Internet DRAFT - draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis
draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis
Transport Area Working Group L. Eggert
Internet-Draft NetApp
Obsoletes: 5405 (if approved) G. Fairhurst
Intended status: Best Current Practice University of Aberdeen
Expires: April 17, 2017 G. Shepherd
Cisco Systems
October 14, 2016
UDP Usage Guidelines
draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-19
Abstract
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a minimal message-passing
transport that has no inherent congestion control mechanisms. This
document provides guidelines on the use of UDP for the designers of
applications, tunnels and other protocols that use UDP. Congestion
control guidelines are a primary focus, but the document also
provides guidance on other topics, including message sizes,
reliability, checksums, middlebox traversal, the use of ECN, DSCPs,
and ports.
Because congestion control is critical to the stable operation of the
Internet, applications and other protocols that choose to use UDP as
an Internet transport must employ mechanisms to prevent congestion
collapse and to establish some degree of fairness with concurrent
traffic. They may also need to implement additional mechanisms,
depending on how they use UDP.
Some guidance is also applicable to the design of other protocols
(e.g., protocols layered directly on IP or via IP-based tunnels),
especially when these protocols do not themselves provide congestion
control.
This document obsoletes RFC5405 and adds guidelines for multicast UDP
usage.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on April 17, 2017.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. UDP Usage Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Congestion Control Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Message Size Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3. Reliability Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.4. Checksum Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.5. Middlebox Traversal Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6. Limited Applicability and Controlled Environments . . . . 26
4. Multicast UDP Usage Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.1. Multicast Congestion Control Guidelines . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2. Message Size Guidelines for Multicast . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. Programming Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.1. Using UDP Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5.2. ICMP Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
9. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
10.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Appendix A. Case Study of the Use of IPv6 UDP Zero-Checksum Mode 52
Appendix B. Revision Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
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Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1. Introduction
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) [RFC0768] provides a minimal,
unreliable, best-effort, message-passing transport to applications
and other protocols (such as tunnels) that desire to operate over IP.
Both are simply called "applications" in the remainder of this
document.
Compared to other transport protocols, UDP and its UDP-Lite variant
[RFC3828] are unique in that they do not establish end-to-end
connections between communicating end systems. UDP communication
consequently does not incur connection establishment and teardown
overheads, and there is minimal associated end system state. Because
of these characteristics, UDP can offer a very efficient
communication transport to some applications.
A second unique characteristic of UDP is that it provides no inherent
congestion control mechanisms. On many platforms, applications can
send UDP datagrams at the line rate of the platform's link interface,
which is often much greater than the available end-to-end path
capacity, and doing so contributes to congestion along the path.
[RFC2914] describes the best current practice for congestion control
in the Internet. It identifies two major reasons why congestion
control mechanisms are critical for the stable operation of the
Internet:
1. The prevention of congestion collapse, i.e., a state where an
increase in network load results in a decrease in useful work
done by the network.
2. The establishment of a degree of fairness, i.e., allowing
multiple flows to share the capacity of a path reasonably
equitably.
Because UDP itself provides no congestion control mechanisms, it is
up to the applications that use UDP for Internet communication to
employ suitable mechanisms to prevent congestion collapse and
establish a degree of fairness. [RFC2309] discusses the dangers of
congestion-unresponsive flows and states that "all UDP-based
streaming applications should incorporate effective congestion
avoidance mechanisms." [RFC7567] reaffirms this statement. This is
an important requirement, even for applications that do not use UDP
for streaming. In addition, congestion-controlled transmission is of
benefit to an application itself, because it can reduce self-induced
packet loss, minimize retransmissions, and hence reduce delays.
Congestion control is essential even at relatively slow transmission
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rates. For example, an application that generates five 1500-byte UDP
datagrams in one second can already exceed the capacity of a 56 Kb/s
path. For applications that can operate at higher, potentially
unbounded data rates, congestion control becomes vital to prevent
congestion collapse and establish some degree of fairness. Section 3
describes a number of simple guidelines for the designers of such
applications.
A UDP datagram is carried in a single IP packet and is hence limited
to a maximum payload of 65,507 bytes for IPv4 and 65,527 bytes for
IPv6. The transmission of large IP packets usually requires IP
fragmentation. Fragmentation decreases communication reliability and
efficiency and should be avoided. IPv6 allows the option of
transmitting large packets ("jumbograms") without fragmentation when
all link layers along the path support this [RFC2675]. Some of the
guidelines in Section 3 describe how applications should determine
appropriate message sizes. Other sections of this document provide
guidance on reliability, checksums, middlebox traversal and use of
multicast.
This document provides guidelines and recommendations. Although most
UDP applications are expected to follow these guidelines, there do
exist valid reasons why a specific application may decide not to
follow a given guideline. In such cases, it is RECOMMENDED that
application designers cite the respective section(s) of this document
in the technical specification of their application or protocol and
explain their rationale for their design choice.
[RFC5405] was scoped to provide guidelines for unicast applications
only, whereas this document also provides guidelines for UDP flows
that use IP anycast, multicast, broadcast, and applications that use
UDP tunnels to support IP flows.
Finally, although this document specifically refers to usage of UDP,
the spirit of some of its guidelines also applies to other message-
passing applications and protocols (specifically on the topics of
congestion control, message sizes, and reliability). Examples
include signaling, tunnel, or control applications that choose to run
directly over IP by registering their own IP protocol number with
IANA. This document is expected to provide useful background reading
to the designers of such applications and protocols.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[RFC2119].
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3. UDP Usage Guidelines
Internet paths can have widely varying characteristics, including
transmission delays, available bandwidths, congestion levels,
reordering probabilities, supported message sizes, or loss rates.
Furthermore, the same Internet path can have very different
conditions over time. Consequently, applications that may be used on
the Internet MUST NOT make assumptions about specific path
characteristics. They MUST instead use mechanisms that let them
operate safely under very different path conditions. Typically, this
requires conservatively probing the current conditions of the
Internet path they communicate over to establish a transmission
behavior that it can sustain and that is reasonably fair to other
traffic sharing the path.
These mechanisms are difficult to implement correctly. For most
applications, the use of one of the existing IETF transport protocols
is the simplest method of acquiring the required mechanisms. Doing
so also avoids issues that protocols using a new IP protocol number
face when being deployed over the Internet, where middleboxes that
only support TCP and UDP are sometimes present. Consequently, the
RECOMMENDED alternative to the UDP usage described in the remainder
of this section is the use of an IETF transport protocol such as TCP
[RFC0793], Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) [RFC4960], and
SCTP Partial Reliability Extension (SCTP-PR) [RFC3758], or Datagram
Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) [RFC4340] with its different
congestion control types [RFC4341][RFC4342][RFC5622], or transport
protocols specified by the IETF in the future. (UDP-encapsulated
SCTP [RFC6951] and DCCP [RFC6773] can offer support for traversing
firewalls and other middleboxes where the native protocols are not
supported.)
If used correctly, these more fully-featured transport protocols are
not as "heavyweight" as often claimed. For example, the TCP
algorithms have been continuously improved over decades, and have
reached a level of efficiency and correctness that custom
application-layer mechanisms will struggle to easily duplicate. In
addition, many TCP implementations allow connections to be tuned by
an application to its purposes. For example, TCP's "Nagle" algorithm
[RFC1122] can be disabled, improving communication latency at the
expense of more frequent -- but still congestion-controlled -- packet
transmissions. Another example is the TCP SYN cookie mechanism
[RFC4987], which is available on many platforms. TCP with SYN
cookies does not require a server to maintain per-connection state
until the connection is established. TCP also requires the end that
closes a connection to maintain the TIME-WAIT state that prevents
delayed segments from one connection instance from interfering with a
later one. Applications that are aware of and designed for this
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behavior can shift maintenance of the TIME-WAIT state to conserve
resources by controlling which end closes a TCP connection [FABER].
Finally, TCP's built-in capacity-probing and awareness of the maximum
transmission unit supported by the path (PMTU) results in efficient
data transmission that quickly compensates for the initial connection
setup delay, in the case of transfers that exchange more than a few
segments.
3.1. Congestion Control Guidelines
If an application or protocol chooses not to use a congestion-
controlled transport protocol, it SHOULD control the rate at which it
sends UDP datagrams to a destination host, in order to fulfill the
requirements of [RFC2914]. It is important to stress that an
application SHOULD perform congestion control over all UDP traffic it
sends to a destination, independently from how it generates this
traffic. For example, an application that forks multiple worker
processes or otherwise uses multiple sockets to generate UDP
datagrams SHOULD perform congestion control over the aggregate
traffic.
Several approaches to perform congestion control are discussed in the
remainder of this section. The section describes generic topics with
an intended emphasis on unicast and anycast [RFC1546] usage. Not all
approaches discussed below are appropriate for all UDP-transmitting
applications. Section 3.1.2 discusses congestion control options for
applications that perform bulk transfers over UDP. Such applications
can employ schemes that sample the path over several subsequent
round-trips during which data is exchanged to determine a sending
rate that the path at its current load can support. Other
applications only exchange a few UDP datagrams with a destination.
Section 3.1.3 discusses congestion control options for such "low
data-volume" applications. Because they typically do not transmit
enough data to iteratively sample the path to determine a safe
sending rate, they need to employ different kinds of congestion
control mechanisms. Section 3.1.11 discusses congestion control
considerations when UDP is used as a tunneling protocol. Section 4
provides additional recommendations for broadcast and multicast
usage.
It is important to note that congestion control should not be viewed
as an add-on to a finished application. Many of the mechanisms
discussed in the guidelines below require application support to
operate correctly. Application designers need to consider congestion
control throughout the design of their application, similar to how
they consider security aspects throughout the design process.
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In the past, the IETF has also investigated integrated congestion
control mechanisms that act on the traffic aggregate between two
hosts, i.e., a framework such as the Congestion Manager [RFC3124],
where active sessions may share current congestion information in a
way that is independent of the transport protocol. Such mechanisms
have currently failed to see deployment, but would otherwise simplify
the design of congestion control mechanisms for UDP sessions, so that
they fulfill the requirements in [RFC2914].
3.1.1. Protocol Timer Guidelines
Understanding the latency between communicating endpoints is usually
a crucial part of effective congestion control implementations for
protocols and applications. Latency estimation can be used in a
number of protocol functions, such as calculating a congestion-
controlled transmission rate, triggering retransmission, and
detecting packet loss. Additional protocol functions, for example,
determining an interval for probing a path, determining an interval
between keep-alive messages, determining an interval for measuring
the quality of experience, or determining if a remote endpoint has
responded to a request to perform an action typically operate over
longer timescales than congestion control and therefore are not
covered in this section.
The general recommendation in this document is that applications
SHOULD leverage existing congestion control techniques and the
latency estimators specified therein (see next subsection). The
following guidelines are provided for applications that need to
design their own latency estimation mechanisms.
The guidelines are framed in terms of "latency" and not "round-trip
time" because some situations require characterizing only the
network-based latency (e.g., TCP-Friendly Rate Control [RFC5348]),
while other cases necessitate inclusion of the time required by the
remote endpoint to provide feedback (e.g., developing an
understanding of when to retransmit a message).
The latency between endpoints is generally a dynamic property.
Therefore, estimates SHOULD represent some sort of averaging of
multiple recent measurement samples to account for variance.
Leveraging an Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) has proven
useful for this purpose (e.g., in TCP [RFC6298] and TCP-Friendly Rate
Control (TFRC) [RFC5348]).
Independent latency estimates SHOULD be maintained for each
destination with which an endpoint communicates.
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Latency samples MUST NOT be derived from ambiguous transactions. The
canonical example is in a protocol that retransmits data, but
subsequently cannot determine which copy is being acknowledged. This
ambiguity makes correct computation of the latency problematic. See
the discussion of Karn's algorithm in [RFC6298]. This requirement
ensures a sender establishes a sound estimate of the latency without
relying on mis-leading measurements.
When a latency estimate is used to arm a timer that provides loss
detection - with or without retransmission - expiry of the timer MUST
be interpreted as an indication of congestion in the network, causing
the sending rate to be adapted to a safe conservative rate (e.g., TCP
collapses the congestion window to one segment [RFC5681]).
