Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-opsawg-oam-overview
draft-ietf-opsawg-oam-overview
Operations and Management Area Working Group T. Mizrahi
Internet Draft Marvell
Intended status: Informational N. Sprecher
Expires: September 2014 Nokia Solutions and Networks
E. Bellagamba
Ericsson
Y. Weingarten
March 28, 2014
An Overview of
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Tools
draft-ietf-opsawg-oam-overview-16.txt
Abstract
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) is a general term
that refers to a toolset for fault detection and isolation, and for
performance measurement. Over the years various OAM tools have been
defined for various layers in the protocol stack.
This document summarizes some of the OAM tools defined in the IETF in
the context of IP unicast, MPLS, MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP),
pseudowires, and TRILL. This document focuses on tools for detecting
and isolating failures in networks and for performance monitoring.
Control and management aspects of OAM are outside the scope of this
document. Network repair functions such as Fast Reroute (FRR) and
protection switching, which are often triggered by OAM protocols, are
also out of the scope of this document.
The target audience of this document includes network equipment
vendors, network operators and standards development organizations,
and can be used as an index to some of the main OAM tools defined in
the IETF. This document provides a brief description of each of the
OAM tools in the IETF. At the end of the document a list of the OAM
toolsets and a list of the OAM functions are presented as a summary.
Status of this Memo
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Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ................................................. 4
1.1. Background .............................................. 4
1.2. Target Audience.......................................... 5
1.3. OAM-related Work in the IETF ............................ 6
1.4. Focusing on the Data Plane .............................. 7
2. Terminology .................................................. 7
2.1. Abbreviations ........................................... 7
2.2. Terminology used in OAM Standards ....................... 9
2.2.1. General Terms ...................................... 9
2.2.2. Operations, Administration and Maintenance ......... 9
2.2.3. Functions, Tools and Protocols .................... 10
2.2.4. Data Plane, Control Plane and Management Plane .... 11
2.2.5. The Players ....................................... 12
2.2.6. Proactive and On-demand Activation ................ 12
2.2.7. Connectivity Verification and Continuity Checks ... 13
2.2.8. Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless Communication14
2.2.9. Point-to-point vs. Point-to-multipoint Services ... 14
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2.2.10. Failures ......................................... 15
3. OAM Functions ............................................... 16
4. OAM Tools in the IETF - a Detailed Description .............. 16
4.1. IP Ping ................................................ 17
4.2. IP Traceroute .......................................... 17
4.3. Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) ............... 18
4.3.1. Overview .......................................... 18
4.3.2. Terminology ....................................... 19
4.3.3. BFD Control ....................................... 19
4.3.4. BFD Echo .......................................... 19
4.4. MPLS OAM ............................................... 20
4.4.1. LSP Ping .......................................... 20
4.4.2. BFD for MPLS ...................................... 21
4.4.3. OAM for Virtual Private Networks (VPN) over MPLS .. 21
4.5. MPLS-TP OAM ............................................ 21
4.5.1. Overview .......................................... 21
4.5.2. Terminology ....................................... 22
4.5.3. Generic Associated Channel ........................ 24
4.5.4. MPLS-TP OAM Toolset ............................... 24
4.5.4.1. Continuity Check and Connectivity Verification 25
4.5.4.2. Route Tracing ................................ 25
4.5.4.3. Lock Instruct ................................ 25
4.5.4.4. Lock Reporting ............................... 25
4.5.4.5. Alarm Reporting .............................. 26
4.5.4.6. Remote Defect Indication ..................... 26
4.5.4.7. Client Failure Indication .................... 26
4.5.4.8. Performance Monitoring ....................... 26
4.5.4.8.1. Packet Loss Measurement (LM) ............ 26
4.5.4.8.2. Packet Delay Measurement (DM) ........... 27
4.6. Pseudowire OAM ......................................... 27
4.6.1. Pseudowire OAM using Virtual Circuit Connectivity
Verification (VCCV) ...................................... 27
4.6.2. Pseudowire OAM using G-ACh ........................ 29
4.6.3. Attachment Circuit - Pseudowire Mapping ........... 29
4.7. OWAMP and TWAMP......................................... 29
4.7.1. Overview .......................................... 29
4.7.2. Control and Test Protocols ........................ 30
4.7.3. OWAMP ............................................. 31
4.7.4. TWAMP ............................................. 31
4.8. TRILL .................................................. 32
5. Summary ..................................................... 32
5.1. Summary of OAM Tools ................................... 32
5.2. Summary of OAM Functions ............................... 35
5.3. Guidance to Network Equipment Vendors .................. 36
6. Security Considerations ..................................... 36
7. IANA Considerations ......................................... 37
8. Acknowledgments ............................................. 37
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9. References .................................................. 37
9.1. Normative References ................................... 37
9.2. Informative References ................................. 37
Appendix A. List of OAM Documents .............................. 43
A.1. List of IETF OAM Documents ............................. 43
A.2. List of Selected Non-IETF OAM Documents ................ 48
1. Introduction
OAM is a general term that refers to a toolset for detecting,
isolating and reporting failures and for monitoring the network
performance.
There are several different interpretations to the "OAM" acronym.
This document refers to Operations, Administration and Maintenance,
as recommended in Section 3 of [OAM-Def].
This document summarizes some of the OAM tools defined in the IETF in
the context of IP unicast, MPLS, MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP),
pseudowires, and TRILL.
This document focuses on tools for detecting and isolating failures
and for performance monitoring. Hence, this document focuses on the
tools used for monitoring and measuring the data plane; control and
management aspects of OAM are outside the scope of this document.
Network repair functions such as Fast Reroute (FRR) and protection
switching, which are often triggered by OAM protocols, are also out
of the scope of this document.
1.1. Background
OAM was originally used in traditional communication technologies
such as E1 and T1, evolving into PDH and then later in SONET/SDH. ATM
was probably the first technology to include inherent OAM support
from day one, while in other technologies OAM was typically defined
in an ad hoc manner after the technology was already defined and
deployed. Packet-based networks were traditionally considered
unreliable and best-effort. As packet-based networks evolved, they
have become the common transport for both data and telephony,
replacing traditional transport protocols. Consequently, packet-based
networks were expected to provide a similar "carrier grade"
experience, and specifically to support more advanced OAM functions,
beyond ICMP and router hellos, that were traditionally used for fault
detection.
As typical networks have a multi-layer architecture, the set of OAM
protocols similarly take a multi-layer structure; each layer has its
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own OAM protocols. Moreover, OAM can be used at different levels of
hierarchy in the network to form a multi-layer OAM solution, as shown
in the example in Figure 1.
Figure 1 illustrates a network in which IP traffic between two
customer edges is transported over an MPLS provider network. MPLS OAM
is used at the provider-level for monitoring the connection between
the two provider edges, while IP OAM is used at the customer-level
for monitoring the end-to-end connection between the two customer
edges.
|<-------------- Customer-level OAM -------------->|
IP OAM (Ping, Traceroute, OWAMP, TWAMP)
|<- Provider-level OAM ->|
MPLS OAM (LSP Ping)
+-----+ +----+ +----+ +-----+
| | | |========================| | | |
| |-------| | MPLS | |-------| |
| | IP | | | | IP | |
+-----+ +----+ +----+ +-----+
Customer Provider Provider Customer
Edge Edge Edge Edge
Figure 1 Example: Multi-layer OAM
1.2. Target Audience
The target audience of this document includes:
o Standards development organizations - both IETF working groups and
non-IETF organizations can benefit from this document when
designing new OAM protocols, or when looking to reuse existing OAM
tools for new technologies.
o Network equipment vendors and network operators - can use this
document as an index to some of the common IETF OAM tools.
It should be noted that some background in OAM is necessary in order
to understand and benefit from this document. Specifically, the
reader is assumed to be familiar with the term OAM [OAM-Def], the
motivation for using OAM, and the distinction between OAM and network
management [OAM-Mng].
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1.3. OAM-related Work in the IETF
This memo provides an overview of the different sets of OAM tools
defined by the IETF. The set of OAM tools described in this memo are
applicable to IP unicast, MPLS, pseudowires, MPLS Transport Profile
(MPLS-TP), and TRILL. While OAM tools that are applicable to other
technologies exist, they are beyond the scope of this memo.
This document focuses on IETF documents that have been published as
RFCs, while other ongoing OAM-related work is outside the scope.
The IETF has defined OAM protocols and tools in several different
contexts. We roughly categorize these efforts into a few sets of OAM-
related RFCs, listed in Table 1. Each set defines a logically-coupled
set of RFCs, although the sets are in some cases intertwined by
common tools and protocols.
The discussion in this document is ordered according to these sets
(the acronyms and abbreviations are listed in Section 2.1.).
+--------------+------------+
| Toolset | Transport |
| | Technology |
+--------------+------------+
|IP Ping | IPv4/IPv6 |
+--------------+------------+
|IP Traceroute | IPv4/IPv6 |
+--------------+------------+
|BFD | generic |
+--------------+------------+
|MPLS OAM | MPLS |
+--------------+------------+
|MPLS-TP OAM | MPLS-TP |
+--------------+------------+
|Pseudowire OAM| Pseudowires|
+--------------+------------+
|OWAMP and | IPv4/IPv6 |
|TWAMP | |
+--------------+------------+
|TRILL OAM | TRILL |
+--------------+------------+
Table 1 OAM Toolset Packages in the IETF Documents
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This document focuses on OAM tools that have been developed in the
IETF. A short summary of some of the significant OAM standards that
have been developed in other standard organizations is presented in
Appendix A.2.
1.4. Focusing on the Data Plane
OAM tools may, and quite often do, work in conjunction with a control
plane and/or management plane. OAM provides instrumentation tools
for measuring and monitoring the data plane. OAM tools often use
control plane functions, e.g., to initialize OAM sessions and to
exchange various parameters. The OAM tools communicate with the
management plane to raise alarms, and often OAM tools may be
activated by the management (as well as by the control plane), e.g.,
to locate and localize problems.
The considerations of the control plane maintenance tools and the
functionality of the management plane are out of scope for this
document, which concentrates on presenting the data plane tools that
are used for OAM. Network repair functions such as Fast Reroute (FRR)
and protection switching, which are often triggered by OAM protocols,
are also out of the scope of this document.
