HIP host mobility and basic
host multihoming. In this document, only host mobility procedures
are included; host multihoming procedures are now specified in
[I-D.ietf-hip-multihoming]. In particular, multihoming-related
procedures related to the exposure of multiple locators in the base
exchange packets, the transmission, reception, and processing of
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multiple locators in a single UPDATE packet, handovers across IP
address families, and other multihoming-related specification has
been removed.
The following additional changes have been made:
o The LOCATOR parameter in [RFC5206] has been renamed to
LOCATOR_SET.
o Specification text regarding the handling of mobility when both
hosts change IP addresses at nearly the same time (a 'double-jump'
mobility scenario) has been added.
o Specification text regarding the mobility event in which the host
briefly has an active new locator and old locator at the same time
(a 'make-before-break' mobility scenario) has been added.
o Specification text has been added to note that a host may add the
source IP address of a received HIP packet as a candidate locator
for the peer even if it is not listed in the peer's LOCATOR_SET,
but that it should prefer locators explicitly listed in the
LOCATOR_SET.
o This document clarifies that the HOST_ID parameter may be included
in UPDATE messages containing LOCATOR_SET parameters, for the
possible benefit of HIP-aware firewalls.
o The previous specification mentioned that it may be possible to
include multiple LOCATOR_SET and ESP_INFO parameters in an UPDATE.
This document only specifies the case of a single LOCATOR_SET and
ESP_INFO parameter in an UPDATE.
o The previous specification mentioned that it may be possible to
send LOCATOR_SET parameters in packets other than the UPDATE.
This document only specifies the use of the UPDATE packet.
o This document describes a simple heuristic for setting the credit
value for Credit-Based Authorization.
o This specification mandates that a host must be able to receive
and avoid reprocessing redundant LOCATOR_SET parameters that may
have been sent in parallel to multiple addresses of the host.
9. Authors and Acknowledgments
Pekka Nikander and Jari Arkko originated this document, and Christian
Vogt and Thomas Henderson (editor) later joined as co-authors. Greg
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Perkins contributed the initial draft of the security section. Petri
Jokela was a co-author of the initial individual submission.
Credit-Based Authorization was originally introduced in [SIMPLE-CBA],
and portions of this document have been adopted from that earlier
draft.
The authors thank Jeff Ahrenholz, Baris Boyvat, Rene Hummen, Miika
Komu, Mika Kousa, Jan Melen, and Samu Varjonen for improvements to
the document.
10. References
10.1. Normative references
[I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5203-bis]
Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Registration Extension", draft-ietf-hip-rfc5203-bis-11
(work in progress), August 2016.
[I-D.ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis]
Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Rendezvous Extension", draft-ietf-hip-rfc5204-bis-08 (work
in progress), August 2016.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC7401] Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.
[RFC7402] Jokela, P., Moskowitz, R., and J. Melen, "Using the
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with
the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)", RFC 7402,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7402, April 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7402>.
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10.2. Informative references
[CBA-MIPv6]
Vogt, C. and J. Arkko, "Credit-Based Authorization for
Mobile IPv6 Early Binding Updates", February 2005.
[I-D.ietf-hip-multihoming]
Henderson, T., Vogt, C., and J. Arkko, "Host Multihoming
with the Host Identity Protocol", draft-ietf-hip-
multihoming-11 (work in progress), September 2016.
[RFC4225] Nikander, P., Arkko, J., Aura, T., Montenegro, G., and E.
Nordmark, "Mobile IP Version 6 Route Optimization Security
Design Background", RFC 4225, DOI 10.17487/RFC4225,
December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4225>.
[RFC5206] Nikander, P., Henderson, T., Ed., Vogt, C., and J. Arkko,
"End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the Host Identity
Protocol", RFC 5206, DOI 10.17487/RFC5206, April 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5206>.
[RFC5207] Stiemerling, M., Quittek, J., and L. Eggert, "NAT and
Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Communication", RFC 5207, DOI 10.17487/RFC5207, April
2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5207>.
[SIMPLE-CBA]
Vogt, C. and J. Arkko, "Credit-Based Authorization for
Concurrent Reachability Verification", February 2006.
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Appendix A. Document Revision History
To be removed upon publication
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Revision | Comments |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
| draft-00 | Initial version from RFC5206 xml (unchanged). |
| | |
| draft-01 | Remove multihoming-specific text; no other changes. |
| | |
| draft-02 | Update references to point to -bis drafts; no other |
| | changes. |
| | |
| draft-03 | issue 4: add make before break use case |
| | |
| | issue 6: peer locator exposure policies |
| | |
| | issue 10: rename LOCATOR to LOCATOR_SET |
| | |
| | issue 14: use of UPDATE packet's IP address |
| | |
| draft-04 | Document refresh; no other changes. |
| | |
| draft-05 | Document refresh; no other changes. |
| | |
| draft-06 | Document refresh; no other changes. |
| | |
| draft-07 | Document refresh; IANA considerations updated. |
| | |
| draft-08 | Remove sending LOCATOR_SET in R1, I2, and NOTIFY |
| | (multihoming) |
| | |
| | State that only one LOCATOR_SET parameter may be sent |
| | in an UPDATE packet (according to this draft) |
| | (multihoming) |
| | |
| | Remove text about cross-family handovers (multihoming) |
| | |
| draft-09 | Add specification text regarding double-jump mobility |
| | procedures. |
| | |
| draft-10 | issue 21: clarified that HI MAY be included in UPDATE |
| | for benefit of middleboxes |
| | |
| | changed one informative reference from RFC 4423-bis to |
| | RFC 7401 |
| | |
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| | removed discussion about possible multiple LOCATOR_SET |
| | and ESP_INFO parameters in an UPDATE (per previous |
| | mailing list discussion) |
| | |
| | removed discussion about handling LOCATOR_SET |
| | parameters in packets other than UPDATE (per previous |
| | mailing list discussion) |
| | |
| draft-11 | Editorial improvements from WGLC |
| | |
| draft-12 | Update author affiliations and IPR boilerplate to |
| | trust200902 |
| | |
| draft-13 | Editorial improvements to IANA considerations section. |
| | |
| | Moved citation of [SIMPLE-CBA] to Section 9 and |
| | slightly updated text for redirection-based flooding |
| | attacks in the Security Considerations section. |
| | |
| | Editorial improvements based on last call comments. |
| | |
| draft-14 | Added section to summarize changes from RFC5206. |
| | |
| | Replace references to 'middleboxes' with more specific |
| | 'NATs and firewalls'. |
| | |
| | Describe a simple heuristic for setting the credit |
| | value based on sending rate and RTT. |
| | |
| | Add subsection about privacy concerns of locator |
| | exposure to the Security Considerations section. |
| | |
| | Clarify that a host must be able to receive and avoid |
| | reprocessing redundant LOCATOR_SET parameters that may |
| | have been sent in parallel to multiple addresses of |
| | the host. |
| | |
| | Clarify that multicast or broadcast addresses must not |
| | be announced in a LOCATOR_SET. |
| | |
| | Editorial improvements based on last call comments. |
+----------+--------------------------------------------------------+
Authors' Addresses
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Thomas R. Henderson (editor)
University of Washington
Campus Box 352500
Seattle, WA
USA
EMail: tomhend@u.washington.edu
Christian Vogt
Independent
3473 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
EMail: mail@christianvogt.net
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
JORVAS FIN-02420
FINLAND
Phone: +358 40 5079256
EMail: jari.arkko@piuha.net
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