Some applications require an initial latency estimate before the
latency between endpoints can be empirically sampled. For instance,
when arming a retransmission timer an initial value is needed to
protect the messages sent before the endpoints sample the latency.
This initial latency estimate SHOULD generally be as conservative
(large) as possible for the given application. For instance, in the
absence of any knowledge about the latency of a path, TCP requires
the initial Retransmission Timeout (RTO) to be set to no less than 1
second [RFC6298]. UDP applications SHOULD similarly use an initial
latency estimate of 1 second. Values shorter than 1 second can be
problematic (see the data analysis in the appendix of [RFC6298]).
3.1.2. Bulk Transfer Applications
Applications that perform bulk transmission of data to a peer over
UDP, i.e., applications that exchange more than a few UDP datagrams
per round-trip time (RTT), SHOULD implement TFRC [RFC5348], window-
based TCP-like congestion control, or otherwise ensure that the
application complies with the congestion control principles.
TFRC has been designed to provide both congestion control and
fairness in a way that is compatible with the IETF's other transport
protocols. If an application implements TFRC, it need not follow the
remaining guidelines in Section 3.1.2, because TFRC already addresses
them, but SHOULD still follow the remaining guidelines in the
subsequent subsections of Section 3.
Bulk transfer applications that choose not to implement TFRC or TCP-
like windowing SHOULD implement a congestion control scheme that
results in bandwidth (capacity) use that competes fairly with TCP
within an order of magnitude.
Section 2 of [RFC3551] suggests that applications SHOULD monitor the
packet loss rate to ensure that it is within acceptable parameters.
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Packet loss is considered acceptable if a TCP flow across the same
network path under the same network conditions would achieve an
average throughput, measured on a reasonable timescale, that is not
less than that of the UDP flow. The comparison to TCP cannot be
specified exactly, but is intended as an "order-of-magnitude"
comparison in timescale and throughput. The recommendations for
managing timers specified in Section 3.1.1 also apply.
Finally, some bulk transfer applications may choose not to implement
any congestion control mechanism and instead rely on transmitting
across reserved path capacity (see Section 3.1.9). This might be an
acceptable choice for a subset of restricted networking environments,
but is by no means a safe practice for operation over the wider
Internet. When the UDP traffic of such applications leaks out into
unprovisioned Internet paths, it can significantly degrade the
performance of other traffic sharing the path and even result in
congestion collapse. Applications that support an uncontrolled or
unadaptive transmission behavior SHOULD NOT do so by default and
SHOULD instead require users to explicitly enable this mode of
operation, and they SHOULD verify that sufficient path capacity has
been reserved for them.
3.1.3. Low Data-Volume Applications
When applications that at any time exchange only a few UDP datagrams
with a destination implement TFRC or one of the other congestion
control schemes in Section 3.1.2, the network sees little benefit,
because those mechanisms perform congestion control in a way that is
only effective for longer transmissions.
Applications that at any time exchange only a few UDP datagrams with
a destination SHOULD still control their transmission behavior by not
sending on average more than one UDP datagram per RTT to a
destination. Similar to the recommendation in [RFC1536], an
application SHOULD maintain an estimate of the RTT for any
destination with which it communicates using the methods specified in
Section 3.1.1.
Some applications cannot maintain a reliable RTT estimate for a
destination. These applications do not need to or are unable to use
protocol timers to measure the RTT (Section 3.1.1). Two cases can be
identified:
1. The first case is that of applications that exchange too few UDP
datagrams with a peer to establish a statistically accurate RTT
estimate, but can monitor the reliability of transmission
(Section 3.3). Such applications MAY use a predetermined
transmission interval that is exponentially backed-off when
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packets are found to be lost. TCP specifies an initial value of
1 second [RFC6298], which is also RECOMMENDED as an initial value
for UDP applications. Some low data-volume applications, e.g.,
SIP [RFC3261] and GIST [RFC5971] use an interval of 500 ms, and
shorter values are likely problematic in many cases. As in the
previous case, note that the initial timeout is not the maximum
possible timeout, see Section 3.1.1.
2. A second case of applications cannot maintain an RTT estimate for
a destination, because the destination does not send return
traffic. Such applications SHOULD NOT send more than one UDP
datagram every 3 seconds, and SHOULD use an even less aggressive
rate when possible. Shorter values are likely problematic in
many cases. Note that the sending rate in this case must be more
conservative than in the previous cases, because the lack of
return traffic prevents the detection of packet loss, i.e.,
congestion, and the application therefore cannot perform
exponential back-off to reduce load.
3.1.4. Applications supporting bidirectional communications
Applications that communicate bidirectionally SHOULD employ
congestion control for both directions of the communication. For
example, for a client-server, request-response-style application,
clients SHOULD congestion-control their request transmission to a
server, and the server SHOULD congestion-control its responses to the
clients. Congestion in the forward and reverse direction is
uncorrelated, and an application SHOULD either independently detect
and respond to congestion along both directions, or limit new and
retransmitted requests based on acknowledged responses across the
entire round-trip path.
3.1.5. Implications of RTT and Loss Measurements on Congestion Control
Transports such as TCP, SCTP and DCCP provide timely detection of
congestion that results in an immediate reduction of their maximum
sending rate when congestion is experienced. This reaction is
typically completed 1-2 RTTs after loss/congestion is encountered.
Applications using UDP SHOULD implement a congestion control scheme
that provides a prompt reaction to signals indicating congestion
(e.g., by reducing the rate within the next RTT following a
congestion signal).
The operation of a UDP congestion control algorithm can be very
different to the way TCP operates. This includes congestion controls
that respond on timescales that fit applications that cannot usefully
work within the "change rate every RTT" model of TCP. Applications
that experience a low or varying RTT are particularly vulnerable to
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sampling errors (e.g., due to measurement noise, or timer accuracy).
This suggests the need to average loss/congestion and RTT
measurements over a longer interval, however this also can contribute
additional delay in detecting congestion. Some applications may not
react by reducing their sending rate immediately for various reasons,
including: RTT and loss measurements are only made periodically
(e.g., using RTCP), additional time is required to filter
information, or the application is only able to change its sending
rate at predetermined interval (e.g., some video codecs).
When designing a congestion control algorithm, the designer therefore
needs to consider the total time taken to reduce the load following a
lack of feedback or a congestion event. An application where the
most recent RTT measurement is smaller than the actual RTT or the
measured loss rate is smaller than the current rate, can result in
over estimating the available capacity. Such over estimation can
result in a sending rate that creates congestion to the application
or other flows sharing the path capacity, and can contribute to
congestion collapse - both of these need to be avoided.
A congestion control designed for UDP SHOULD respond as quickly as
possible when it experiences congestion, and SHOULD take into account
both the loss rate and the response time when choosing a new rate.
The implemented congestion control scheme SHOULD result in bandwidth
(capacity) use that is comparable to that of TCP within an order of
magnitude, so that it does not starve other flows sharing a common
bottleneck.
3.1.6. Burst Mitigation and Pacing
UDP applications SHOULD provide mechanisms to regulate the bursts of
transmission that the application may send to the network. Many TCP
and SCTP implementations provide mechanisms that prevent a sender
from generating long bursts at line-rate, since these are known to
induce early loss to applications sharing a common network
bottleneck. The use of pacing with TCP [ALLMAN] has also been shown
to improve the coexistence of TCP flows with other flows. The need
to avoid excessive transmission bursts is also noted in
specifications for applications (e.g., [RFC7143]).
Even low data-volume UDP flows may benefit from packet pacing, e.g.,
an application that sends three copies of a packet to improve
robustness to loss is RECOMMENDED to pace out those three packets
over several RTTs, to reduce the probability that all three packets
will be lost due to the same congestion event (or other event, such
as burst corruption).
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3.1.7. Explicit Congestion Notification
Internet applications can use Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
[RFC3168] to gain benefits for the services they support
[I-D.ietf-aqm-ecn-benefits].
Internet transports, such as TCP, provide a set of mechanisms that
are needed to utilize ECN. ECN operates by setting an ECN-capable
codepoint (ECT(0) or ECT(1)) in the IP header of packets that are
sent. This indicates to ECN-capable network devices (routers, and
other devices) that they may mark (set the congestion experienced, CE
codepoint), rather than drop the IP packet as a signal of incipient
congestion.
UDP applications can also benefit from enabling ECN, providing that
the API supports ECN and that they implement the required protocol
mechanisms to support ECN.
The set of mechanisms required for an application to use ECN over UDP
are:
o A sender MUST provide a method to determine (e.g., negotiate) that
the corresponding application is able to provide ECN feedback
using a compatible ECN method.
o A receiver that enables the use of ECN for a UDP port MUST check
the ECN field at the receiver for each UDP datagram that it
receives on this port.
o The receiving application needs to provide feedback of congestion
information to the sending application. This MUST report the
presence of datagrams received with a CE-mark by providing a
mechanism to feed this congestion information back to the sending
application. The feedback MAY also report the presence of ECT(1)
and ECT(0)/Not-ECT packets [RFC7560]. ([RFC3168] and [RFC7560]
specify methods for TCP.)
o An application sending ECN-capable datagrams MUST provide an
appropriate congestion reaction when it receives feedback
indicating that congestion has been experienced. This ought to
result in reduction of the sending rate by the UDP congestion
control method (see Section 3.1) that is not less than the
reaction of TCP under equivalent conditions.
o A sender SHOULD detect network paths that do not support the ECN
field correctly. When detected they need to either conservatively
react to congestion or even fall back to not using ECN
[I-D.ietf-aqm-ecn-benefits]. This method needs to be robust to
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changes within the network path that may occur over the lifetime
of a session.
o A sender is encouraged to provide a mechanism to detect and react
appropriately to misbehaving receivers that fail to report CE-
marked packets [I-D.ietf-aqm-ecn-benefits].
[RFC6679] provides guidance and an example of this support, by
describing a method to allow ECN to be used for UDP-based
applications using the Real-Time Protocol (RTP). Applications that
cannot provide this set of mechanisms, but wish to gain the benefits
of using ECN, are encouraged to use a transport protocol that already
supports ECN (such as TCP).
3.1.8. Differentiated Services Model
An application using UDP can use the differentiated services
(DiffServ) Quality of Service (QoS) framework. To enable
differentiated services processing, a UDP sender sets the
Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) field [RFC2475] in packets
sent to the network. Normally, a UDP source/destination port pair
will set a single DSCP value for all packets belonging to a flow, but
multiple DSCPs can be used as described later in this section. A
DSCP may be chosen from a small set of fixed values (the class
selector code points), or from a set of recommended values defined in
the Per Hop Behavior (PHB) specifications, or from values that have
purely local meanings to a specific network that supports DiffServ.
In general, packets may be forwarded across multiple networks between
source and destination.
In setting a non-default DSCP value, an application must be aware
that DSCP markings may be changed or removed between the traffic
source and destination. This has implications on the design of
applications that use DSCPs. Specifically, applications SHOULD be
designed to not rely on implementation of a specific network
treatment, they need instead to implement congestion control methods
to determine if their current sending rate is inducing congestion in
the network.
[RFC7657] describes the implications of using DSCPs and provides
recommendations on using multiple DSCPs within a single network five-
tuple (source and destination addresses, source and destination
ports, and the transport protocol used, in this case, UDP or UDP-
Lite), and particularly the expected impact on transport protocol
interactions, with congestion control or reliability functionality
(e.g., retransmission, reordering). Use of multiple DSCPs can result
in reordering by increasing the set of network forwarding resources
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used by a sender. It can also increase exposure to resource
depletion or failure.
3.1.9. QoS, Pre-Provisioned or Reserved Capacity
The IETF usually specifies protocols for use within the Best Effort
General Internet. Sometimes it is relevant to specify protocols with
a different applicability. An application using UDP can use the
integrated services QoS framework. This framework is usually made
available within controlled environments (e.g., within a single
administrative domain or bilaterally agreed connection between
domains). Applications intended for the Internet SHOULD NOT assume
that QoS mechanisms are supported by the networks they use, and
therefore need to provide congestion control, error recovery, etc. in
case the actual network path does not provide provisioned service.