Since OAM protocols are used for monitoring the data plane, it is
imperative for OAM tools to be capable of testing the actual data
plane with as much accuracy as possible. Thus, it is important to
enforce fate-sharing between OAM traffic that monitors the data plane
and the data plane traffic it monitors.
2. Terminology
2.1. Abbreviations
ACH Associated Channel Header
AIS Alarm Indication Signal
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BFD Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
CC Continuity Check
CV Connectivity Verification
DM Delay Measurement
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ECMP Equal Cost Multiple Paths
FEC Forwarding Equivalence Class
FRR Fast Reroute
G-ACh Generic Associated Channel
GAL Generic Associated Label
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
L2TP Layer Two Tunneling Protocol
L2VPN Layer Two Virtual Private Network
L3VPN Layer Three Virtual Private Network
LCCE L2TP Control Connection Endpoint
LDP Label Distribution Protocol
LER Label Edge Router
LM Loss Measurement
LSP Label Switched Path
LSR Label Switched Router
ME Maintenance Entity
MEG Maintenance Entity Group
MEP MEG End Point
MIP MEG Intermediate Point
MP Maintenance Point
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
MPLS-TP MPLS Transport Profile
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit
OAM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance
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OWAMP One-way Active Measurement Protocol
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PE Provider Edge
PSN Public Switched Network
PW Pseudowire
PWE3 Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge
RBridge Routing Bridge
RDI Remote Defect Indication
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SONET Synchronous Optical Networking
TRILL Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links
TTL Time To Live
TWAMP Two-way Active Measurement Protocol
VCCV Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification
VPN Virtual Private Network
2.2. Terminology used in OAM Standards
2.2.1. General Terms
A wide variety of terms is used in various OAM standards. This
section presents a comparison of the terms used in various OAM
standards, without fully quoting the definition of each term.
An interesting overview of the term OAM and its derivatives is
presented in [OAM-Def]. A thesaurus of terminology for MPLS-TP terms
is presented in [TP-Term], and provides a good summary of some of the
OAM related terminology.
2.2.2. Operations, Administration and Maintenance
The following definition of OAM is quoted from [OAM-Def]:
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The components of the "OAM" acronym (and provisioning) are defined as
follows:
o Operations - Operation activities are undertaken to keep the
network (and the services that the network provides) up and
running. It includes monitoring the network and finding problems.
Ideally these problems should be found before users are affected.
o Administration - Administration activities involve keeping track
of resources in the network and how they are used. It includes
all the bookkeeping that is necessary to track networking
resources and the network under control.
o Maintenance - Maintenance activities are focused on facilitating
repairs and upgrades -- for example, when equipment must be
replaced, when a router needs a patch for an operating system
image, or when a new switch is added to a network. Maintenance
also involves corrective and preventive measures to make the
managed network run more effectively, e.g., adjusting device
configuration and parameters.
2.2.3. Functions, Tools and Protocols
OAM Function
An OAM function is an instrumentation measurement type or diagnostic.
OAM functions are the atomic building blocks of OAM, where each
function defines an OAM capability.
Typical examples of OAM functions are presented in Section 3.
OAM Protocol
A protocol used for implementing one or more OAM functions.
The OWAMP-Test [OWAMP] is an example of an OAM protocol.
OAM Tool
An OAM tool is a specific means of applying one or more OAM
functions.
In some cases an OAM protocol *is* an OAM tool, e.g., OWAMP-Test. In
other cases an OAM tool uses a set of protocols that are not strictly
OAM-related; for example, Traceroute (Section 4.2.) can be
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implemented using UDP and ICMP messages, without using an OAM
protocol per se.
2.2.4. Data Plane, Control Plane and Management Plane
Data Plane
The data plane is the set of functions used to transfer data in the
stratum or layer under consideration [ITU-Terms].
The Data Plane is also known as the Forwarding Plane or the User
Plane.
Control Plane
The control plane is the set of protocols and mechanisms that enable
routers to efficiently learn how to forward packets towards their
final destination (based on [Comp]).
Management Plane
The term Management Plane, as described in [Mng], is used to describe
the exchange of management messages through management protocols
(often transported by IP and by IP transport protocols) between
management applications and the managed entities such as network
nodes.
Data Plane vs. Control Plane vs. Management Plane
The distinction between the planes is at times a bit vague. For
example, the definition of "Control Plane" above may imply that OAM
tools such as ping, BFD and others are in fact in the control plane.
This document focuses on tools used for monitoring the data plane.
While these tools could arguably be considered to be in the control
plane, these tools monitor the data plane, and hence it is imperative
to have fate-sharing between OAM traffic that monitors the data plane
and the data plane traffic it monitors.
Another potentially vague distinction is between the management plane
and control plane. The management plane should be seen as separate
from, but possibly overlapping with, the control plane (based on
[Mng]).
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2.2.5. The Players
An OAM tool is used between two (or more) peers. Various terms are
used in IETF documents to refer to the players that take part in OAM.
Table 2 summarizes the terms used in each of the toolsets discussed
in this document.
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Toolset | Terms |
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
| Ping / Traceroute |-Host |
| ([ICMPv4], [ICMPv6], |-Node |
| [TCPIP-Tools]) |-Interface |
| |-Gateway |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| BFD [BFD] | System |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| MPLS OAM [MPLS-OAM-FW] | LSR |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| MPLS-TP OAM [TP-OAM-FW] |-End Point - MEP |
| |-Intermediate Point - MIP |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| Pseudowire OAM [VCCV] |-PE |
| |-LCCE |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| OWAMP and TWAMP |-Host |
| ([OWAMP], [TWAMP]) |-End system |
+ ------------------------ + ------------------------ +
| TRILL OAM [TRILL-OAM] |-RBridge |
+--------------------------+--------------------------+
Table 2 Maintenance Point Terminology
2.2.6. Proactive and On-demand Activation
The different OAM tools may be used in one of two basic types of
activation:
Proactive
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Proactive activation - indicates that the tool is activated on a
continual basis, where messages are sent periodically, and errors are
detected when a certain number of expected messages are not received.
On-demand
On-demand activation - indicates that the tool is activated
"manually" to detect a specific anomaly.
2.2.7. Connectivity Verification and Continuity Checks
Two distinct classes of failure management functions are used in OAM
protocols, connectivity verification and continuity checks. The
distinction between these terms is defined in [MPLS-TP-OAM], and is
used similarly in this document.
Continuity Check
Continuity checks are used to verify that a destination is reachable,
and are typically sent proactively, though they can be invoked on-
demand as well.
Connectivity Verification
A connectivity verification function allows Alice to check whether
she is connected to Bob or not. It is noted that while the CV
function is performed in the data plane, the "expected path" is
predetermined either in the control plane or in the management plane.
A connectivity verification (CV) protocol typically uses a CV
message, followed by a CV reply that is sent back to the originator.
A CV function can be applied proactively or on-demand.
Connectivity verification tools often perform path verification as
well, allowing Alice to verify that messages from Bob are received
through the correct path, thereby verifying not only that the two MPs
are connected, but also that they are connected through the expected
path, allowing detection of unexpected topology changes.
Connectivity verification functions can also be used for checking the
MTU of the path between the two peers.
Connectivity verification and continuity checks are considered
complementary mechanisms, and are often used in conjunction with each
other.
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2.2.8. Connection Oriented vs. Connectionless Communication
Connection Oriented
In Connection Oriented technologies an end-to-end connection is
established (by a control protocol or provisioned by a management
system) prior to the transmission of data.
Typically a connection identifier is used to identify the connection.
In connection oriented technologies it is often the case (although
not always) that all packets belonging to a specific connection use
the same route through the network.
Connectionless
In Connectionless technologies data is typically sent between end
points without prior arrangement. Packets are routed independently
based on their destination address, and hence different packets may
be routed in a different way across the network.
Discussion
The OAM tools described in this document include tools that support
connection oriented technologies, as well as tools for connectionless
technologies.
In connection oriented technologies OAM is used to monitor a
*specific* connection; OAM packets are forwarded through the same
route as the data traffic and receive the same treatment. In
connectionless technologies, OAM is used between a source and
destination pair without defining a specific connection. Moreover, in
some cases the route of OAM packets may differ from the one of the
data traffic. For example, the connectionless IP Ping (Section 4.1.)
tests the reachability from a source to a given destination, while
the connection oriented LSP Ping (Section 4.4.) is used for
monitoring a specific LSP (connection), and provides the capability
to monitor all the available paths used by an LSP.
It should be noted that in some cases connectionless protocols are
monitored by connection oriented OAM protocols. For example, while IP
is a connectionless protocol, it can monitored by BFD (Section 4.3.
), which is connection oriented.
2.2.9. Point-to-point vs. Point-to-multipoint Services
Point-to-point (P2P)
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A P2P service delivers data from a single source to a single
destination.
Point-to-multipoint (P2MP)
A P2MP service delivers data from a single source to a one or more
destinations (based on [Signal]).
An MP2MP service is a service that delivers data from more than one
source to one or more receivers (based on [Signal]).
Note: the two definitions for P2MP and MP2MP are quoted from
[Signal]. Although [Signal] describes a specific case of P2MP and
MP2MP which is MPLS-specific, these two definitions also apply to
non-MPLS cases.
Discussion
The OAM tools described in this document include tools for P2P
services, as well as tools for P2MP services.
The distinction between P2P services and P2MP services affects the
corresponding OAM tools. A P2P service is typically simpler to
monitor, as it consists of a single pair of end points. P2MP and
MP2MP services present several challenges. For example, in a P2MP
service, the OAM mechanism not only verifies that each of the
destinations is reachable from the source, but also verifies that the
P2MP distribution tree is intact and loop-free.
2.2.10. Failures
The terms Failure, Fault, and Defect are used interchangeably in the
standards, referring to a malfunction that can be detected by a
connectivity or a continuity check. In some standards, such as
802.1ag [IEEE802.1Q] , there is no distinction between these terms,
while in other standards each of these terms refers to a different
type of malfunction.
The terminology used in IETF MPLS-TP OAM is based on the ITU-T
terminology, which distinguishes between these three terms in
[ITU-T-G.806];
Fault
The term Fault refers to an inability to perform a required action,
e.g., an unsuccessful attempt to deliver a packet.