Some UDP applications are only expected to be deployed over network
paths that use pre-provisioned capacity or capacity reserved using
dynamic provisioning, e.g., through the Resource Reservation Protocol
(RSVP). Multicast applications are also used with pre-provisioned
capacity (e.g., IPTV deployments within access networks). These
applications MAY choose not to implement any congestion control
mechanism and instead rely on transmitting only on paths where the
capacity is provisioned and reserved for this use. This might be an
acceptable choice for a subset of restricted networking environments,
but is by no means a safe practice for operation over the wider
Internet. Applications that choose this option SHOULD carefully and
in detail describe the provisioning and management procedures that
result in the desired containment.
Applications that support an uncontrolled or unadaptive transmission
behavior SHOULD NOT do so by default and SHOULD instead require users
to explicitly enable this mode of operation.
Applications designed for use within a controlled environment (see
Section 3.6) may be able to exploit network management functions to
detect whether they are causing congestion, and react accordingly.
If the traffic of such applications leaks out into unprovisioned
Internet paths, it can significantly degrade the performance of other
traffic sharing the path and even result in congestion collapse.
Protocols designed for such networks SHOULD provide mechanisms at the
network edge to prevent leakage of traffic into unprovisioned
Internet paths (e.g., [RFC7510]). To protect other applications
sharing the same path, applications SHOULD also deploy an appropriate
circuit breaker, as described in Section 3.1.10.
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An IETF specification targeting a controlled environment is expected
to provide an applicability statement that restricts the application
to the controlled environment (see Section 3.6).
3.1.10. Circuit Breaker Mechanisms
A transport circuit breaker is an automatic mechanism that is used to
estimate the congestion caused by a flow, and to terminate (or
significantly reduce the rate of) the flow when excessive congestion
is detected [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker]. This is a safety
measure to prevent congestion collapse (starvation of resources
available to other flows), essential for an Internet that is
heterogeneous and for traffic that is hard to predict in advance.
A circuit breaker is intended as a protection mechanism of last
resort. Under normal circumstances, a circuit breaker should not be
triggered; it is designed to protect things when there is severe
overload. The goal is usually to limit the maximum transmission rate
that reflects the available capacity of a network path. Circuit
breakers can operate on individual UDP flows or traffic aggregates,
e.g., traffic sent using a network tunnel.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] provides guidance and examples on
the use of circuit breakers. The use of a circuit breaker in RTP is
specified in [I-D.ietf-avtcore-rtp-circuit-breakers].
Applications used in the general Internet SHOULD implement a
transport circuit breaker if they do not implement congestion control
or operate a low volume data service (see Section 3.6). All
applications MAY implement a transport circuit breaker
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] and are encouraged to consider
implementing at least a slow-acting transport circuit breaker to
provide a protection of last resort for their network traffic.
3.1.11. UDP Tunnels
One increasingly popular use of UDP is as a tunneling protocol
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels], where a tunnel endpoint encapsulates the
packets of another protocol inside UDP datagrams and transmits them
to another tunnel endpoint, which decapsulates the UDP datagrams and
forwards the original packets contained in the payload. One example
of such a protocol is Teredo [RFC4380]. Tunnels establish virtual
links that appear to directly connect locations that are distant in
the physical Internet topology and can be used to create virtual
(private) networks. Using UDP as a tunneling protocol is attractive
when the payload protocol is not supported by middleboxes that may
exist along the path, because many middleboxes support transmission
using UDP.
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Well-implemented tunnels are generally invisible to the endpoints
that happen to transmit over a path that includes tunneled links. On
the other hand, to the routers along the path of a UDP tunnel, i.e.,
the routers between the two tunnel endpoints, the traffic that a UDP
tunnel generates is a regular UDP flow, and the encapsulator and
decapsulator appear as regular UDP-sending and -receiving
applications. Because other flows can share the path with one or
more UDP tunnels, congestion control needs to be considered.
Two factors determine whether a UDP tunnel needs to employ specific
congestion control mechanisms -- first, whether the payload traffic
is IP-based; second, whether the tunneling scheme generates UDP
traffic at a volume that corresponds to the volume of payload traffic
carried within the tunnel.
IP-based unicast traffic is generally assumed to be congestion-
controlled, i.e., it is assumed that the transport protocols
generating IP-based unicast traffic at the sender already employ
mechanisms that are sufficient to address congestion on the path.
Consequently, a tunnel carrying IP-based unicast traffic should
already interact appropriately with other traffic sharing the path,
and specific congestion control mechanisms for the tunnel are not
necessary.
However, if the IP traffic in the tunnel is known to not be
congestion-controlled, additional measures are RECOMMENDED to limit
the impact of the tunneled traffic on other traffic sharing the path.
For the specific case of a tunnel that carries IP multicast traffic,
see Section 4.1.
The following guidelines define these possible cases in more detail:
1. A tunnel generates UDP traffic at a volume that corresponds to
the volume of payload traffic, and the payload traffic is IP-
based and congestion-controlled.
This is arguably the most common case for Internet tunnels. In
this case, the UDP tunnel SHOULD NOT employ its own congestion
control mechanism, because congestion losses of tunneled traffic
will already trigger an appropriate congestion response at the
original senders of the tunneled traffic. A circuit breaker
mechanism may provide benefit by controlling the envelope of the
aggregated traffic.
Note that this guideline is built on the assumption that most IP-
based communication is congestion-controlled. If a UDP tunnel is
used for IP-based traffic that is known to not be congestion-
controlled, the next set of guidelines applies.
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2. A tunnel generates UDP traffic at a volume that corresponds to
the volume of payload traffic, and the payload traffic is not
known to be IP-based, or is known to be IP-based but not
congestion-controlled.
This can be the case, for example, when some link-layer protocols
are encapsulated within UDP (but not all link-layer protocols;
some are congestion-controlled). Because it is not known that
congestion losses of tunneled non-IP traffic will trigger an
appropriate congestion response at the senders, the UDP tunnel
SHOULD employ an appropriate congestion control mechanism or
circuit breaker mechanism designed for the traffic it carries.
Because tunnels are usually bulk-transfer applications as far as
the intermediate routers are concerned, the guidelines in
Section 3.1.2 apply.
3. A tunnel generates UDP traffic at a volume that does not
correspond to the volume of payload traffic, independent of
whether the payload traffic is IP-based or congestion-controlled.
Examples of this class include UDP tunnels that send at a
constant rate, increase their transmission rates under loss, for
example, due to increasing redundancy when Forward Error
Correction is used, or are otherwise unconstrained in their
transmission behavior. These specialized uses of UDP for
tunneling go beyond the scope of the general guidelines given in
this document. The implementer of such specialized tunnels
SHOULD carefully consider congestion control in the design of
their tunneling mechanism and SHOULD consider use of a circuit
breaker mechanism.
The type of encapsulated payload might be identified by a UDP port;
identified by an Ethernet Type or IP protocol number. A tunnel
SHOULD provide mechanisms to restrict the types of flows that may be
carried by the tunnel. For instance, a UDP tunnel designed to carry
IP needs to filter out non-IP traffic at the ingress. This is
particularly important when a generic tunnel encapsulation is used
(e.g., one that encapsulates using an EtherType value). Such tunnels
SHOULD provide a mechanism to restrict the types of traffic that are
allowed to be encapsulated for a given deployment (see
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]).
Designing a tunneling mechanism requires significantly more expertise
than needed for many other UDP applications, because tunnels are
usually intended to be transparent to the endpoints transmitting over
them, so they need to correctly emulate the behavior of an IP link
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels], e.g.:
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o Requirements for tunnels that carry or encapsulate using ECN code
points [RFC6040].
o Usage of the IP DSCP field by tunnel endpoints [RFC2983].
o Encapsulation considerations in the design of tunnels
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap].
o Usage of ICMP messages [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels].
o Handling of fragmentation and packet size for tunnels
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels].
o Source port usage for tunnels designed to support equal cost
multipath (ECMP) routing (see Section 5.1.1).
o Guidance on the need to protect headers [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]
and the use of checksums for IPv6 tunnels (see Section 3.4.1).
o Support for operations and maintenance [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels].
At the same time, the tunneled traffic is application traffic like
any other from the perspective of the networks the tunnel transmits
over. This document only touches upon the congestion control
considerations for implementing UDP tunnels; a discussion of other
required tunneling behavior is out of scope.
3.2. Message Size Guidelines
IP fragmentation lowers the efficiency and reliability of Internet
communication. The loss of a single fragment results in the loss of
an entire fragmented packet, because even if all other fragments are
received correctly, the original packet cannot be reassembled and
delivered. This fundamental issue with fragmentation exists for both
IPv4 and IPv6.
In addition, some network address translators (NATs) and firewalls
drop IP fragments. The network address translation performed by a
NAT only operates on complete IP packets, and some firewall policies
also require inspection of complete IP packets. Even with these
being the case, some NATs and firewalls simply do not implement the
necessary reassembly functionality, and instead choose to drop all
fragments. Finally, [RFC4963] documents other issues specific to
IPv4 fragmentation.
Due to these issues, an application SHOULD NOT send UDP datagrams
that result in IP packets that exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit
(MTU) along the path to the destination. Consequently, an
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application SHOULD either use the path MTU information provided by
the IP layer or implement Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) itself
[RFC1191][RFC1981][RFC4821] to determine whether the path to a
destination will support its desired message size without
fragmentation. However, the ICMP messages that enable path MTU
discovery are being increasingly filtered by middleboxes (including
Firewalls) [RFC4890]. When the path includes a tunnel, some devices
acting as a tunnel ingress discard ICMP messages that originate from
network devices over which the tunnel passes, preventing these
reaching the UDP endpoint.
Packetization Layer Path MTU Discovery (PLPMTUD) [RFC4821] does not
rely upon network support for ICMP messages and is therefore
considered more robust than standard PMTUD. It is not susceptible to
"black holing" of ICMP message. To operate, PLPMTUD requires changes
to the way the transport is used, both to transmit probe packets, and
to account for the loss or success of these probes. This updates not
only the PMTU algorithm, it also impacts loss recovery, congestion
control, etc. These updated mechanisms can be implemented within a
connection-oriented transport (e.g., TCP, SCTP, DCCP), but are not a
part of UDP, but this type of feedback is not typically present for
unidirectional applications.
PLPMTUD therefore places additional design requirements on a UDP
application that wishes to use this method. This is especially true
for UDP tunnels, because the overhead of sending probe packets needs
to be accounted for and may require adding a congestion control
mechanism to the tunnel (see Section 3.1.11) as well as complicating
the data path at a tunnel decapsulator.
Applications that do not follow this recommendation to do PMTU/
PLPMTUD discovery SHOULD still avoid sending UDP datagrams that would
result in IP packets that exceed the path MTU. Because the actual
path MTU is unknown, such applications SHOULD fall back to sending
messages that are shorter than the default effective MTU for sending
(EMTU_S in [RFC1122]). For IPv4, EMTU_S is the smaller of 576 bytes
and the first-hop MTU [RFC1122]. For IPv6, EMTU_S is 1280 bytes
[RFC2460]. The effective PMTU for a directly connected destination
(with no routers on the path) is the configured interface MTU, which
could be less than the maximum link payload size. Transmission of
minimum-sized UDP datagrams is inefficient over paths that support a
larger PMTU, which is a second reason to implement PMTU discovery.
To determine an appropriate UDP payload size, applications MUST
subtract the size of the IP header (which includes any IPv4 optional
headers or IPv6 extension headers) as well as the length of the UDP
header (8 bytes) from the PMTU size. This size, known as the Maximum
Segment Size (MSS), can be obtained from the TCP/IP stack [RFC1122].
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Applications that do not send messages that exceed the effective PMTU
of IPv4 or IPv6 need not implement any of the above mechanisms. Note
that the presence of tunnels can cause an additional reduction of the
effective PMTU [I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels], so implementing PMTU
discovery may be beneficial.
Applications that fragment an application-layer message into multiple
UDP datagrams SHOULD perform this fragmentation so that each datagram
can be received independently, and be independently retransmitted in
the case where an application implements its own reliability
mechanisms.
3.3. Reliability Guidelines
Application designers are generally aware that UDP does not provide
any reliability, e.g., it does not retransmit any lost packets.
Often, this is a main reason to consider UDP as a transport protocol.
Applications that do require reliable message delivery MUST implement
an appropriate mechanism themselves.
UDP also does not protect against datagram duplication, i.e., an
application may receive multiple copies of the same UDP datagram,
with some duplicates arriving potentially much later than the first.
Application designers SHOULD handle such datagram duplication
gracefully, and may consequently need to implement mechanisms to
detect duplicates. Even if UDP datagram reception triggers only
idempotent operations, applications may want to suppress duplicate
datagrams to reduce load.
Applications that require ordered delivery MUST reestablish datagram
ordering themselves. The Internet can significantly delay some
packets with respect to others, e.g., due to routing transients,
intermittent connectivity, or mobility. This can cause reordering,
where UDP datagrams arrive at the receiver in an order different from
the transmission order.
Applications that use multiple transport ports need to be robust to
reordering between sessions. Load-balancing techniques within the
network, such as Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) forwarding can also
result in a lack of ordering between different transport sessions,
even between the same two network endpoints.
It is important to note that the time by which packets are reordered
or after which duplicates can still arrive can be very large. Even
more importantly, there is no well-defined upper boundary here.
[RFC0793] defines the maximum delay a TCP segment should experience
-- the Maximum Segment Lifetime (MSL) -- as 2 minutes. No other RFC
defines an MSL for other transport protocols or IP itself. The MSL
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value defined for TCP is conservative enough that it SHOULD be used
by other protocols, including UDP. Therefore, applications SHOULD be
robust to the reception of delayed or duplicate packets that are
received within this 2-minute interval.
Retransmission of lost packets or messages is a common reliability
mechanism. Such retransmissions can increase network load in
response to congestion, worsening that congestion. Any application
that uses retransmission is responsible for congestion control of its
retransmissions (as well as the application's original traffic), and
hence is subject to the Congestion Control guidelines in Section 3.1.
Guidance on the appropriate measurement of RTT in Section 3.1.1 also
applies for timers used for retransmission packet loss detection.
Instead of implementing these relatively complex reliability
mechanisms by itself, an application that requires reliable and
ordered message delivery SHOULD whenever possible choose an IETF
standard transport protocol that provides these features.
3.4. Checksum Guidelines
The UDP header includes an optional, 16-bit one's complement checksum
that provides an integrity check. These checks are not strong from a
coding or cryptographic perspective, and are not designed to detect
physical-layer errors or malicious modification of the datagram
[RFC3819]. Application developers SHOULD implement additional checks
where data integrity is important, e.g., through a Cyclic Redundancy
Check (CRC) or keyed or non-keyed cryptographic hash included with
the data to verify the integrity of an entire object/file sent over
the UDP service.
The UDP checksum provides a statistical guarantee that the payload
was not corrupted in transit. It also allows the receiver to verify
that it was the intended destination of the packet, because it covers
the IP addresses, port numbers, and protocol number, and it verifies
that the packet is not truncated or padded, because it covers the
size field. It therefore protects an application against receiving
corrupted payload data in place of, or in addition to, the data that
was sent. More description of the set of checks performed using the
checksum field is provided in Section 3.1 of [RFC6396].
Applications SHOULD enable UDP checksums [RFC1122]. For IPv4,
[RFC0768] permits an option to disable their use, by setting a zero
checksum value. An application is permitted to optionally discard
UDP datagrams with a zero checksum [RFC1122].
When UDP is used over IPv6, the UDP checksum is relied upon to
protect both the IPv6 and UDP headers from corruption (because IPv6
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lacks a checksum) and MUST be used as specified in [RFC2460]. Under
specific conditions a UDP application is allowed to use a zero UDP
zero-checksum mode with a tunnel protocol (see Section 3.4.1).
Applications that choose to disable UDP checksums MUST NOT make
assumptions regarding the correctness of received data and MUST
behave correctly when a UDP datagram is received that was originally
sent to a different destination or is otherwise corrupted.
3.4.1. IPv6 Zero UDP Checksum
[RFC6935] defines a method that enables use of a zero UDP zero-
checksum mode with a tunnel protocol, providing that the method
satisfies the requirements in [RFC6936]. The application MUST
implement mechanisms and/or usage restrictions when enabling this
mode. This includes defining the scope for usage and measures to
prevent leakage of traffic to other UDP applications (see Appendix A
Section 3.6). These additional design requirements for using a zero
IPv6 UDP checksum are not present for IPv4, since the IPv4 header
validates information that is not protected in an IPv6 packet. Key
requirements are:
o Use of the UDP checksum with IPv6 MUST be the default
configuration for all implementations [RFC6935]. The receiving
endpoint MUST only allow the use of UDP zero-checksum mode for
IPv6 on a UDP destination port that is specifically enabled.
o An application that support a checksum different to that in
[RFC2460] MUST comply with all implementation requirements
specified in Section 4 of [RFC6936] and with the usage
requirements specified in Section 5 of [RFC6936].
o A UDP application MUST check that the source and destination IPv6
addresses are valid for any packets with a UDP zero-checksum and
MUST discard any packet for which this check fails. To protect
from misdelivery, new encapsulation designs SHOULD include an
integrity check at the transport layer that includes at least the
IPv6 header, the UDP header and the shim header for the
encapsulation, if any [RFC6936].
o One way to help satisfy the requirements of [RFC6936] may be to
limit the usage of such tunnels, e.g., to constrain traffic to an
operator network, as discussed in Section 3.6. The encapsulation
defined for MPLS in UDP [RFC7510] chooses this approach.
As in IPv4, IPv6 applications that choose to disable UDP checksums
MUST NOT make assumptions regarding the correctness of received data
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and MUST behave correctly when a UDP datagram is received that was
originally sent to a different destination or is otherwise corrupted.
IPv6 datagrams with a zero UDP checksum will not be passed by any
middlebox that validates the checksum based on [RFC2460] or that
updates the UDP checksum field, such as NATs or firewalls. Changing
this behavior would require such middleboxes to be updated to
correctly handle datagrams with zero UDP checksums To ensure end-to-
end robustness, applications that may be deployed in the general
Internet MUST provide a mechanism to safely fall back to using a
checksum when a path change occurs that redirects a zero UDP checksum
flow over a path that includes a middlebox that discards IPv6
datagrams with a zero UDP checksum.
3.4.2. UDP-Lite
A special class of applications can derive benefit from having
partially-damaged payloads delivered, rather than discarded, when
using paths that include error-prone links. Such applications can
tolerate payload corruption and MAY choose to use the Lightweight
User Datagram Protocol (UDP-Lite) [RFC3828] variant of UDP instead of
basic UDP. Applications that choose to use UDP-Lite instead of UDP
should still follow the congestion control and other guidelines
described for use with UDP in Section 3.
UDP-Lite changes the semantics of the UDP "payload length" field to
that of a "checksum coverage length" field. Otherwise, UDP-Lite is
semantically identical to UDP. The interface of UDP-Lite differs
from that of UDP by the addition of a single (socket) option that
communicates the checksum coverage length: at the sender, this
specifies the intended checksum coverage, with the remaining
unprotected part of the payload called the "error-insensitive part."
By default, the UDP-Lite checksum coverage extends across the entire
datagram. If required, an application may dynamically modify this
length value, e.g., to offer greater protection to some messages.
UDP-Lite always verifies that a packet was delivered to the intended
destination, i.e., always verifies the header fields. Errors in the
insensitive part will not cause a UDP datagram to be discarded by the
destination. Applications using UDP-Lite therefore MUST NOT make
assumptions regarding the correctness of the data received in the
insensitive part of the UDP-Lite payload.
A UDP-Lite sender SHOULD select the minimum checksum coverage to
include all sensitive payload information. For example, applications
that use the Real-Time Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] will likely want to
protect the RTP header against corruption. Applications, where
appropriate, MUST also introduce their own appropriate validity
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checks for protocol information carried in the insensitive part of
the UDP-Lite payload (e.g., internal CRCs).
A UDP-Lite receiver MUST set a minimum coverage threshold for
incoming packets that is not smaller than the smallest coverage used
by the sender [RFC3828]. The receiver SHOULD select a threshold that
is sufficiently large to block packets with an inappropriately short
coverage field. This may be a fixed value, or may be negotiated by
an application. UDP-Lite does not provide mechanisms to negotiate
the checksum coverage between the sender and receiver. This
therefore needs to be performed by the application.
Applications can still experience packet loss when using UDP-Lite.
The enhancements offered by UDP-Lite rely upon a link being able to
intercept the UDP-Lite header to correctly identify the partial
coverage required. When tunnels and/or encryption are used, this can
result in UDP-Lite datagrams being treated the same as UDP datagrams,
i.e., result in packet loss. Use of IP fragmentation can also
prevent special treatment for UDP-Lite datagrams, and this is another
reason why applications SHOULD avoid IP fragmentation (Section 3.2).
UDP-Lite is supported in some endpoint protocol stacks. Current
support for middlebox traversal using UDP-Lite is poor, because UDP-
Lite uses a different IPv4 protocol number or IPv6 "next header"
value than that used for UDP; therefore, few middleboxes are
currently able to interpret UDP-Lite and take appropriate actions
when forwarding the packet. This makes UDP-Lite less suited for
applications needing general Internet support, until such time as
UDP-Lite has achieved better support in middleboxes.
3.5. Middlebox Traversal Guidelines
Network address translators (NATs) and firewalls are examples of
intermediary devices ("middleboxes") that can exist along an end-to-
end path. A middlebox typically performs a function that requires it
to maintain per-flow state. For connection-oriented protocols, such
as TCP, middleboxes snoop and parse the connection-management
information, and create and destroy per-flow state accordingly. For
a connectionless protocol such as UDP, this approach is not possible.
Consequently, middleboxes can create per-flow state when they see a
packet that -- according to some local criteria -- indicates a new
flow, and destroy the state after some time during which no packets
belonging to the same flow have arrived.
Depending on the specific function that the middlebox performs, this
behavior can introduce a time-dependency that restricts the kinds of
UDP traffic exchanges that will be successful across the middlebox.
For example, NATs and firewalls typically define the partial path on
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one side of them to be interior to the domain they serve, whereas the
partial path on their other side is defined to be exterior to that
domain. Per-flow state is typically created when the first packet
crosses from the interior to the exterior, and while the state is
present, NATs and firewalls will forward return traffic. Return
traffic that arrives after the per-flow state has timed out is
dropped, as is other traffic that arrives from the exterior.
Many applications that use UDP for communication operate across
middleboxes without needing to employ additional mechanisms. One
example is the Domain Name System (DNS), which has a strict request-
response communication pattern that typically completes within
seconds.
Other applications may experience communication failures when
middleboxes destroy the per-flow state associated with an application
session during periods when the application does not exchange any UDP
traffic. Applications SHOULD be able to gracefully handle such
communication failures and implement mechanisms to re-establish
application-layer sessions and state.
For some applications, such as media transmissions, this re-
synchronization is highly undesirable, because it can cause user-
perceivable playback artifacts. Such specialized applications MAY
send periodic keep-alive messages to attempt to refresh middlebox
state (e.g., [RFC7675]). It is important to note that keep-alive
messages are not recommended for general use -- they are unnecessary
for many applications and can consume significant amounts of system
and network resources.
An application that needs to employ keep-alive messages to deliver
useful service over UDP in the presence of middleboxes SHOULD NOT
transmit them more frequently than once every 15 seconds and SHOULD
use longer intervals when possible. No common timeout has been
specified for per-flow UDP state for arbitrary middleboxes. NATs
require a state timeout of 2 minutes or longer [RFC4787]. However,
empirical evidence suggests that a significant fraction of currently
deployed middleboxes unfortunately use shorter timeouts. The timeout
of 15 seconds originates with the Interactive Connectivity
Establishment (ICE) protocol [RFC5245]. When an application is
deployed in a controlled environment, the deployer SHOULD investigate
whether the target environment allows applications to use longer
intervals, or whether it offers mechanisms to explicitly control
middlebox state timeout durations, for example, using the Port
Control Protocol (PCP) [RFC6887], Middlebox Communications (MIDCOM)
[RFC3303], Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS) [RFC5973], or Universal
Plug and Play (UPnP) [UPnP]. It is RECOMMENDED that applications
apply slight random variations ("jitter") to the timing of keep-alive
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transmissions, to reduce the potential for persistent synchronization
between keep-alive transmissions from different hosts [RFC7675].