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Defect
The term Defect refers to an interruption in the normal operation,
such as a consecutive period of time where no packets are delivered
successfully.
Failure
The term Failure refers to the termination of the required function.
While a Defect typically refers to a limited period of time, a
failure refers to a long period of time.
3. OAM Functions
This subsection provides a brief summary of the common OAM functions
used in OAM-related standards. These functions are used as building
blocks in the OAM standards described in this document.
o Connectivity Verification (CV), Path Verification and Continuity
Checks (CC):
As defined in Section 2.2.7.
o Path Discovery / Fault Localization:
This function can be used to trace the route to a destination,
i.e., to identify the nodes along the route to the destination.
When more than one route is available to a specific destination,
this function traces one of the available routes. When a failure
occurs, this function attempts to detect the location of the
failure.
Note that the term route tracing (or Traceroute) that is used in
the context of IP and MPLS, is sometimes referred to as path
tracing in the context of other protocols, such as TRILL.
o Performance Monitoring:
Typically refers to:
o Loss Measurement (LM) - monitors the packet loss rate.
o Delay Measurement (DM) - monitors the delay and delay
variation (jitter).
4. OAM Tools in the IETF - a Detailed Description
This section presents a detailed description of the sets of OAM-
related tools in each of the toolsets in Table 1.
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4.1. IP Ping
Ping is a common network diagnosis application for IP networks that
uses ICMP. According to [NetTerms], 'Ping' is an abbreviation for
Packet internet groper, although the term has been so commonly used
that it stands on its own. As defined in [NetTerms], it is a program
used to test reachability of destinations by sending them an ICMP
echo request and waiting for a reply.
The ICMP Echo request/reply exchange in Ping is used as a continuity
check function for the Internet Protocol. The originator transmits an
ICMP Echo request packet, and the receiver replies with an Echo
reply. ICMP ping is defined in two variants, [ICMPv4] is used for
IPv4, and [ICMPv6] is used for IPv6.
Ping can be invoked either to a unicast destination or to a multicast
destination. In the latter case, all members of the multicast group
send an Echo reply back to the originator.
Ping implementations typically use ICMP messages. UDP Ping is a
variant that uses UDP messages instead of ICMP echo messages.
Ping is a single-ended continuity check, i.e., it allows the
*initiator* of the Echo request to test the reachability. If it is
desirable for both ends to test the reachability, both ends have to
invoke Ping independently.
Note that since ICMP filtering is deployed in some routers and
firewalls, the usefulness of Ping is sometimes limited in the wider
internet. This limitation is equally relevant to Traceroute.
4.2. IP Traceroute
Traceroute ([TCPIP-Tools], [NetTools]) is an application that allows
users to discover a path between an IP source and an IP destination.
The most common way to implement Traceroute [TCPIP-Tools] is
described as follows. Traceroute sends a sequence of UDP packets to
UDP port 33434 at the destination. By default, Traceroute begins by
sending three packets (the number of packets is configurable in most
Traceroute implementations), each with an IP Time-To-Live (or Hop
Limit in IPv6) value of one to the destination. These packets expire
as soon as they reach the first router in the path. Consequently,
that router sends three ICMP Time Exceeded Messages back to the
Traceroute application. Traceroute now sends another three UDP
packets, each with the TTL value of 2. These messages cause the
second router to return ICMP messages. This process continues, with
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ever increasing values for the TTL field, until the packets actually
reach the destination. Because no application listens to port 33434
at the destination, the destination returns ICMP Destination
Unreachable Messages indicating an unreachable port. This event
indicates to the Traceroute application that it is finished. The
Traceroute program displays the round-trip delay associated with each
of the attempts.
While Traceroute is a tool that finds *a* path from A to B, it should
be noted that traffic from A to B is often forwarded through Equal
Cost Multiple Paths (ECMP). Paris Traceroute [PARIS] is an extension
to Traceroute that attempts to discovers all the available paths from
A to B by scanning different values of header fields (such as UDP
ports) in the probe packets.
It is noted that Traceroute is an application, and not a protocol. As
such, it has various different implementations. One of the most
common ones uses UDP probe packets, as described above. Other
implementations exist that use other types of probe messages, such as
ICMP or TCP.
Note that IP routing may be asymmetric. While Traceroute discovers a
path between a source and destination, it does not reveal the reverse
path.
A few ICMP extensions ([ICMP-MP], [ICMP-Int]) have been defined in
the context of Traceroute. These documents define several extensions,
including extensions to the ICMP Destination Unreachable message,
that can be used by Traceroute applications.
Traceroute allows path discovery to *unicast* destination addresses.
A similar tool [mtrace] was defined for multicast destination
addresses, allowing to trace the route that a multicast IP packet
takes from a source to a particular receiver.
4.3. Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)
4.3.1. Overview
While multiple OAM tools have been defined for various protocols in
the protocol stack, Bidirectional Forwarding Detection [BFD], defined
by the IETF BFD working group, is a generic OAM tool that can be
deployed over various encapsulating protocols, and in various medium
types. The IETF has defined variants of the protocol for IP ([BFD-
IP], [BFD-Multi]), for MPLS LSPs [BFD-LSP], and for pseudowires [BFD-
VCCV]. The usage of BFD in MPLS-TP is defined in [TP-CC-CV].
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BFD includes two main OAM functions, using two types of BFD packets:
BFD Control packets, and BFD Echo packets.
4.3.2. Terminology
BFD operates between *systems*. The BFD protocol is run between two
or more systems after establishing a *session*.
4.3.3. BFD Control
BFD supports a bidirectional continuity check, using BFD control
packets, that are exchanged within a BFD session. BFD sessions
operate in one of two modes:
o Asynchronous mode (i.e., proactive): in this mode BFD control
packets are sent periodically. When the receiver detects that no
BFD control packets have been received during a predetermined
period of time, a failure is reported.
o Demand mode: in this mode, BFD control packets are sent on-demand.
Upon need, a system initiates a series of BFD control packets to
check the continuity of the session. BFD control packets are sent
independently in each direction.
Each of the end-points (referred to as systems) of the monitored path
maintains its own session identification, called a Discriminator,
both of which are included in the BFD Control Packets that are
exchanged between the end-points. At the time of session
establishment, the Discriminators are exchanged between the two-end
points. In addition, the transmission (and reception) rate is
negotiated between the two end-points, based on information included
in the control packets. These transmission rates may be renegotiated
during the session.
During normal operation of the session, i.e., when no failures have
been detected, the BFD session is in the Up state. If no BFD Control
packets are received during a period of time called the Detection
Time, the session is declared to be Down. The detection time is a
function of the pre-configured or negotiated transmission rate, and a
parameter called Detect Mult. Detect Mult determines the number of
missing BFD Control packets that cause the session to be declared as
Down. This parameter is included in the BFD Control packet.
4.3.4. BFD Echo
A BFD echo packet is sent to a peer system, and is looped back to the
originator. The echo function can be used proactively, or on-demand.
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The BFD echo function has been defined in BFD for IPv4 and IPv6
([BFD-IP]), but is not used in BFD for MPLS LSPs, PWs, or in BFD for
MPLS-TP.
4.4. MPLS OAM
The IETF MPLS working group has defined OAM for MPLS LSPs. The
requirements and framework of this effort are defined in
[MPLS-OAM-FW] and [MPLS-OAM], respectively. The corresponding OAM
tool defined, in this context, is LSP Ping [LSP-Ping]. OAM for P2MP
services is defined in [MPLS-P2MP].
BFD for MPLS [BFD-LSP] is an alternative means for detecting data-
plane failures, as described below.
4.4.1. LSP Ping
LSP Ping is modeled after the Ping/Traceroute paradigm and thus it
may be used in one of two modes:
o "Ping" mode: In this mode LSP Ping is used for end-to-end
connectivity verification between two LERs.
o "Traceroute" mode: This mode is used for hop-by-hop fault
isolation.
LSP Ping is based on ICMP Ping operation (of data-plane connectivity
verification) with additional functionality to verify data-plane vs.
control-plane consistency for a Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC)
and also identify Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) problems.
The Traceroute functionality may be used to isolate and localize MPLS
faults, using the Time-to-live (TTL) indicator to incrementally
identify the sub-path of the LSP that is successfully traversed
before the faulty link or node.
The challenge in MPLS networks is that the traffic of a given LSP may
be load balanced across Equal Cost Multiple paths (ECMP). LSP Ping
monitors all the available paths of an LSP by monitoring its
different Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FEC). Note that MPLS-TP
does not use ECMP, and thus does not require OAM over multiple paths.
Another challenge is that an MPLS LSP does not necessarily have a
return path; traffic that is sent back from the egress LSR to the
ingress LSR is not necessarily sent over an MPLS LSP, but can be sent
through a different route, such as an IP route. Thus, responding to
an LSP Ping message is not necessarily as trivial as in IP Ping,
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where the responder just swaps the source and destination IP
addresses. Note that this challenge is not applicable to MPLS-TP,
where a return path is always available.
It should be noted that LSP Ping supports unique identification of
the LSP within an addressing domain. The identification is checked
using the full FEC identification. LSP Ping is extensible to include
additional information needed to support new functionality, by use of
Type-Length-Value (TLV) constructs. The usage of TLVs is typically
handled by the control plane, as it is not easy to implement in
hardware.
LSP Ping supports both asynchronous, as well as, on-demand
activation.
4.4.2. BFD for MPLS
BFD [BFD-LSP] can be used to detect MPLS LSP data plane failures.
A BFD session is established for each MPLS LSP that is being
monitored. BFD Control packets must be sent along the same path as
the monitored LSP. If the LSP is associated with multiple FECs, a BFD
session is established for each FEC.
While LSP Ping can be used for detecting MPLS data plane failures and
for verifying the MPLS LSP data plane against the control plane, BFD
can only be used for the former. BFD can be used in conjunction with
LSP Ping, as is the case in MPLS-TP (see Section 4.5.4.).
4.4.3. OAM for Virtual Private Networks (VPN) over MPLS
The IETF has defined two classes of VPNs, Layer 2 VPNs (L2VPN) and
Layer 3 VPNs (L3VPN). [L2VPN-OAM] provides the requirements and
framework for OAM in the context of Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks
(L2VPN), and specifically it also defines the OAM layering of L2VPNs
over MPLS. [L3VPN-OAM] provides a framework for the operation and
management of Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks (L3VPNs).