Sending keep-alive messages is not a substitute for implementing a
mechanism to recover from broken sessions. Like all UDP datagrams,
keep-alive messages can be delayed or dropped, causing middlebox
state to time out. In addition, the congestion control guidelines in
Section 3.1 cover all UDP transmissions by an application, including
the transmission of middlebox keep-alive messages. Congestion
control may thus lead to delays or temporary suspension of keep-alive
transmission.
Keep-alive messages are NOT RECOMMENDED for general use. They are
unnecessary for many applications and may consume significant
resources. For example, on battery-powered devices, if an
application needs to maintain connectivity for long periods with
little traffic, the frequency at which keep-alive messages are sent
can become the determining factor that governs power consumption,
depending on the underlying network technology.
Because many middleboxes are designed to require keep-alive messages
for TCP connections at a frequency that is much lower than that
needed for UDP, this difference alone can often be sufficient to
prefer TCP over UDP for these deployments. On the other hand, there
is anecdotal evidence that suggests that direct communication through
middleboxes, e.g., by using ICE [RFC5245], does succeed less often
with TCP than with UDP. The trade-offs between different transport
protocols -- especially when it comes to middlebox traversal --
deserve careful analysis.
UDP applications that could be deployed in the Internet need to be
designed understanding that there are many variants of middlebox
behavior, and although UDP is connectionless, middleboxes often
maintain state for each UDP flow. Using multiple UDP flows can
consume available state space and also can lead to changes in the way
the middlebox handles subsequent packets (either to protect its
internal resources, or to prevent perceived misuse). The probability
of path failure can increase when applications use multiple UDP flows
in parallel (see Section 5.1.2 for recommendations on usage of
multiple ports).
3.6. Limited Applicability and Controlled Environments
Two different types of applicability have been identified for the
specification of IETF applications that utilize UDP:
General Internet. By default, IETF specifications target deployment
on the general Internet. Experience has shown that successful
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protocols developed in one specific context or for a particular
application tend to become used in a wider range of contexts. For
example, a protocol with an initial deployment within a local area
network may subsequently be used over a virtual network that
traverses the Internet, or in the Internet in general.
Applications designed for general Internet use may experience a
range of network device behaviors, and in particular should
consider whether applications need to operate over paths that may
include middleboxes.
Controlled Environment. A protocol/encapsulation/tunnel could be
designed to be used only within a controlled environment. For
example, an application designed for use by a network operator
might only be deployed within the network of that single network
operator or on networks of an adjacent set of cooperating network
operators. The application traffic may then be managed to avoid
congestion, rather than relying on built-in mechanisms, which are
required when operating over the general Internet. Applications
that target a limited applicability use case may be able to take
advantage of specific hardware (e.g., carrier-grade equipment) or
underlying protocol features of the subnetwork over which they are
used.
Specifications addressing a limited applicability use case or a
controlled environment SHOULD identify how in their restricted
deployment a level of safety is provided that is equivalent to that
of a protocol designed for operation over the general Internet (e.g.,
a design based on extensive experience with deployments of particular
methods that provide features that cannot be expected in general
Internet equipment and the robustness of the design of MPLS to
corruption of headers both helped justify use of an alternate UDP
integrity check [RFC7510]).
An IETF specification targeting a controlled environment is expected
to provide an applicability statement that restricts the application
traffic to the controlled environment, and would be expected to
describe how methods can be provided to discourage or prevent escape
of corrupted packets from the environment (for example, section 5 of
[RFC7510]).
4. Multicast UDP Usage Guidelines
This section complements Section 3 by providing additional guidelines
that are applicable to multicast and broadcast usage of UDP.
Multicast and broadcast transmission [RFC1112] usually employ the UDP
transport protocol, although they may be used with other transport
protocols (e.g., UDP-Lite).
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There are currently two models of multicast delivery: the Any-Source
Multicast (ASM) model as defined in [RFC1112] and the Source-Specific
Multicast (SSM) model as defined in [RFC4607]. ASM group members
will receive all data sent to the group by any source, while SSM
constrains the distribution tree to only one single source.
Specialized classes of applications also use UDP for IP multicast or
broadcast [RFC0919]. The design of such specialized applications
requires expertise that goes beyond simple, unicast-specific
guidelines, since these senders may transmit to potentially very many
receivers across potentially very heterogeneous paths at the same
time, which significantly complicates congestion control, flow
control, and reliability mechanisms.
This section provides guidance on multicast and broadcast UDP usage.
Use of broadcast by an application is normally constrained by routers
to the local subnetwork. However, use of tunneling techniques and
proxies can and does result in some broadcast traffic traversing
Internet paths. These guidelines therefore also apply to broadcast
traffic.
The IETF has defined a reliable multicast framework [RFC3048] and
several building blocks to aid the designers of multicast
applications, such as [RFC3738] or [RFC4654].
Senders to anycast destinations must be aware that successive
messages sent to the same anycast IP address may be delivered to
different anycast nodes, i.e., arrive at different locations in the
topology.
Most UDP tunnels that carry IP multicast traffic use a tunnel
encapsulation with a unicast destination address, such as Automatic
Multicast Tunneling [RFC7450]. These MUST follow the same
requirements as a tunnel carrying unicast data (see Section 3.1.11).
There are deployment cases and solutions where the outer header of a
UDP tunnel contains a multicast destination address, such as
[RFC6513]. These cases are primarily deployed in controlled
environments over reserved capacity, often operating within a single
administrative domain, or between two domains over a bi-laterally
agreed upon path with reserved capacity, and so congestion control is
OPTIONAL, but circuit breaker techniques are still RECOMMENDED in
order to restore some degree of service should the offered load
exceed the reserved capacity (e.g., due to misconfiguration).
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4.1. Multicast Congestion Control Guidelines
Unicast congestion-controlled transport mechanisms are often not
applicable to multicast distribution services, or simply do not scale
to large multicast trees, since they require bi-directional
communication and adapt the sending rate to accommodate the network
conditions to a single receiver. In contrast, multicast distribution
trees may fan out to massive numbers of receivers, which limits the
scalability of an in-band return channel to control the sending rate,
and the one-to-many nature of multicast distribution trees prevents
adapting the rate to the requirements of an individual receiver. For
this reason, generating TCP-compatible aggregate flow rates for
Internet multicast data, either native or tunneled, is the
responsibility of the application implementing the congestion
control.
Applications using multicast SHOULD provide appropriate congestion
control. Multicast congestion control needs to be designed using
mechanisms that are robust to the potential heterogeneity of both the
multicast distribution tree and the receivers belonging to a group.
Heterogeneity may manifest itself in some receivers experiencing more
loss that others, higher delay, and/or less ability to respond to
network conditions. Congestion control is particularly important for
any multicast session where all or part of the multicast distribution
tree spans an access network (e.g., a home gateway). Two styles of
congestion control have been defined in the RFC-series:
o Feedback-based congestion control, in which the sender receives
multicast or unicast UDP messages from the receivers allowing it
to assess the level of congestion and then adjust the sender
rate(s) (e.g., [RFC5740],[RFC4654]). Multicast methods may
operate on longer timescales than for unicast (e.g., due to the
higher group RTT of a heterogeneous group). A control method
could decide not to reduce the rate of the entire multicast group
in response to a control message received from a single receiver
(e.g., a sender could set a minimum rate and decide to request a
congested receiver to leave the multicast group and could also
decide to distribute content to these congested receivers at a
lower rate using unicast congestion control).
o Receiver-driven congestion control, which does not require a
receiver to send explicit UDP control messages for congestion
control (e.g., [RFC3738], [RFC5775]). Instead, the sender
distributes the data across multiple IP multicast groups (e.g.,
using a set of {S,G} channels). Each receiver determines its own
level of congestion and controls its reception rate using only
multicast join/leave messages sent in the network control plane.
This method scales to arbitrary large groups of receivers.
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Any multicast-enabled receiver may attempt to join and receive
traffic from any group. This may imply the need for rate limits on
individual receivers or the aggregate multicast service. Note there
is no way at the transport layer to prevent a join message
propagating to the next-hop router.
Some classes of multicast applications support applications that can
monitor the user-level quality of the transfer at the receiver.
Applications that can detect a significant reduction in user quality
SHOULD regard this as a congestion signal (e.g., to leave a group
using layered multicast encoding) or, if not, SHOULD use this signal
to provide a circuit breaker to terminate the flow by leaving the
multicast group.
4.1.1. Bulk Transfer Multicast Applications
Applications that perform bulk transmission of data over a multicast
distribution tree, i.e., applications that exchange more than a few
UDP datagrams per RTT, SHOULD implement a method for congestion
control. The currently RECOMMENDED IETF methods are: Asynchronous
Layered Coding (ALC) [RFC5775], TCP-Friendly Multicast Congestion
Control (TFMCC) [RFC4654], Wave and Equation Based Rate Control
(WEBRC) [RFC3738], NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) transport
protocol [RFC5740], File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport
(FLUTE) [RFC6726], Real Time Protocol/Control Protocol (RTP/RTCP)
[RFC3550].
An application can alternatively implement another congestion control
schemes following the guidelines of [RFC2887] and utilizing the
framework of [RFC3048]. Bulk transfer applications that choose not
to implement [RFC4654], [RFC5775], [RFC3738], [RFC5740], [RFC6726],
or [RFC3550] SHOULD implement a congestion control scheme that
results in bandwidth use that competes fairly with TCP within an
order of magnitude.
Section 2 of [RFC3551] states that multimedia applications SHOULD
monitor the packet loss rate to ensure that it is within acceptable
parameters. Packet loss is considered acceptable if a TCP flow
across the same network path under the same network conditions would
achieve an average throughput, measured on a reasonable timescale,
that is not less than that of the UDP flow. The comparison to TCP
cannot be specified exactly, but is intended as an "order-of-
magnitude" comparison in timescale and throughput.
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4.1.2. Low Data-Volume Multicast Applications
All the recommendations in Section 3.1.3 are also applicable to low
data-volume multicast applications.
4.2. Message Size Guidelines for Multicast
A multicast application SHOULD NOT send UDP datagrams that result in
IP packets that exceed the effective MTU as described in section 3 of
[RFC6807]. Consequently, an application SHOULD either use the
effective MTU information provided by the Population Count Extensions
to Protocol Independent Multicast [RFC6807] or implement path MTU
discovery itself (see Section 3.2) to determine whether the path to
each destination will support its desired message size without
fragmentation.
5. Programming Guidelines
The de facto standard application programming interface (API) for
TCP/IP applications is the "sockets" interface [POSIX]. Some
platforms also offer applications the ability to directly assemble
and transmit IP packets through "raw sockets" or similar facilities.
This is a second, more cumbersome method of using UDP. The
guidelines in this document cover all such methods through which an
application may use UDP. Because the sockets API is by far the most
common method, the remainder of this section discusses it in more
detail.
Although the sockets API was developed for UNIX in the early 1980s, a
wide variety of non-UNIX operating systems also implement it. The
sockets API supports both IPv4 and IPv6 [RFC3493]. The UDP sockets
API differs from that for TCP in several key ways. Because
application programmers are typically more familiar with the TCP
sockets API, this section discusses these differences. [STEVENS]
provides usage examples of the UDP sockets API.
UDP datagrams may be directly sent and received, without any
connection setup. Using the sockets API, applications can receive
packets from more than one IP source address on a single UDP socket.
Some servers use this to exchange data with more than one remote host
through a single UDP socket at the same time. Many applications need
to ensure that they receive packets from a particular source address;
these applications MUST implement corresponding checks at the
application layer or explicitly request that the operating system
filter the received packets.
Many operating systems also allow a UDP socket to be connected, i.e.,
to bind a UDP socket to a specific pair of addresses and ports. This
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is similar to the corresponding TCP sockets API functionality.
However, for UDP, this is only a local operation that serves to
simplify the local send/receive functions and to filter the traffic
for the specified addresses and ports. Binding a UDP socket does not
establish a connection -- UDP does not notify the remote end when a
local UDP socket is bound. Binding a socket also allows configuring
options that affect the UDP or IP layers, for example, use of the UDP
checksum or the IP Timestamp option. On some stacks, a bound socket
also allows an application to be notified when ICMP error messages
are received for its transmissions [RFC1122].
If a client/server application executes on a host with more than one
IP interface, the application SHOULD send any UDP responses with an
IP source address that matches the IP destination address of the UDP
datagram that carried the request (see [RFC1122], Section 4.1.3.5).
Many middleboxes expect this transmission behavior and drop replies
that are sent from a different IP address, as explained in
Section 3.5.
A UDP receiver can receive a valid UDP datagram with a zero-length
payload. Note that this is different from a return value of zero
from a read() socket call, which for TCP indicates the end of the
connection.
UDP provides no flow-control, i.e., the sender at any given time does
not know whether the receiver is able to handle incoming
transmissions. This is another reason why UDP-based applications
need to be robust in the presence of packet loss. This loss can also
occur within the sending host, when an application sends data faster
than the line rate of the outbound network interface. It can also
occur at the destination, where receive calls fail to return all the
data that was sent when the application issues them too infrequently
(i.e., such that the receive buffer overflows). Robust flow control
mechanisms are difficult to implement, which is why applications that
need this functionality SHOULD consider using a full-featured
transport protocol such as TCP.
When an application closes a TCP, SCTP or DCCP socket, the transport
protocol on the receiving host is required to maintain TIME-WAIT
state. This prevents delayed packets from the closed connection
instance from being mistakenly associated with a later connection
instance that happens to reuse the same IP address and port pairs.
The UDP protocol does not implement such a mechanism. Therefore,
UDP-based applications need to be robust to reordering and delay.
One application may close a socket or terminate, followed in time by
another application receiving on the same port. This later
application may then receive packets intended for the first
application that were delayed in the network.
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5.1. Using UDP Ports
The rules and procedures for the management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry are specified in [RFC6335].
Recommendations for use of UDP ports are provided in [RFC7605].
A UDP sender SHOULD NOT use a source port value of zero. A source
port number that cannot be easily determined from the address or
payload type provides protection at the receiver from data injection
attacks by off-path devices. A UDP receiver SHOULD NOT bind to port
zero.
Applications SHOULD implement receiver port and address checks at the
application layer or explicitly request that the operating system
filter the received packets to prevent receiving packets with an
arbitrary port. This measure is designed to provide additional
protection from data injection attacks from an off-path source (where
the port values may not be known).
Applications SHOULD provide a check that protects from off-path data
injection, avoiding an application receiving packets that were
created by an unauthorized third party. TCP stacks commonly use a
randomized source port to provide this protection [RFC6056]; UDP
applications should follow the same technique. Middleboxes and end
systems often make assumptions about the system ports or user ports,
hence it is recommended to use randomized ports in the Dynamic and/or
Private Port range. Setting a "randomized" source port also provides
greater assurance that reported ICMP errors originate from network
systems on the path used by a particular flow. Some UDP applications
choose to use a predetermined value for the source port (including
some multicast applications), these applications need to therefore
employ a different technique. Protection from off-path data attacks
can also be provided by randomizing the initial value of another
protocol field within the datagram payload, and checking the validity
of this field at the receiver (e.g., RTP has random initial sequence
number and random media timestamp offsets [RFC3550]).
When using multicast, IP routers perform a reverse-path forwarding
(RPF) check for each multicast packet. This provides protection from
off-path data injection. When a receiver joins a multicast group and
filters based on the source address the filter verifies the sender's
IP address. This is always the case when using a SSM {S,G} channel.
5.1.1. Usage of UDP for source port entropy and the IPv6 Flow Label
Some applications use the UDP datagram header as a source of entropy
for network devices that implement ECMP [RFC6438]. A UDP tunnel
application targeting this usage, encapsulates an inner packet using
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UDP, where the UDP source port value forms a part of the entropy that
can be used to balance forwarding of network traffic by the devices
that use ECMP. A sending tunnel endpoint selects a source port value
in the UDP datagram header that is computed from the inner flow
information (e.g., the encapsulated packet headers). To provide
sufficient entropy the sending tunnel endpoint maps the encapsulated
traffic to one of a range of UDP source values. The value SHOULD be
within the ephemeral port range, i.e., 49152 to 65535, where the high
order two bits of the port are set to one. The available source port
entropy of 14 bits (using the ephemeral port range) plus the outer IP
addresses seems sufficient for entropy for most ECMP applications
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap].
To avoid reordering within an IP flow, the same UDP source port value
SHOULD be used for all packets assigned to an encapsulated flow
(e.g., using a hash of the relevant headers). The entropy mapping
for a flow MAY change over the lifetime of the encapsulated flow
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap]. For instance, this could be changed as a
Denial of Service (DOS) mitigation, or as a means to effect routing
through the ECMP network. However, the source port selected for a
flow SHOULD NOT change more than once in every thirty seconds (e.g.,
as in [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap]).
The use of the source port field for entropy has several side-effects
that need to be considered, including:
o It can increase the probability of misdelivery of corrupted
packets, which increases the need for checksum computation or an
equivalent mechanism to protect other UDP applications from
misdelivery errors Section 3.4.
o It is expected to reduce the probability of successful middlebox
traversal Section 3.5. This use of the source port field will
often not be suitable for applications targeting deployment in the
general Internet.
o It can prevent the field being usable to protect from off-path
attacks (described in Section 5.1). Designers therefore need to
consider other mechanisms to provide equivalent protection (e.g.,
to restrict use to a controlled environment [RFC7510]
Section 3.6).
The UDP source port number field has also been leveraged to produce
entropy with IPv6. However, in the case of IPv6, the "flow label"
[RFC6437] may also alternatively be used as entropy for load
balancing [RFC6438]. This use of the flow label for load balancing
is consistent with the definition of the field, although further
clarity was needed to ensure the field can be consistently used for
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this purpose. Therefore, an updated IPv6 flow label [RFC6437] and
ECMP routing [RFC6438] usage was specified.
To ensure future opportunities to use the flow label, UDP
applications SHOULD set the flow label field, even when an entropy
value is also set in the source port field (e.g., An IPv6 tunnel
endpoint could copy the source port flow entropy value to the IPv6
flow label field [I-D.ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap]). Router vendors
are encouraged to start using the IPv6 flow label as a part of the
flow hash, providing support for IP-level ECMP without requiring use
of UDP. The end-to-end use of flow labels for load balancing is a
long-term solution. Even if the usage of the flow label has been
clarified, there will be a transition time before a significant
proportion of endpoints start to assign a good quality flow label to
the flows that they originate. The use of load balancing using the
transport header fields will likely continue until widespread
deployment is finally achieved.
5.1.2. Applications using Multiple UDP Ports
A single application may exchange several types of data. In some
cases, this may require multiple UDP flows (e.g., multiple sets of
flows, identified by different five-tuples). [RFC6335] recommends
application developers not to apply to IANA to be assigned multiple
well-known ports (user or system). This does not discuss the
implications of using multiple flows with the same well-known port or
pairs of dynamic ports (e.g., identified by a service name or
signaling protocol).
Use of multiple flows can affect the network in several ways:
o Starting a series of successive connections can increase the
number of state bindings in middleboxes (e.g., NAPT or Firewall)
along the network path. UDP-based middlebox traversal usually
relies on timeouts to remove old state, since middleboxes are
unaware when a particular flow ceases to be used by an
application.
o Using several flows at the same time may result in seeing
different network characteristics for each flow. It cannot be
assumed both follow the same path (e.g., when ECMP is used,
traffic is intentionally hashed onto different parallel paths
based on the port numbers).
o Using several flows can also increase the occupancy of a binding
or lookup table in a middlebox (e.g., NAPT or Firewall), which may
cause the device to change the way it manages the flow state.
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o Further, using excessive numbers of flows can degrade the ability
of a unicast congestion control to react to congestion events,
unless the congestion state is shared between all flows in a
session. A receiver-driven multicast congestion control requires
the sending application to distribute its data over a set of IP
multicast groups, each receiver is therefore expected to receive
data from a modest number of simultaneously active UDP ports.
Therefore, applications MUST NOT assume consistent behavior of
middleboxes when multiple UDP flows are used; many devices respond
differently as the number of used ports increases. Using multiple
flows with different QoS requirements requires applications to verify
that the expected performance is achieved using each individual flow
(five-tuple), see Section 3.1.9.
5.2. ICMP Guidelines
Applications can utilize information about ICMP error messages that
the UDP layer passes up for a variety of purposes [RFC1122].
Applications SHOULD appropriately validate the payload of ICMP
messages to ensure these are received in response to transmitted
traffic (i.e., a reported error condition that corresponds to a UDP
datagram actually sent by the application). This requires context,
such as local state about communication instances to each
destination, that although readily available in connection-oriented
transport protocols is not always maintained by UDP-based
applications. Note that not all platforms have the necessary APIs to
support this validation, and some platforms already perform this
validation internally before passing ICMP information to the
application.
Any application response to ICMP error messages SHOULD be robust to
temporary routing failures (sometimes called "soft errors"), e.g.,
transient ICMP "unreachable" messages ought to not normally cause a
communication abort.
ICMP messages are being increasingly filtered by middleboxes. A UDP
application therefore SHOULD NOT rely on their delivery for correct
and safe operation.
6. Security Considerations
UDP does not provide communications security. Applications that need
to protect their communications against eavesdropping, tampering, or
message forgery SHOULD employ end-to-end security services provided
by other IETF protocols.
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UDP applications SHOULD provide protection from off-path data
injection attacks using a randomized source port or equivalent
technique (see Section 5.1).
Applications that respond to short requests with potentially large
responses are a potential vector for amplification attacks, and
SHOULD take steps to minimize their potential for being abused as
part of a DoS attack. That could mean authenticating the sender
before responding; noting that the source IP address of a request is
not a useful authenticator, because it can easily be spoofed. Or it
may mean otherwise limiting the cases where short unauthenticated
requests produce large responses. Applications MAY also want to
offer ways to limit the number of requests they respond to in a time
interval, in order to cap the bandwidth they consume.
One option for securing UDP communications is with IPsec [RFC4301],
which can provide authentication for flows of IP packets through the
Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302] and encryption and/or
authentication through the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
[RFC4303]. Applications use the Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
[RFC7296] to configure IPsec for their sessions. Depending on how
IPsec is configured for a flow, it can authenticate or encrypt the
UDP headers as well as UDP payloads. If an application only requires
authentication, ESP with no encryption but with authentication is
often a better option than AH, because ESP can operate across
middleboxes. An application that uses IPsec requires the support of
an operating system that implements the IPsec protocol suite, and the
network path must permit IKE and IPsec traffic. This may become more
common with IPv6 deployments [RFC6092].
Although it is possible to use IPsec to secure UDP communications,
not all operating systems support IPsec or allow applications to
easily configure it for their flows. A second option for securing
UDP communications is through Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS) [RFC6347][RFC7525]. DTLS provides communication privacy by
encrypting UDP payloads. It does not protect the UDP headers.
Applications can implement DTLS without relying on support from the
operating system.
Many other options for authenticating or encrypting UDP payloads
exist. For example, the GSS-API security framework [RFC2743] or
Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) [RFC5652] could be used to protect
UDP payloads. There exist a number of security options for RTP
[RFC3550] over UDP, especially to accomplish key-management, see
[RFC7201]. These options covers many usages, including point-to-
point, centralized group communication as well as multicast. In some
applications, a better solution is to protect larger stand-alone
objects, such as files or messages, instead of individual UDP
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payloads. In these situations, CMS [RFC5652], S/MIME [RFC5751] or
OpenPGP [RFC4880] could be used. In addition, there are many non-
IETF protocols in this area.