4.5. MPLS-TP OAM
4.5.1. Overview
The MPLS working group has defined the OAM toolset that fulfills the
requirements for MPLS-TP OAM. The full set of requirements for MPLS-
TP OAM are defined in [MPLS-TP-OAM], and include both general
requirements for the behavior of the OAM tools and a set of
operations that should be supported by the OAM toolset. The set of
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mechanisms required are further elaborated in [TP-OAM-FW], which
describes the general architecture of the OAM system as well as
giving overviews of the functionality of the OAM toolset.
Some of the basic requirements for the OAM toolset for MPLS-TP are:
o MPLS-TP OAM must be able to support both an IP based and non-IP
based environment. If the network is IP based, i.e., IP routing
and forwarding are available, then the MPLS-TP OAM toolset should
rely on the IP routing and forwarding capabilities. On the other
hand, in environments where IP functionality is not available, the
OAM tools must still be able to operate without dependence on IP
forwarding and routing.
o OAM packets and the user traffic are required to be congruent
(i.e., OAM packets are transmitted in-band) and there is a need to
differentiate OAM packets from ordinary user packets in the data
plane. Inherent in this requirement is the principle that MPLS-TP
OAM be independent of any existing control-plane, although it
should not preclude use of the control-plane functionality.
OAM packets are identified by the Generic Associated Label (GAL),
which is a reserved MPLS label value (13).
4.5.2. Terminology
Maintenance Entity (ME)
The MPLS-TP OAM tools are designed to monitor and manage a
Maintenance Entity (ME). An ME, as defined in [TP-OAM-FW], defines a
relationship between two points of a transport path to which
maintenance and monitoring operations apply.
The term Maintenance Entity (ME) is used in ITU-T Recommendations
(e.g., [ITU-T-Y1731]), as well as in the MPLS-TP terminology
([TP-OAM-FW]).
Maintenance Entity Group (MEG)
The collection of one or more MEs that belongs to the same transport
path and that are maintained and monitored as a group are known as a
Maintenance Entity Group (based on [TP-OAM-FW]).
Maintenance Point (MP)
A Maintenance Point (MP) is a functional entity that is defined at a
node in the network, and can initiate and/or react to OAM messages.
This document focuses on the data-plane functionality of MPs, while
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MPs interact with the control plane and with the management plane as
well.
The term MP is used in IEEE 802.1ag, and was similarly adopted in
MPLS-TP ([TP-OAM-FW]).
Maintenance End Point (MEP)
A Maintenance End Point (MEP) is one of the end points of an ME, and
can initiate OAM messages and respond to them (based on [TP-OAM-FW]).
Maintenance Intermediate Point (MIP)
In between MEPs, there are zero or more intermediate points, called
Maintenance Entity Group Intermediate Points (based on [TP-OAM-FW]).
A Maintenance Intermediate Point (MIP) is an intermediate point that
does not generally initiate OAM frames (one exception to this is the
use of AIS notifications), but is able to respond to OAM frames that
are destined to it. A MIP in MPLS-TP identifies OAM packets destined
to it by the expiration of the TTL field in the OAM packet. The term
Maintenance Point is a general term for MEPs and MIPs.
Up and Down MEPs
The IEEE 802.1ag [IEEE802.1Q] defines a distinction between Up MEPs
and Down MEPs. A MEP monitors traffic either in the direction facing
the network, or in the direction facing the bridge. A Down MEP is a
MEP that receives OAM packets from, and transmits them to the
direction of the network. An Up MEP receives OAM packets from, and
transmits them to the direction of the bridging entity. MPLS-TP ([TP-
OAM-FW]) uses a similar distinction on the placement of the MEP -
either at the ingress, egress, or forwarding function of the node
(Down / Up MEPs). This placement is important for localization of a
failure.
Note that the terms Up and Down MEPs are entirely unrelated to the
conventional up/down terminology, where down means faulty, and up is
nonfaulty.
The distinction between Up and Down MEPs was defined in [TP-OAM-FW],
but has not been used in other MPLS-TP RFCs, as of the writing of
this document.
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4.5.3. Generic Associated Channel
In order to address the requirement for in-band transmission of MPLS-
TP OAM traffic, MPLS-TP uses a Generic Associated Channel (G-ACh),
defined in [G-ACh] for LSP-based OAM traffic. This mechanism is based
on the same concepts as the PWE3 ACH [PW-ACH] and VCCV [VCCV]
mechanisms. However, to address the needs of LSPs as differentiated
from PW, the following concepts were defined for [G-ACh]:
o An Associated Channel Header (ACH), that uses a format similar to
the PW Control Word [PW-ACH], is a 4-byte header that is prepended
to OAM packets.
o A Generic Associated Label (GAL). The GAL is a reserved MPLS label
value (13) that indicates that the packet is an ACH packet and the
payload follows immediately after the label stack.
It should be noted that while the G-ACh was defined as part of the
MPLS-TP definition effort, the G-ACh is a generic tool that can be
used in MPLS in general, and not only in MPLS-TP.
4.5.4. MPLS-TP OAM Toolset
To address the functionality that is required of the OAM toolset, the
MPLS WG conducted an analysis of the existing IETF and ITU-T OAM
tools and their ability to fulfill the required functionality. The
conclusions of this analysis are documented in [OAM-Analys]. MPLS-TP
uses a mixture of OAM tools that are based on previous standards, and
adapted to the requirements of [MPLS-TP-OAM]. Some of the main
building blocks of this solution are based on:
o Bidirectional Forwarding Detection ([BFD], [BFD-LSP]) for
proactive continuity check and connectivity verification.
o LSP Ping as defined in [LSP-Ping] for on-demand connectivity
verification.
o New protocol packets, using G-ACH, to address different
functionality.
o Performance measurement protocols that are based on the
functionality that is described in [ITU-T-Y1731].
The following sub-sections describe the OAM tools defined for MPLS-TP
as described in [TP-OAM-FW].
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4.5.4.1. Continuity Check and Connectivity Verification
Continuity Check and Connectivity Verification are presented in
Section 2.2.7. of this document. As presented there, these tools may
be used either proactively or on-demand. When using these tools
proactively, they are generally used in tandem.
For MPLS-TP there are two distinct tools, the proactive tool is
defined in [TP-CC-CV] while the on-demand tool is defined in
[OnDemand-CV]. In on-demand mode, this function should support
monitoring between the MEPs and, in addition, between a MEP and MIP.
[TP-OAM-FW] highlights, when performing Connectivity Verification,
the need for the CC-V messages to include unique identification of
the MEG that is being monitored and the MEP that originated the
message.
The proactive tool [TP-CC-CV] is based on extensions to BFD (see
Section 4.3.) with the additional limitation that the transmission
and receiving rates are based on configuration by the operator. The
on-demand tool [OnDemand-CV] is an adaptation of LSP Ping (see
Section 4.4.) for the required behavior of MPLS-TP.
4.5.4.2. Route Tracing
[MPLS-TP-OAM] defines that there is a need for functionality that
would allow a path end-point to identify the intermediate and end-
points of the path. This function would be used in on-demand mode.
Normally, this path will be used for bidirectional PW, LSP, and
sections, however, unidirectional paths may be supported only if a
return path exists. The tool for this is based on the LSP Ping (see
Section 4.4.) functionality and is described in [OnDemand-CV].
4.5.4.3. Lock Instruct
The Lock Instruct function [Lock-Loop] is used to notify a transport
path end-point of an administrative need to disable the transport
path. This functionality will generally be used in conjunction with
some intrusive OAM function, e.g., Performance measurement,
Diagnostic testing, to minimize the side-effect on user data traffic.
4.5.4.4. Lock Reporting
Lock Reporting is a function used by an end-point of a path to report
to its far-end end-point that a lock condition has been affected on
the path.
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4.5.4.5. Alarm Reporting
Alarm Reporting [TP-Fault] provides the means to suppress alarms
following detection of defect conditions at the server sub-layer.
Alarm reporting is used by an intermediate point of a path, that
becomes aware of a fault on the path, to report to the end-points of
the path. [TP-OAM-FW] states that this may occur as a result of a
defect condition discovered at a server sub-layer. This generates an
Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) that continues until the fault is
cleared. The consequent action of this function is detailed in
[TP-OAM-FW].
4.5.4.6. Remote Defect Indication
Remote Defect Indication (RDI) is used proactively by a path end-
point to report to its peer end-point that a defect is detected on a
bidirectional connection between them. [MPLS-TP-OAM] points out that
this function may be applied to a unidirectional LSP only if a return
path exists. [TP-OAM-FW] points out that this function is associated
with the proactive CC-V function.
4.5.4.7. Client Failure Indication
Client Failure Indication (CFI) is defined in [MPLS-TP-OAM] to allow
the propagation information from one edge of the network to the
other. The information concerns a defect to a client, in the case
that the client does not support alarm notification.
4.5.4.8. Performance Monitoring
The definition of MPLS performance monitoring was motivated by the
MPLS-TP requirements [MPLS-TP-OAM], but was defined generically for
MPLS in [MPLS-LM-DM]. An additional document [TP-LM-DM] defines a
performance monitoring profile for MPLS-TP.
4.5.4.8.1. Packet Loss Measurement (LM)
Packet Loss Measurement is a function used to verify the quality of
the service. Packet loss, as defined in [IPPM-1LM] and [MPLS-TP-OAM],
indicates the ratio of the number of user packets lost to the total
number of user packets sent during a defined time interval.
There are two possible ways of determining this measurement:
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o Using OAM packets, it is possible to compute the statistics based
on a series of OAM packets. This, however, has the disadvantage of
being artificial, and may not be representative since part of the
packet loss may be dependent upon packet sizes and upon the
implementation of the MEPs that take part in the protocol.
o Sending delimiting messages for the start and end of a measurement
period during which the source and sink of the path count the
packets transmitted and received. After the end delimiter, the
ratio would be calculated by the path OAM entity.
4.5.4.8.2. Packet Delay Measurement (DM)
Packet Delay Measurement is a function that is used to measure one-
way or two-way delay of a packet transmission between a pair of the
end-points of a path (PW, LSP, or Section). Where:
o One-way packet delay, as defined in [IPPM-1DM], is the time
elapsed from the start of transmission of the first bit of the
packet by a source node until the reception of the last bit of
that packet by the destination node. Note that one-way delay
measurement requires the clocks of the two end-points to be
synchronized.
o Two-way packet delay, as defined in [IPPM-2DM], is the time
elapsed from the start of transmission of the first bit of the
packet by a source node until the reception of the last bit of the
loop-backed packet by the same source node, when the loopback is
performed at the packet's destination node. Note that due to
possible path asymmetry, the one-way packet delay from one end-
point to another is not necessarily equal to half of the two-way
packet delay.
As opposed to one-way delay measurement, two-way delay measurement
does not require the two end-points to be synchronized.
For each of these two metrics, the DM function allows the MEP to
measure the delay, as well as the delay variation. Delay measurement
is performed by exchanging timestamped OAM packets between the
participating MEPs.
4.6. Pseudowire OAM
4.6.1. Pseudowire OAM using Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification
(VCCV)
VCCV, as defined in [VCCV], provides a means for end-to-end fault
detection and diagnostics tools to be used for PWs (regardless of the
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underlying tunneling technology). The VCCV switching function
provides a control channel associated with each PW. [VCCV] defines
three Control Channel (CC) types, i.e., three possible methods for
transmitting and identifying OAM messages:
o CC Type 1: In-band VCCV, as described in [VCCV], is also referred
to as "PWE3 Control Word with 0001b as first nibble". It uses the
PW Associated Channel Header [PW-ACH].
o CC Type 2: Out-of-band VCCV [VCCV], is also referred to as "MPLS
Router Alert Label". In this case the control channel is created
by using the MPLS router alert label [MPLS-ENCAPS] immediately
above the PW label.
o CC Type 3: TTL expiry VCCV [VCCV], is also referred to as "MPLS PW
Label with TTL == 1", i.e., the control channel is identified when
the value of the TTL field in the PW label is set to 1.
VCCV currently supports the following OAM tools: ICMP Ping, LSP Ping,
and BFD. ICMP and LSP Ping are IP encapsulated before being sent over
the PW ACH. BFD for VCCV [BFD-VCCV] supports two modes of
encapsulation - either IP/UDP encapsulated (with IP/UDP header) or
PW-ACH encapsulated (with no IP/UDP header) and provides support to
signal the AC status. The use of the VCCV control channel provides
the context, based on the MPLS-PW label, required to bind and
bootstrap the BFD session to a particular pseudo wire (FEC),
eliminating the need to exchange Discriminator values.
VCCV consists of two components: (1) signaled component to
communicate VCCV capabilities as part of VC label, and (2) switching
component to cause the PW payload to be treated as a control packet.
VCCV is not directly dependent upon the presence of a control plane.
The VCCV capability advertisement may be performed as part of the PW
signaling when LDP is used. In case of manual configuration of the
PW, it is the responsibility of the operator to set consistent
options at both ends. The manual option was created specifically to
handle MPLS-TP use cases where no control plane was a requirement.
However, new use cases such as pure mobile backhaul find this
functionality useful too.
The PWE3 working group has conducted an implementation survey of VCCV
[VCCV-SURVEY], which analyzes which VCCV mechanisms are used in
practice.
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4.6.2. Pseudowire OAM using G-ACh
As mentioned above, VCCV enables OAM for PWs by using a control
channel for OAM packets. When PWs are used in MPLS-TP networks,
rather than the control channels defined in VCCV, the G-ACh can be
used as an alternative control channel. The usage of the G-ACh for
PWs is defined in [PW-G-ACh].
4.6.3. Attachment Circuit - Pseudowire Mapping
The PWE3 working group has defined a mapping and notification of
defect states between a pseudowire (PW) and the Attachment Circuits
(ACs) of the end-to-end emulated service. This mapping is of key
importance to the end-to-end functionality. Specifically, the mapping
is provided by [PW-MAP], by [L2TP-EC] for L2TPv3 pseudowires, and
Section 5.3 of [ATM-L2] for ATM.
[L2VPN-OAM] provides the requirements and framework for OAM in the
context of Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks (L2VPN), and specifically
it also defines the OAM layering of L2VPNs over pseudowires.
The mapping defined in [Eth-Int] allows an end-to-end emulated
Ethernet service over pseudowires.
4.7. OWAMP and TWAMP
4.7.1. Overview
The IPPM working group in the IETF defines common criteria and
metrics for measuring performance of IP traffic ([IPPM-FW]). Some of
the key RFCs published by this working group have defined metrics for
measuring connectivity [IPPM-Con], delay ([IPPM-1DM], [IPPM-2DM]),
and packet loss [IPPM-1LM]. It should be noted that the work of the
IETF in the context of performance metrics is not limited to IP
networks; [PM-CONS] presents general guidelines for considering new
performance metrics.
The IPPM working group has defined not only metrics for performance
measurement, but also protocols that define how the measurement is
carried out. The One-way Active Measurement Protocol [OWAMP] and the
Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol [TWAMP] define a method and
protocol for measuring performance metrics in IP networks.
OWAMP [OWAMP] enables measurement of one-way characteristics of IP
networks, such as one-way packet loss and one-way delay. For its
proper operation OWAMP requires accurate time of day setting at its
end points.
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TWAMP [TWAMP] is a similar protocol that enables measurement of both
one-way and two-way (round trip) characteristics.
OWAMP and TWAMP are both comprised of two separate protocols:
o OWAMP-Control/TWAMP-Control: used to initiate, start, and stop
test sessions and to fetch their results. Continuity Check and
Connectivity Verification are tested and confirmed by establishing
the OWAMP/TWAMP Control Protocol TCP connection.
o OWAMP-Test/TWAMP-Test: used to exchange test packets between two
measurement nodes. Enables the loss and delay measurement
functions, as well as detection of other anomalies, such as packet
duplication and packet reordering.
It should be noted that while [OWAMP] and [TWAMP] define tools for
performance measurement, they do not define the accuracy of these
tools. The accuracy depends on scale, implementation and network
configurations.
Alternative protocols for performance monitoring are defined, for
example, in MPLS-TP OAM ([MPLS-LM-DM], [TP-LM-DM]), and in Ethernet
OAM [ITU-T-Y1731].
4.7.2. Control and Test Protocols
OWAMP and TWAMP control protocols run over TCP, while the test
protocols run over UDP. The purpose of the control protocols is to
initiate, start, and stop test sessions, and for OWAMP to fetch
results. The test protocols introduce test packets (which contain
sequence numbers and timestamps) along the IP path under test
according to a schedule, and record statistics of packet arrival.
Multiple sessions may be simultaneously defined, each with a session
identifier, and defining the number of packets to be sent, the amount
of padding to be added (and thus the packet size), the start time,
and the send schedule (which can be either a constant time between
test packets or exponentially distributed pseudo-random). Statistics
recorded conform to the relevant IPPM RFCs.
From a security perspective, OWAMP and TWAMP test packets are hard to
detect because they are simply UDP streams between negotiated port
numbers, with potentially nothing static in the packets. OWAMP and
TWAMP also include optional authentication and encryption for both
control and test packets.
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4.7.3. OWAMP
OWAMP defines the following logical roles: Session-Sender, Session-
Receiver, Server, Control-Client, and Fetch-Client. The Session-
Sender originates test traffic that is received by the Session-
Receiver. The Server configures and manages the session, as well as
returning the results. The Control-Client initiates requests for
test sessions, triggers their start, and may trigger their
termination. The Fetch-Client requests the results of a completed
session. Multiple roles may be combined in a single host - for
example, one host may play the roles of Control-Client, Fetch-Client,
and Session-Sender, and a second playing the roles of Server and
Session-Receiver.
In a typical OWAMP session the Control-Client establishes a TCP
connection to port 861 of the Server, which responds with a server
greeting message indicating supported security/integrity modes. The
Control-Client responds with the chosen communications mode and the
Server accepts the mode. The Control-Client then requests and fully
describes a test session to which the Server responds with its
acceptance and supporting information. More than one test session
may be requested with additional messages. The Control-Client then
starts a test session and the Server acknowledges, and instructs the
Session-Sender to start the test. The Session-Sender then sends test
packets with pseudorandom padding to the Session-Receiver until the
session is complete or until the Control-client stops the session.
Once finished, the Session-Sender reports to the Server which
recovers data from the Session-Receiver. The Fetch-Client can then
send a fetch request to the Server, which responds with an
acknowledgement and immediately thereafter the result data.
4.7.4. TWAMP
TWAMP defines the following logical roles: session-sender, session-
reflector, server, and control-client. These are similar to the
OWAMP roles, except that the Session-Reflector does not collect any
packet information, and there is no need for a Fetch-Client.
In a typical TWAMP session the Control-Client establishes a TCP
connection to port 862 of the Server, and mode is negotiated as in
OWAMP. The Control-Client then requests sessions and starts them.
The Session-Sender sends test packets with pseudorandom padding to
the Session-Reflector which returns them with insertion of
timestamps.
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4.8. TRILL
The requirements of OAM in TRILL are defined in [TRILL-OAM]. The
challenge in TRILL OAM, much like in MPLS networks, is that traffic
between RBridges RB1 and RB2 may be forwarded through more than one
path. Thus, an OAM protocol between RBridges RB1 and RB2 must be able
to monitor all the available paths between the two RBridge.
During the writing of this document the detailed definition of the
TRILL OAM tools are still work in progress. This subsection presents
the main requirements of TRILL OAM.
The main requirements defined in [TRILL-OAM] are:
o Continuity Checking (CC) - the TRILL OAM protocol must support a
function for CC between any two RBridges RB1 and RB2.
o Connectivity Verification (CV) - connectivity between two RBridges
RB1 and RB2 can be verified on a per-flow basis.
o Path Tracing - allows an RBridge to trace all the available paths
to a peer RBridge.
o Performance monitoring - allows an RBridge to monitor the packet
loss and packet delay to a peer RBridge.
5. Summary
This section summarizes the OAM tools and functions presented in this
document. This summary is an index to some of the main OAM tools
defined in the IETF. This compact index that can be useful to all
readers from network operators to standards development
organizations. The summary includes a short subsection that presents
some guidance to network equipment vendors.