Like congestion control mechanisms, security mechanisms are difficult
to design and implement correctly. It is hence RECOMMENDED that
applications employ well-known standard security mechanisms such as
DTLS or IPsec, rather than inventing their own.
The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) [RFC5082] may be used
with UDP applications when the intended endpoint is on the same link
as the sender. This lightweight mechanism allows a receiver to
filter unwanted packets.
In terms of congestion control, [RFC2309] and [RFC2914] discuss the
dangers of congestion-unresponsive flows to the Internet.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker] describes methods that can be used
to set a performance envelope that can assist in preventing
congestion collapse in the absence of congestion control or when the
congestion control fails to react to congestion events. This
document provides guidelines to designers of UDP-based applications
to congestion-control their transmissions, and does not raise any
additional security concerns.
Some network operators have experienced surges of UDP attack traffic
that are multiple orders of magnitude above the baseline traffic rate
for UDP. This can motivate operators to limit the data rate or
packet rate of UDP traffic. This may in turn limit the throughput
that an application can achieve using UDP and could also result in
higher packet loss for UDP traffic that would not be experienced if
other transport protocols had been used.
A UDP application with a long-lived association between the sender
and receiver, ought to be designed so that the sender periodically
checks that the receiver still wants ("consents") to receive traffic
and need to be designed to stop if there is no explicit confirmation
of this [RFC7675]. Applications that require communications in two
directions to implement protocol functions (such as reliability or
congestion control) will need to independently check both directions
of communication, and may have to exchange keep-alive messages to
traverse middleboxes (see Section 3.5).
7. Summary
This section summarizes the key guidelines made in Sections 3 - 6 in
a tabular format (Table 1) for easy referencing.
+---------------------------------------------------------+---------+
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| Recommendation | Section |
+---------------------------------------------------------+---------+
| MUST tolerate a wide range of Internet path conditions | 3 |
| SHOULD use a full-featured transport (e.g., TCP) | |
| | |
| SHOULD control rate of transmission | 3.1 |
| SHOULD perform congestion control over all traffic | |
| | |
| for bulk transfers, | 3.1.2 |
| SHOULD consider implementing TFRC | |
| else, SHOULD in other ways use bandwidth similar to TCP | |
| | |
| for non-bulk transfers, | 3.1.3 |
| SHOULD measure RTT and transmit max. 1 datagram/RTT | 3.1.1 |
| else, SHOULD send at most 1 datagram every 3 seconds | |
| SHOULD back-off retransmission timers following loss | |
| | |
| SHOULD provide mechanisms to regulate the bursts of | 3.1.6 |
| transmission | |
| | |
| MAY implement ECN; a specific set of application | 3.1.7 |
| mechanisms are REQUIRED if ECN is used. | |
| | |
| for DiffServ, SHOULD NOT rely on implementation of PHBs | 3.1.8 |
| | |
| for QoS-enabled paths, MAY choose not to use CC | 3.1.9 |
| | |
| SHOULD NOT rely solely on QoS for their capacity | 3.1.10 |
| non-CC controlled flows SHOULD implement a transport | |
| circuit breaker | |
| MAY implement a circuit breaker for other applications | |
| | |
| for tunnels carrying IP traffic, | 3.1.11 |
| SHOULD NOT perform congestion control | |
| MUST correctly process the IP ECN field | |
| | |
| for non-IP tunnels or rate not determined by traffic, | |
| SHOULD perform CC or use circuit breaker | 3.1.11 |
| SHOULD restrict types of traffic transported by the | |
| tunnel | |
| | |
| SHOULD NOT send datagrams that exceed the PMTU, i.e., | 3.2 |
| SHOULD discover PMTU or send datagrams < minimum PMTU; | |
| Specific application mechanisms are REQUIRED if PLPMTUD | |
| is used. | |
| | |
| SHOULD handle datagram loss, duplication, reordering | 3.3 |
| SHOULD be robust to delivery delays up to 2 minutes | |
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| | |
| SHOULD enable IPv4 UDP checksum | 3.4 |
| SHOULD enable IPv6 UDP checksum; Specific application | 3.4.1 |
| mechanisms are REQUIRED if a zero IPv6 UDP checksum is | |
| used. | |
| | |
| SHOULD provide protection from off-path attacks | 5.1 |
| else, MAY use UDP-Lite with suitable checksum coverage | 3.4.2 |
| | |
| SHOULD NOT always send middlebox keep-alive messages | 3.5 |
| MAY use keep-alives when needed (min. interval 15 sec) | |
| | |
| Applications specified for use in limited use (or | 3.6 |
| controlled environments) SHOULD identify equivalent | |
| mechanisms and describe their use-case. | |
| | |
| Bulk multicast apps SHOULD implement congestion control | 4.1.1 |
| | |
| Low volume multicast apps SHOULD implement congestion | 4.1.2 |
| control | |
| | |
| Multicast apps SHOULD use a safe PMTU | 4.2 |
| | |
| SHOULD avoid using multiple ports | 5.1.2 |
| MUST check received IP source address | |
| | |
| SHOULD validate payload in ICMP messages | 5.2 |
| | |
| SHOULD use a randomized source port or equivalent | 6 |
| technique, and, for client/server applications, SHOULD | |
| send responses from source address matching request | |
| | |
| SHOULD use standard IETF security protocols when needed | 6 |
+---------------------------------------------------------+---------+
Table 1: Summary of recommendations
8. IANA Considerations
Note to RFC-Editor: please remove this entire section prior to
publication.
This document raises no IANA considerations.
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9. Acknowledgments
The middlebox traversal guidelines in Section 3.5 incorporate ideas
from Section 5 of [I-D.ford-behave-app] by Bryan Ford, Pyda
Srisuresh, and Dan Kegel. The protocol timer guidelines in
Section 3.1.1 were largely contributed by Mark Allman.
G. Fairhurst received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020
research and innovation program 2014-2018 under grant agreement No.
644334 (NEAT). Lars Eggert has received funding from the European
Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 2014-2018 under
grant agreement No. 644866 (SSICLOPS). This document reflects only
the authors' views and the European Commission is not responsible for
any use that may be made of the information it contains.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker]
Fairhurst, G., "Network Transport Circuit Breakers",
draft-ietf-tsvwg-circuit-breaker-15 (work in progress),
April 2016.
[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.
[RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1191,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.
[RFC1981] McCann, J., Deering, S., and J. Mogul, "Path MTU Discovery
for IP version 6", RFC 1981, DOI 10.17487/RFC1981, August
1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1981>.
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[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460,
December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>.
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41,
RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2914>.
[RFC3828] Larzon, L-A., Degermark, M., Pink, S., Jonsson, L-E., Ed.,
and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "The Lightweight User Datagram
Protocol (UDP-Lite)", RFC 3828, DOI 10.17487/RFC3828, July
2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3828>.
[RFC4787] Audet, F., Ed. and C. Jennings, "Network Address
Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements for Unicast
UDP", BCP 127, RFC 4787, DOI 10.17487/RFC4787, January
2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4787>.
[RFC4821] Mathis, M. and J. Heffner, "Packetization Layer Path MTU
Discovery", RFC 4821, DOI 10.17487/RFC4821, March 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4821>.
[RFC5348] Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and J. Widmer, "TCP
Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification",
RFC 5348, DOI 10.17487/RFC5348, September 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5348>.
[RFC5405] Eggert, L. and G. Fairhurst, "Unicast UDP Usage Guidelines
for Application Designers", BCP 145, RFC 5405,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5405, November 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5405>.
[RFC6040] Briscoe, B., "Tunnelling of Explicit Congestion
Notification", RFC 6040, DOI 10.17487/RFC6040, November
2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6040>.
[RFC6298] Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., and M. Sargent,
"Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer", RFC 6298,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6298, June 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6298>.
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10.2. Informative References
[ALLMAN] Allman, M. and E. Blanton, "Notes on burst mitigation for
transport protocols", March 2005.
[FABER] Faber, T., Touch, J., and W. Yue, "The TIME-WAIT State in
TCP and Its Effect on Busy Servers", Proc. IEEE Infocom,
March 1999.
[I-D.ford-behave-app]
Ford, B., "Application Design Guidelines for Traversal
through Network Address Translators", draft-ford-behave-
app-05 (work in progress), March 2007.
[I-D.ietf-aqm-ecn-benefits]
Fairhurst, G. and M. Welzl, "The Benefits of using
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)", draft-ietf-aqm-
ecn-benefits-08 (work in progress), November 2015.
[I-D.ietf-avtcore-rtp-circuit-breakers]
Perkins, C. and V. Singh, "Multimedia Congestion Control:
Circuit Breakers for Unicast RTP Sessions", draft-ietf-
avtcore-rtp-circuit-breakers-18 (work in progress), August
2016.
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels]
Touch, J. and W. Townsley, "IP Tunnels in the Internet
Architecture", draft-ietf-intarea-tunnels-03 (work in
progress), July 2016.
[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap]
Nordmark, E., Tian, A., Gross, J., Hudson, J., Kreeger,
L., Garg, P., Thaler, P., and T. Herbert, "Encapsulation
Considerations", draft-ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap-01 (work in
progress), March 2016.
[I-D.ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap]
Yong, L., Crabbe, E., Xu, X., and T. Herbert, "GRE-in-UDP
Encapsulation", draft-ietf-tsvwg-gre-in-udp-encap-19 (work
in progress), September 2016.
[POSIX] IEEE Std. 1003.1-2001, , "Standard for Information
Technology - Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX)",
Open Group Technical Standard: Base Specifications Issue
6, ISO/IEC 9945:2002, December 2001.
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[RFC0919] Mogul, J., "Broadcasting Internet Datagrams", STD 5,
RFC 919, DOI 10.17487/RFC0919, October 1984,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc919>.
[RFC1112] Deering, S., "Host extensions for IP multicasting", STD 5,
RFC 1112, DOI 10.17487/RFC1112, August 1989,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1112>.
[RFC1536] Kumar, A., Postel, J., Neuman, C., Danzig, P., and S.
Miller, "Common DNS Implementation Errors and Suggested
Fixes", RFC 1536, DOI 10.17487/RFC1536, October 1993,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1536>.
[RFC1546] Partridge, C., Mendez, T., and W. Milliken, "Host
Anycasting Service", RFC 1546, DOI 10.17487/RFC1546,
November 1993, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1546>.
[RFC2309] Braden, B., Clark, D., Crowcroft, J., Davie, B., Deering,
S., Estrin, D., Floyd, S., Jacobson, V., Minshall, G.,
Partridge, C., Peterson, L., Ramakrishnan, K., Shenker,
S., Wroclawski, J., and L. Zhang, "Recommendations on
Queue Management and Congestion Avoidance in the
Internet", RFC 2309, DOI 10.17487/RFC2309, April 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2309>.
[RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2475>.
[RFC2675] Borman, D., Deering, S., and R. Hinden, "IPv6 Jumbograms",
RFC 2675, DOI 10.17487/RFC2675, August 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2675>.
[RFC2743] Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2743, January 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2743>.
[RFC2887] Handley, M., Floyd, S., Whetten, B., Kermode, R.,
Vicisano, L., and M. Luby, "The Reliable Multicast Design
Space for Bulk Data Transfer", RFC 2887,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2887, August 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2887>.
[RFC2983] Black, D., "Differentiated Services and Tunnels",
RFC 2983, DOI 10.17487/RFC2983, October 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2983>.
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[RFC3048] Whetten, B., Vicisano, L., Kermode, R., Handley, M.,
Floyd, S., and M. Luby, "Reliable Multicast Transport
Building Blocks for One-to-Many Bulk-Data Transfer",
RFC 3048, DOI 10.17487/RFC3048, January 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3048>.
[RFC3124] Balakrishnan, H. and S. Seshan, "The Congestion Manager",
RFC 3124, DOI 10.17487/RFC3124, June 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3124>.