5.1. Summary of OAM Tools
This subsection provides a short summary of each of the OAM toolsets
described in this document.
A detailed list of the RFCs related to each toolset is given in
Appendix A.1.
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
| Toolset | Description | Transport |
| | | Technology |
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+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|IP Ping | Ping ([IntHost], [NetTerms]) is a simple | IPv4/IPv6 |
| | application for testing reachability that| |
| | uses ICMP Echo messages ([ICMPv4], | |
| | [ICMPv6]). | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|IP | Traceroute ([TCPIP-Tools], [NetTools]) is| IPv4/IPv6 |
|Traceroute | an application that allows users to trace| |
| | the path between an IP source and an IP | |
| | destination, i.e., to identify the nodes | |
| | along the path. If more than one path | |
| | exists between the source and destination| |
| | Traceroute traces *a* path. The most | |
| | common implementation of Traceroute | |
| | uses UDP probe messages, although there | |
| | are other implementations that use | |
| | different probes, such as ICMP or TCP. | |
| | Paris Traceroute [PARIS] is an extension | |
| | that attempts to discovers all the | |
| | available paths from A to B by scanning | |
| | different values of header fields. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|BFD | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) | generic |
| | is defined in [BFD] as a framework for a | |
| | lightweight generic OAM tool. The | |
| | intention is to define a base tool | |
| | that can be used with various | |
| | encapsulation types, network | |
| | environments, and in various medium | |
| | types. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|MPLS OAM | MPLS LSP Ping, as defined in [MPLS-OAM], | MPLS |
| | [MPLS-OAM-FW] and [LSP-Ping], is an OAM | |
| | tool for point-to-point and | |
| | point-to-multipoint MLPS LSPs. | |
| | It includes two main functions: Ping and | |
| | Traceroute. | |
| | BFD [BFD-LSP] is an alternative means for| |
| | detecting MPLS LSP data plane failures. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|MPLS-TP OAM| MPLS-TP OAM is defined in a set of RFCs. | MPLS-TP |
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| | The OAM requirements for MPLS Transport | |
| | Profile (MPLS-TP) are defined in | |
| | [MPLS-TP-OAM]. Each of the tools in the | |
| | OAM toolset is defined in its own RFC, as| |
| | specified in Section A.1. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|Pseudowire | The PWE3 OAM architecture defines control| Pseudowire |
|OAM | channels that support the use of existing| |
| | IETF OAM tools to be used for a pseudo- | |
| | wire (PW). The control channels that are| |
| | defined in [VCCV] and [PW-G-ACh] may be | |
| | used in conjunction with ICMP Ping, LSP | |
| | Ping, and BFD to perform CC and CV | |
| | functionality. In addition the channels | |
| | support use of any of the MPLS-TP based | |
| | OAM tools for completing their respective| |
| | OAM functionality for a PW. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|OWAMP and | The One Way Active Measurement Protocol | IPv4/IPv6 |
|TWAMP | [OWAMP] and the Two Way Active Measure- | |
| | ment Protocols [TWAMP] are two protocols | |
| | defined in the IP Performance Metrics | |
| | (IPPM) working group in the IETF. These | |
| | protocols allow various performance | |
| | metrics to be measured, such as packet | |
| | loss, delay and delay variation, | |
| | duplication and reordering. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
|TRILL OAM | The requirements of OAM in TRILL are | TRILL |
| | defined in [TRILL-OAM]. These | |
| | requirements include continuity checking,| |
| | connectivity verification, path tracing | |
| | and performance monitoring. During the | |
| | writing of this document the detailed | |
| | definition of the TRILL OAM tools | |
| | is work in progress. | |
+-----------+------------------------------------------+------------+
Table 3 Summary of OAM-related IETF Tools
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5.2. Summary of OAM Functions
Table 4 summarizes the OAM functions that are supported in each of
the toolsets that were analyzed in this section. The columns of this
tables are the typical OAM functions described in Section 1.3.
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
| |Continu|Connecti|Path |Perform|Other |
| |ity |vity |Discover|ance |Function |
| |Check |Verifica|y |Monitor|s |
| Toolset | |tion | |ing | |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
|IP Ping |Echo | | | | |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|IP | | |Tracerou| | |
|Traceroute | | |te | | |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|BFD |BFD |BFD | | |RDI usi- |
| |Control|Control | | |ng BFD |
| |/ Echo | | | |Control |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|MPLS OAM | |"Ping" |"Tracero| | |
|(LSP Ping) | |mode |ute" | | |
| | | |mode | | |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|MPLS-TP |CC |CV/pro- |Route |-LM |-Diagnos- |
|OAM | |active |Tracing |-DM | tic Test |
| | |or on- | | |-Lock |
| | |demand | | |-Alarm |
| | | | | |Reporting |
| | | | | |-Client |
| | | | | |Failure |
| | | | | |Indication|
| | | | | |-RDI |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|Pseudowire |BFD |-BFD |LSP-Ping| | |
|OAM | |-ICMP | | | |
| | | Ping | | | |
| | |-LSP- | | | |
| | | Ping | | | |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|OWAMP and | - control | |-Delay | |
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|TWAMP | protocol | | measur| |
| | | | ement | |
| | | |-Packet| |
| | | | loss | |
| | | | measur| |
| | | | ement | |
+ --------- + ----- + ------ + ------ + ----- + -------- +
|TRILL OAM |CC |CV |Path |-Delay | |
| | | |tracing | measur| |
| | | | | ement | |
| | | | |-Packet| |
| | | | | loss | |
| | | | | measur| |
| | | | | ement | |
+-----------+-------+--------+--------+-------+----------+
Table 4 Summary of the OAM Functionality in IETF OAM Tools
5.3. Guidance to Network Equipment Vendors
As mentioned in Section 1.4. , it is imperative for OAM tools to be
capable of testing the actual data plane in as much accuracy as
possible. While this guideline may appear obvious, it is worthwhile
to emphasize the key importance of enforcing fate-sharing between OAM
traffic that monitors the data plane and the data plane traffic it
monitors.
6. Security Considerations
OAM is tightly coupled with the stability of the network. A
successful attack on an OAM protocol can create a false illusion of
non-existent failures, or prevent the detection of actual ones. In
both cases the attack may result in denial of service.
Some of the OAM tools presented in this document include security
mechanisms that provide integrity protection, thereby preventing
attackers from forging or tampering with OAM packets. For example,
[BFD] includes an optional authentication mechanism for BFD Control
packets, using either SHA1, MD5, or a simple password. [OWAMP] and
[TWAMP] have 3 modes of security: unauthenticated, authenticated,
and encrypted. The authentication uses SHA1 as the HMAC algorithm,
and the encrypted mode uses AES encryption.
Confidentiality is typically not considered a requirement for OAM
protocols. However, the use of encryption (e.g., [OWAMP] and
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[TWAMP]) can make it difficult for attackers to identify OAM
packets, thus making it more difficult to attack the OAM protocol.
OAM can also be used as a means for network reconnaissance;
information about addresses, port numbers and about the network
topology and performance can be gathered either by passively
eavesdropping to OAM packets, or by actively sending OAM packets and
gathering information from the respective responses. This
information can then be used maliciously to attack the network. Note
that some of this information, e.g., addresses and port numbers, can
be gather even when encryption is used ([OWAMP], [TWAMP]).
For further details about the security considerations of each OAM
protocol, the reader is encouraged to review the Security
Considerations section of each document referenced by this memo.
7. IANA Considerations
There are no new IANA considerations implied by this document.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Sasha Vainshtein, Carlos
Pignataro, David Harrington, Dan Romascanu, Ron Bonica, Benoit
Claise, Stewart Bryant, Tom Nadeau, Elwyn Davies, Al Morton, Sam
Aldrin, Thomas Narten, and other members of the OPSA WG for their
helpful comments on the mailing list.
This document was prepared using 2-Word-v2.0.template.dot.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[OAM-Def] Andersson, L., Van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu,
D., Mansfield, S., "Guidelines for the use of the OAM
acronym in the IETF ", RFC 6291, June 2011.
9.2. Informative References
[ATM-L2] Singh, S., Townsley, M., and C. Pignataro,
"Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) over Layer 2
Tunneling Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC 4454, May
2006.
[BFD] Katz, D., Ward, D., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD)", RFC 5880, June 2010.
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[BFD-Gen] Katz, D., Ward, D., "Generic Application of
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD)", RFC 5882,
June 2010.
[BFD-IP] Katz, D., Ward, D., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD) for IPv4 and IPv6 (Single Hop)", RFC 5881, June
2010.
[BFD-LSP] Aggarwal, R., Kompella, K., Nadeau, T., and Swallow,
G., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) for MPLS
Label Switched Paths (LSPs)", RFC 5884, June 2010.
[BFD-Multi] Katz, D., Ward, D., "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD) for Multihop Paths", RFC 5883, June 2010.
[BFD-VCCV] Nadeau, T., Pignataro, C., "Bidirectional Forwarding
Detection (BFD) for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit
Connectivity Verification (VCCV)", RFC 5885, June
2010.
[Comp] Bonaventure, O., "Computer Networking: Principles,
Protocols and Practice", 2008.
[Dup] Uijterwaal, H., "A One-Way Packet Duplication Metric",
RFC 5560, May 2009.
[Eth-Int] Mohan, D., Bitar, N., Sajassi, A., Delord, S., Niger,
P., Qiu, R., "MPLS and Ethernet Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance (OAM) Interworking",
RFC 7023, October 2013.
[G-ACh] Bocci, M., Vigoureux, M., Bryant, S., "MPLS Generic
Associated Channel", RFC 5586, June 2009.
[ICMP-Ext] Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., Pignataro, C., "ICMP
Extensions for Multiprotocol Label Switching", RFC
4950, August 2007.
[ICMP-Int] Atlas, A., Bonica, R., Pignataro, C., Shen, N., Rivers,
JR., "Extending ICMP for Interface and Next-Hop
Identification", RFC 5837, April 2010.
[ICMP-MP] Bonica, R., Gan, D., Tappan, D., Pignataro, C.,
"Extended ICMP to Support Multi-Part Messages", RFC
4884, April 2007.
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[ICMPv4] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, September 1981.
[ICMPv6] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, "Internet Control
Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443, March 2006.
[IEEE802.1Q] IEEE 802.1Q, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan
area networks - Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and
Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks", October 2012.
[IEEE802.3ah] IEEE 802.3, "IEEE Standard for Information technology -
Local and metropolitan area networks - Carrier sense
multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
access method and physical layer specifications",
clause 57, December 2008.
[IntHost] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts --
Communication Layers", RFC 1122, October 1989.
[IPPM-1DM] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M., "A One-way
Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999.
[IPPM-1LM] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M., "A One-way
Packet Loss Metric for IPPM", RFC 2680, September
1999.
[IPPM-2DM] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., Zekauskas, M., "A Round-trip
Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2681, September 1999.
[IPPM-Con] Mahdavi, J., Paxson, V., "IPPM Metrics for Measuring
Connectivity", RFC 2678, September 1999.
[IPPM-FW] Paxson, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J., and Mathis, M.,
"Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, May
1998.
[ITU-G8113.1] ITU-T Recommendation G.8113.1/Y.1372.1, "Operations,
Administration and Maintenance mechanism for MPLS-TP
in Packet Transport Network (PTN)", November 2012.
[ITU-G8113.2] ITU-T Recommendation G.8113.2/Y.1372.2, "Operations,
administration and maintenance mechanisms for MPLS-TP
networks using the tools defined for MPLS", November
2012.
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[ITU-T-CT] Betts, M., "Allocation of a Generic Associated Channel
Type for ITU-T MPLS Transport Profile Operation,
Maintenance, and Administration (MPLS-TP OAM)", RFC
6671, November 2012.
[ITU-T-G.806] ITU-T Recommendation G.806, "Characteristics of
transport equipment - Description methodology and
generic functionality", January 2009.
[ITU-T-Y1711] ITU-T Recommendation Y.1711, "Operation & Maintenance
mechanism for MPLS networks", February 2004.
[ITU-T-Y1731] ITU-T Recommendation G.8013/Y.1731, "OAM Functions and
Mechanisms for Ethernet-based Networks", July 2011.
[ITU-Terms] ITU-R/ITU-T Terms and Definitions, online, 2013.
[L2TP-EC] McGill, N. and C. Pignataro, "Layer 2 Tunneling
Protocol Version 3 (L2TPv3) Extended Circuit Status
Values", RFC 5641, August 2009.
[L2VPN-OAM] Sajassi, A., Mohan, D., "Layer 2 Virtual Private
Network (L2VPN) Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance (OAM) Requirements and Framework", RFC
6136, March 2011.
[L3VPN-OAM] El Mghazli, Y., Nadeau, T., Boucadair, M., Chan, K.,
Gonguet, A., "Framework for Layer 3 Virtual Private
Networks (L3VPN) Operations and Management", RFC 4176,
October 2005.
[Lock-Loop] Boutros, S., Sivabalan, S., Aggarwal, R., Vigoureux,
M., Dai, X., "MPLS Transport Profile Lock Instruct and
Loopback Functions", RFC 6435, November 2011.
[LSP-Ping] Kompella, K., Swallow, G., "Detecting Multi-Protocol
Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures", RFC 4379,
February 2006.
[Mng] Farrel, A., "Inclusion of Manageability Sections in
Path Computation Element (PCE) Working Group Drafts",
RFC 6123, February 2011.
[MPLS-ENCAPS] Rosen, E., Tappan, D., Fedorkow, G., Rekhter, Y.,
Farinacci, D., Li, T. and A. Conta, "MPLS Label Stack
Encoding", RFC 3032, January 2001.
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[MPLS-LM-DM] Frost, D., Bryant, S., "Packet Loss and Delay
Measurement for MPLS Networks", RFC 6374, September
2011.
[MPLS-OAM] Nadeau, T., Morrow, M., Swallow, G., Allan, D.,
Matsushima, S., "Operations and Management (OAM)
Requirements for Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS)
Networks", RFC 4377, February 2006.
[MPLS-OAM-FW] Allan, D., Nadeau, T., "A Framework for Multi-Protocol
Label Switching (MPLS) Operations and Management
(OAM)", RFC 4378, February 2006.
[MPLS-P2MP] Yasukawa, S., Farrel, A., King, D., Nadeau, T.,
"Operations and Management (OAM) Requirements for
Point-to-Multipoint MPLS Networks", RFC 4687,
September 2006.
[MPLS-TP-OAM] Vigoureux, M., Ward, D., Betts, M., "Requirements for
OAM in MPLS Transport Networks", RFC 5860, May 2010.
[mtrace] Fenner, W., Casner, S., "A "traceroute" facility for IP
Multicast", draft-ietf-idmr-traceroute-ipm-07
(expired), July 2000.
[NetTerms] Jacobsen, O., Lynch, D., "A Glossary of Networking
Terms", RFC 1208, March 1991.
[NetTools] Enger, R., Reynolds, J., "FYI on a Network Management
Tool Catalog: Tools for Monitoring and Debugging
TCP/IP Internets and Interconnected Devices", RFC
1470, June 1993.
[OAM-Analys] Sprecher, N., Fang, L., "An Overview of the OAM Tool
Set for MPLS based Transport Networks", RFC 6669,
July 2012.
[OAM-Label] Ohta, H., "Assignment of the 'OAM Alert Label' for
Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture (MPLS)
Operation and Maintenance (OAM) Functions", RFC 3429,
November 2002.
[OAM-Mng] Ersue, M., Claise, B., "An Overview of the IETF Network
Management Standards", RFC 6632, June 2012.
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[OnDemand-CV] Gray, E., Bahadur, N., Boutros, S., Aggarwal, R. "MPLS
On-Demand Connectivity Verification and Route
Tracing", RFC 6426, November 2011.
[OWAMP] Shalunov, S., Teitelbaum, B., Karp, A., Boote, J., and
Zekauskas, M., "A One-way Active Measurement Protocol
(OWAMP)", RFC 4656, September 2006.
[PARIS] Brice Augustin, Timur Friedman and Renata Teixeira,
"Measuring Load-balanced Paths in the Internet", IMC,
2007.
[PM-CONS] Clark, A. and B. Claise, "Guidelines for Considering
New Performance Metric Development", BCP 170, RFC
6390, October 2011.
[PW-ACH] Bryant, S., Swallow, G., Martini, L., McPherson, D.,
"Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) Control Word
for Use over an MPLS PSN", RFC 4385, February 2006.
[PW-G-ACh] Li, H., Martini, L., He, J., Huang, F., "Using the
Generic Associated Channel Label for Pseudowire in the
MPLS Transport Profile (MPLS-TP)", RFC 6423, November
2011.
[PW-MAP] Aissaoui, M., Busschbach, P., Martini, L., Morrow, M.,
Nadeau, T., and Y(J). Stein, "Pseudowire (PW)
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)
Message Mapping", RFC 6310, July 2011.
[Reorder] Morton, A., Ciavattone, L., Ramachandran, G., Shalunov,
S., and J. Perser, "Packet Reordering Metrics", RFC
4737, November 2006.
[Signal] Yasukawa, S., "Signaling Requirements for Point-to-
Multipoint Traffic-Engineered MPLS Label Switched
Paths (LSPs)", RFC 4461, April 2006.
[TCPIP-Tools] Kessler, G., Shepard, S., "A Primer On Internet and
TCP/IP Tools and Utilities", RFC 2151, June 1997.
[TP-CC-CV] Allan, D., Swallow, G., Drake, J., "Proactive
Connectivity Verification, Continuity Check and Remote
Defect indication for MPLS Transport Profile", RFC
6428, November 2011.
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[TP-Fault] Swallow, G., Fulignoli, A., Vigoureux, M., Boutros, S.,
"MPLS Fault Management Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance (OAM)", RFC 6427, November 2011.
[TP-LM-DM] Frost, D., Bryant, S., "A Packet Loss and Delay
Measurement Profile for MPLS-Based Transport
Networks", RFC 6375, September 2011.
[TP-OAM-FW] Busi, I., Allan, D., "Operations, Administration and
Maintenance Framework for MPLS-based Transport
Networks ", RFC 6371, September 2011.
[TP-Term] Van Helvoort, H., Andersson, L., Sprecher, N., "A
Thesaurus for the Terminology used in MPLS Transport
Profile (MPLS-TP) Internet-Drafts and RFCs in the
Context of the ITU-T's Transport Network
Recommendations", RFC 7087, December 2013.
[TRILL-OAM] Senevirathne, T., Bond, D., Aldrin, S., Li, Y., Watve,
R., "Requirements for Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance (OAM) in Transparent Interconnection of
Lots of Links (TRILL)", RFC 6905, March 2013.
[TWAMP] Hedayat, K., Krzanowski, R., Morton, A., Yum, K., and
Babiarz, J., "A Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol
(TWAMP)", RFC 5357, October 2008.
[VCCV] Nadeau, T., Pignataro, C., "Pseudowire Virtual Circuit
Connectivity Verification (VCCV): A Control Channel
for Pseudowires", RFC 5085, December 2007.
[VCCV-SURVEY] Del Regno, N., Malis, A., "The Pseudowire (PW) and
Virtual Circuit Connectivity Verification (VCCV)
Implementation Survey Results", RFC 7079, November
2013.
Appendix A. List of OAM Documents
A.1. List of IETF OAM Documents
Table 5 summarizes the OAM related RFCs published by the IETF.
It is important to note that the table lists various RFCs that are
different by nature. For example, some of these documents define OAM
tools or OAM protocols (or both), while others define protocols that
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are not strictly OAM-related, but are used by OAM tools. The table
also includes RFCs that define the requirements or the framework of
OAM in a specific context (e.g., MPLS-TP).
The RFCs in the table are categorized in a few sets as defined in
Section 1.3.
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
| Toolset | Title | RFC |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|IP Ping | Requirements for Internet Hosts -- | RFC 1122 |
| | Communication Layers [IntHost] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A Glossary of Networking Terms | RFC 1208 |
| | [NetTerms] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Internet Control Message Protocol | RFC 792 |
| | [ICMPv4] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Internet Control Message Protocol | RFC 4443 |
| | (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol | |
| | Version 6 (IPv6) Specification | |
| | [ICMPv6] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|IP | A Primer On Internet and TCP/IP | RFC 2151 |
|Traceroute | Tools and Utilities [TCPIP-Tools] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | FYI on a Network Management Tool | RFC 1470 |
| | Catalog: Tools for Monitoring and | |
| | Debugging TCP/IP Internets and | |
| | Interconnected Devices [NetTools] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Internet Control Message Protocol | RFC 792 |
| | [ICMPv4] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Internet Control Message Protocol | RFC 4443 |
| | (ICMPv6) for the Internet Protocol | |
| | Version 6 (IPv6) Specification | |
| | [ICMPv6] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Extended ICMP to Support Multi-Part | RFC 4884 |
| | Messages [ICMP-MP] | |
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| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Extending ICMP for Interface and | RFC 5837 |
| | Next-Hop Identification [ICMP-Int] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|BFD | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5880 |
| | [BFD] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5881 |
| | (BFD) for IPv4 and IPv6 (Single Hop) | |
| | [BFD-IP] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Generic Application of Bidirectional | RFC 5882 |
| | Forwarding Detection [BFD-Gen] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5883 |
| | (BFD) for Multihop Paths [BFD-Multi] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5884 |
| | for MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) | |
| | [BFD-LSP] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5885 |
| | for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit | |
| | Connectivity Verification (VCCV) | |
| | [BFD-VCCV] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|MPLS OAM | Operations and Management (OAM) | RFC 4377 |
| | Requirements for Multi-Protocol Label| |
| | Switched (MPLS) Networks [MPLS-OAM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A Framework for Multi-Protocol | RFC 4378 |
| | Label Switching (MPLS) Operations | |
| | and Management (OAM) [MPLS-OAM-FW] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Detecting Multi-Protocol Label | RFC 4379 |
| | Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures | |
| | [LSP-Ping] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Operations and Management (OAM) | RFC 4687 |
| | Requirements for Point-to-Multipoint | |
| | MPLS Networks [MPLS-P2MP] | |
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| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | ICMP Extensions for Multiprotocol | RFC 4950 |
| | Label Switching [ICMP-Ext] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5884 |
| | for MPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs) | |
| | [BFD-LSP] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|MPLS-TP | Requirements for OAM in MPLS-TP | RFC 5860 |
|OAM | [MPLS-TP-OAM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS Generic Associated Channel | RFC 5586 |
| | [G-ACh] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS-TP OAM Framework | RFC 6371 |
| | [TP-OAM-FW] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Proactive Connectivity Verification, | RFC 6428 |
| | Continuity Check, and Remote Defect | |
| | Indication for the MPLS Transport | |
| | Profile [TP-CC-CV] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS On-Demand Connectivity | RFC 6426 |
| | Verification and Route Tracing | |
| | [OnDemand-CV] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS Fault Management Operations, | RFC 6427 |
| | Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)| |
| | [TP-Fault] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS Transport Profile Lock Instruct | RFC 6435 |
| | and Loopback Functions [Lock-Loop] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Packet Loss and Delay Measurement for| RFC 6374 |
| | MPLS Networks [MPLS-LM-DM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A Packet Loss and Delay Measurement | RFC 6375 |
| | Profile for MPLS-Based Transport | |
| | Networks [TP-LM-DM] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|Pseudowire | Pseudowire Virtual Circuit | RFC 5085 |
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|OAM | Connectivity Verification (VCCV): | |
| | A Control Channel for Pseudowires | |
| | [VCCV] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Bidirectional Forwarding Detection | RFC 5885 |
| | for the Pseudowire Virtual Circuit | |
| | Connectivity Verification (VCCV) | |
| | [BFD-VCCV] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Using the Generic Associated Channel | RFC 6423 |
| | Label for Pseudowire in the MPLS | |
| | Transport Profile (MPLS-TP) | |
| | [PW-G-ACh] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Pseudowire (PW) Operations, | RFC 6310 |
| | Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)| |
| | Message Mapping [PW-MAP] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | MPLS and Ethernet Operations, | RFC 7023 |
| | Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)| |
| | Interworking [Eth-Int] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|OWAMP and | A One-way Active Measurement Protocol| RFC 4656 |
|TWAMP | [OWAMP] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol| RFC 5357 |
| | [TWAMP] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Framework for IP Performance Metrics | RFC 2330 |
| | [IPPM-FW] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | IPPM Metrics for Measuring | RFC 2678 |
| | Connectivity [IPPM-Con] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM | RFC 2679 |
| | [IPPM-1DM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A One-way Packet Loss Metric for IPPM| RFC 2680 |
| | [IPPM-1LM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A Round-trip Delay Metric for IPPM | RFC 2681 |
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| | [IPPM-2DM] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | Packet Reordering Metrics | RFC 4737 |
| | [Reorder] | |
| +--------------------------------------+----------+
| | A One-Way Packet Duplication Metric | RFC 5560 |
| | [Dup] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
|TRILL OAM | Requirements for Operations, | RFC 6905 |
| | Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)| |
| | in Transparent Interconnection of | |
| | Lots of Links (TRILL) | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+----------+
Table 5 Summary of IETF OAM Related RFCs
A.2. List of Selected Non-IETF OAM Documents
In addition to the OAM tools defined by the IETF, the IEEE and ITU-T
have also defined various OAM tools that focus on Ethernet, and
various other transport network environments. These various tools,
defined by the three standard organizations, are often tightly
coupled, and have had a mutual effect on each other. The ITU-T and
IETF have both defined OAM tools for MPLS LSPs, [ITU-T-Y1711] and
[LSP-Ping]. The following OAM standards by the IEEE and ITU-T are to
some extent linked to IETF OAM tools listed above and are mentioned
here only as reference material:
o OAM tools for Layer 2 have been defined by the ITU-T in
[ITU-T-Y1731], and by the IEEE in 802.1ag [IEEE802.1Q] . The IEEE
802.3 standard defines OAM for one-hop Ethernet links
[IEEE802.3ah].
o The ITU-T has defined OAM for MPLS LSPs in [ITU-T-Y1711], and
MPLS-TP OAM in [ITU-G8113.1] and [ITU-G8113.2].
It should be noted that these non-IETF documents deal in many cases
with OAM functions below the IP layer (Layer 2, Layer 2.5) and in
some cases operators use a multi-layered OAM approach, which is a
function of the way their networks are designed.
Table 6 summarizes some of the main OAM standards published by non-
IETF standard organizations. This document focuses on IETF OAM
standards, but these non-IETF standards are referenced in this
document where relevant.
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+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
| | Title |Standard/Draft |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|ITU-T | Operation & Maintenance mechanism | ITU-T Y.1711 |
|MPLS OAM | for MPLS networks [ITU-T-Y1711] | |
| +--------------------------------------+---------------+
| | Assignment of the 'OAM Alert Label' | RFC 3429 |
| | for Multiprotocol Label Switching | |
| | Architecture (MPLS) Operation and | |
| | Maintenance (OAM) Functions | |
| | [OAM-Label] | |
| | | |
| | Note: although this is an IETF | |
| | document, it is listed as one of the| |
| | non-IETF OAM standards, since it | |
| | was defined as a complementary part | |
| | of ITU-T Y.1711. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|ITU-T | Operations, administration and |ITU-T G.8113.2 |
|MPLS-TP OAM| Maintenance mechanisms for MPLS-TP | |
| | networks using the tools defined for | |
| | MPLS [ITU-G8113.2] | |
| | | |
| | Note: this document describes the | |
| | OAM toolset defined by the IETF for | |
| | MPLS-TP, whereas ITU-T G.8113.1 | |
| | describes the OAM toolset defined | |
| | by the ITU-T. | |
| +--------------------------------------+---------------+
| | Operations, Administration and |ITU-T G.8113.1 |
| | Maintenance mechanism for MPLS-TP in | |
| | Packet Transport Network (PTN) | |
| +--------------------------------------+---------------+
| | Allocation of a Generic Associated | RFC 6671 |
| | Channel Type for ITU-T MPLS Transport| |
| | Profile Operation, Maintenance, and | |
| | Administration (MPLS-TP OAM) | |
| | [ITU-T-CT] | |
| | | |
| | Note: although this is an IETF | |
| | document, it is listed as one of the| |
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| | non-IETF OAM standards, since it | |
| | was defined as a complementary part | |
| | of ITU-T G.8113.1. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|ITU-T | OAM Functions and Mechanisms for | ITU-T Y.1731 |
|Ethernet | Ethernet-based Networks | |
|OAM | [ITU-T-Y1731] | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|IEEE | Connectivity Fault Management | IEEE 802.1ag |
|CFM | [IEEE802.1Q] | |
| | | |
| | Note: CFM was originally published | |
| | as IEEE 802.1ag, but is now | |
| | incorporated in the 802.1Q standard.| |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|IEEE | Management of Data Driven and Data | IEEE 802.1ag |
|DDCFM | Dependent Connectivity Faults | |
| | [IEEE802.1Q] | |
| | | |
| | Note: DDCFM was originally published| |
| | as IEEE 802.1Qaw, but is now | |
| | incorporated in the 802.1Q standard.| |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
|IEEE | Media Access Control Parameters, | IEEE 802.3ah |
|802.3 | Physical Layers, and Management | |
|link level | Parameters for Subscriber Access | |
|OAM | Networks [IEEE802.3ah] | |
| | | |
| | Note: link level OAM was originally | |
| | defined in IEEE 802.3ah, and is now | |
| | incorporated in the 802.3 standard. | |
+-----------+--------------------------------------+---------------+
Table 6 Non-IETF OAM Standards Mentioned in this Document
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Authors' Addresses
Tal Mizrahi
Marvell
6 Hamada St.
Yokneam, 20692
Israel
Email: talmi@marvell.com
Nurit Sprecher
Nokia Solutions and Networks
3 Hanagar St. Neve Ne'eman B
Hod Hasharon, 45241
Israel
Email: nurit.sprecher@nsn.com
Elisa Bellagamba
Ericsson
6 Farogatan St.
Stockholm, 164 40
Sweden
Phone: +46 761440785
Email: elisa.bellagamba@ericsson.com
Yaacov Weingarten
34 Hagefen St.
Karnei Shomron, 4485500
Israel
Email: wyaacov@gmail.com
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