[RFC3168] Ramakrishnan, K., Floyd, S., and D. Black, "The Addition
of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP",
RFC 3168, DOI 10.17487/RFC3168, September 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3168>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3261, June 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3303] Srisuresh, P., Kuthan, J., Rosenberg, J., Molitor, A., and
A. Rayhan, "Middlebox communication architecture and
framework", RFC 3303, DOI 10.17487/RFC3303, August 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3303>.
[RFC3493] Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W.
Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6",
RFC 3493, DOI 10.17487/RFC3493, February 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3493>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3551] Schulzrinne, H. and S. Casner, "RTP Profile for Audio and
Video Conferences with Minimal Control", STD 65, RFC 3551,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3551, July 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3551>.
[RFC3738] Luby, M. and V. Goyal, "Wave and Equation Based Rate
Control (WEBRC) Building Block", RFC 3738,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3738, April 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3738>.
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[RFC3758] Stewart, R., Ramalho, M., Xie, Q., Tuexen, M., and P.
Conrad, "Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
Partial Reliability Extension", RFC 3758,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3758, May 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3758>.
[RFC3819] Karn, P., Ed., Bormann, C., Fairhurst, G., Grossman, D.,
Ludwig, R., Mahdavi, J., Montenegro, G., Touch, J., and L.
Wood, "Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers", BCP 89,
RFC 3819, DOI 10.17487/RFC3819, July 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3819>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4302>.
[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.
[RFC4340] Kohler, E., Handley, M., and S. Floyd, "Datagram
Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP)", RFC 4340,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4340, March 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4340>.
[RFC4341] Floyd, S. and E. Kohler, "Profile for Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion Control ID 2: TCP-like
Congestion Control", RFC 4341, DOI 10.17487/RFC4341, March
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4341>.
[RFC4342] Floyd, S., Kohler, E., and J. Padhye, "Profile for
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion
Control ID 3: TCP-Friendly Rate Control (TFRC)", RFC 4342,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4342, March 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4342>.
[RFC4380] Huitema, C., "Teredo: Tunneling IPv6 over UDP through
Network Address Translations (NATs)", RFC 4380,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4380, February 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4380>.
[RFC4607] Holbrook, H. and B. Cain, "Source-Specific Multicast for
IP", RFC 4607, DOI 10.17487/RFC4607, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4607>.
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[RFC4654] Widmer, J. and M. Handley, "TCP-Friendly Multicast
Congestion Control (TFMCC): Protocol Specification",
RFC 4654, DOI 10.17487/RFC4654, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4654>.
[RFC4880] Callas, J., Donnerhacke, L., Finney, H., Shaw, D., and R.
Thayer, "OpenPGP Message Format", RFC 4880,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4880, November 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4880>.
[RFC4890] Davies, E. and J. Mohacsi, "Recommendations for Filtering
ICMPv6 Messages in Firewalls", RFC 4890,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4890, May 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4890>.
[RFC4960] Stewart, R., Ed., "Stream Control Transmission Protocol",
RFC 4960, DOI 10.17487/RFC4960, September 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4960>.
[RFC4963] Heffner, J., Mathis, M., and B. Chandler, "IPv4 Reassembly
Errors at High Data Rates", RFC 4963,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4963, July 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4963>.
[RFC4987] Eddy, W., "TCP SYN Flooding Attacks and Common
Mitigations", RFC 4987, DOI 10.17487/RFC4987, August 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4987>.
[RFC5082] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., Ed., and C.
Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
(GTSM)", RFC 5082, DOI 10.17487/RFC5082, October 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5082>.
[RFC5245] Rosenberg, J., "Interactive Connectivity Establishment
(ICE): A Protocol for Network Address Translator (NAT)
Traversal for Offer/Answer Protocols", RFC 5245,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5245, April 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5245>.
[RFC5622] Floyd, S. and E. Kohler, "Profile for Datagram Congestion
Control Protocol (DCCP) Congestion ID 4: TCP-Friendly Rate
Control for Small Packets (TFRC-SP)", RFC 5622,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5622, August 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5622>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
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[RFC5681] Allman, M., Paxson, V., and E. Blanton, "TCP Congestion
Control", RFC 5681, DOI 10.17487/RFC5681, September 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5681>.
[RFC5740] Adamson, B., Bormann, C., Handley, M., and J. Macker,
"NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Transport
Protocol", RFC 5740, DOI 10.17487/RFC5740, November 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5740>.
[RFC5751] Ramsdell, B. and S. Turner, "Secure/Multipurpose Internet
Mail Extensions (S/MIME) Version 3.2 Message
Specification", RFC 5751, DOI 10.17487/RFC5751, January
2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5751>.
[RFC5775] Luby, M., Watson, M., and L. Vicisano, "Asynchronous
Layered Coding (ALC) Protocol Instantiation", RFC 5775,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5775, April 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5775>.
[RFC5971] Schulzrinne, H. and R. Hancock, "GIST: General Internet
Signalling Transport", RFC 5971, DOI 10.17487/RFC5971,
October 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5971>.
[RFC5973] Stiemerling, M., Tschofenig, H., Aoun, C., and E. Davies,
"NAT/Firewall NSIS Signaling Layer Protocol (NSLP)",
RFC 5973, DOI 10.17487/RFC5973, October 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5973>.
[RFC6056] Larsen, M. and F. Gont, "Recommendations for Transport-
Protocol Port Randomization", BCP 156, RFC 6056,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6056, January 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6056>.
[RFC6092] Woodyatt, J., Ed., "Recommended Simple Security
Capabilities in Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) for
Providing Residential IPv6 Internet Service", RFC 6092,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6092, January 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6092>.
[RFC6335] Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165,
RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.
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[RFC6347] Rescorla, E. and N. Modadugu, "Datagram Transport Layer
Security Version 1.2", RFC 6347, DOI 10.17487/RFC6347,
January 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6347>.
[RFC6396] Blunk, L., Karir, M., and C. Labovitz, "Multi-Threaded
Routing Toolkit (MRT) Routing Information Export Format",
RFC 6396, DOI 10.17487/RFC6396, October 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6396>.
[RFC6437] Amante, S., Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and J. Rajahalme,
"IPv6 Flow Label Specification", RFC 6437,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6437, November 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6437>.
[RFC6438] Carpenter, B. and S. Amante, "Using the IPv6 Flow Label
for Equal Cost Multipath Routing and Link Aggregation in
Tunnels", RFC 6438, DOI 10.17487/RFC6438, November 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6438>.
[RFC6513] Rosen, E., Ed. and R. Aggarwal, Ed., "Multicast in MPLS/
BGP IP VPNs", RFC 6513, DOI 10.17487/RFC6513, February
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6513>.
[RFC6679] Westerlund, M., Johansson, I., Perkins, C., O'Hanlon, P.,
and K. Carlberg, "Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)
for RTP over UDP", RFC 6679, DOI 10.17487/RFC6679, August
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6679>.
[RFC6726] Paila, T., Walsh, R., Luby, M., Roca, V., and R. Lehtonen,
"FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport",
RFC 6726, DOI 10.17487/RFC6726, November 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6726>.
[RFC6773] Phelan, T., Fairhurst, G., and C. Perkins, "DCCP-UDP: A
Datagram Congestion Control Protocol UDP Encapsulation for
NAT Traversal", RFC 6773, DOI 10.17487/RFC6773, November
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6773>.
[RFC6807] Farinacci, D., Shepherd, G., Venaas, S., and Y. Cai,
"Population Count Extensions to Protocol Independent
Multicast (PIM)", RFC 6807, DOI 10.17487/RFC6807, December
2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6807>.
[RFC6887] Wing, D., Ed., Cheshire, S., Boucadair, M., Penno, R., and
P. Selkirk, "Port Control Protocol (PCP)", RFC 6887,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6887, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6887>.
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[RFC6935] Eubanks, M., Chimento, P., and M. Westerlund, "IPv6 and
UDP Checksums for Tunneled Packets", RFC 6935,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6935, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6935>.
[RFC6936] Fairhurst, G. and M. Westerlund, "Applicability Statement
for the Use of IPv6 UDP Datagrams with Zero Checksums",
RFC 6936, DOI 10.17487/RFC6936, April 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6936>.
[RFC6951] Tuexen, M. and R. Stewart, "UDP Encapsulation of Stream
Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Packets for End-Host
to End-Host Communication", RFC 6951,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6951, May 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6951>.
[RFC7143] Chadalapaka, M., Satran, J., Meth, K., and D. Black,
"Internet Small Computer System Interface (iSCSI) Protocol
(Consolidated)", RFC 7143, DOI 10.17487/RFC7143, April
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7143>.
[RFC7201] Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
Sessions", RFC 7201, DOI 10.17487/RFC7201, April 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7201>.
[RFC7296] Kaufman, C., Hoffman, P., Nir, Y., Eronen, P., and T.
Kivinen, "Internet Key Exchange Protocol Version 2
(IKEv2)", STD 79, RFC 7296, DOI 10.17487/RFC7296, October
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7296>.
[RFC7450] Bumgardner, G., "Automatic Multicast Tunneling", RFC 7450,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7450, February 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7450>.
[RFC7510] Xu, X., Sheth, N., Yong, L., Callon, R., and D. Black,
"Encapsulating MPLS in UDP", RFC 7510,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7510, April 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7510>.
[RFC7525] Sheffer, Y., Holz, R., and P. Saint-Andre,
"Recommendations for Secure Use of Transport Layer
Security (TLS) and Datagram Transport Layer Security
(DTLS)", BCP 195, RFC 7525, DOI 10.17487/RFC7525, May
2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7525>.
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[RFC7560] Kuehlewind, M., Ed., Scheffenegger, R., and B. Briscoe,
"Problem Statement and Requirements for Increased Accuracy
in Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Feedback",
RFC 7560, DOI 10.17487/RFC7560, August 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7560>.
[RFC7567] Baker, F., Ed. and G. Fairhurst, Ed., "IETF
Recommendations Regarding Active Queue Management",
BCP 197, RFC 7567, DOI 10.17487/RFC7567, July 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7567>.
[RFC7605] Touch, J., "Recommendations on Using Assigned Transport
Port Numbers", BCP 165, RFC 7605, DOI 10.17487/RFC7605,
August 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7605>.
[RFC7657] Black, D., Ed. and P. Jones, "Differentiated Services
(Diffserv) and Real-Time Communication", RFC 7657,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7657, November 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7657>.
[RFC7675] Perumal, M., Wing, D., Ravindranath, R., Reddy, T., and M.
Thomson, "Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) Usage
for Consent Freshness", RFC 7675, DOI 10.17487/RFC7675,
October 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7675>.
[STEVENS] Stevens, W., Fenner, B., and A. Rudoff, "UNIX Network
Programming, The sockets Networking API", Addison-Wesley,
2004.
[UPnP] UPnP Forum, , "Internet Gateway Device (IGD) Standardized
Device Control Protocol V 1.0", November 2001.
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Appendix A. Case Study of the Use of IPv6 UDP Zero-Checksum Mode
This appendix provides a brief review of MPLS-in-UDP as an example of
a UDP Tunnel Encapsulation that defines a UDP encapsulation. The
purpose of the appendix is to provide a concrete example of which
mechanisms were required in order to safely use UDP zero-checksum
mode for MPLS-in-UDP tunnels over IPv6.
By default, UDP requires a checksum for use with IPv6. An option has
been specified that permits a zero IPv6 UDP checksum when used in
specific environments, specified in [RFC7510], and defines a set of
operational constraints for use of this mode. These are summarized
below:
A UDP tunnel or encapsulation using a zero-checksum mode with IPv6
must only be deployed within a single network (with a single network
operator) or networks of an adjacent set of co-operating network
operators where traffic is managed to avoid congestion, rather than
over the Internet where congestion control is required. MPLS-in-UDP
has been specified for networks under single administrative control
(such as within a single operator's network) where it is known
(perhaps through knowledge of equipment types and lower layer checks)
that packet corruption is exceptionally unlikely and where the
operator is willing to take the risk of undetected packet corruption.
The tunnel encapsulator SHOULD use different IPv6 addresses for each
UDP tunnel that uses the UDP zero-checksum mode, regardless of the
decapsulator, to strengthen the decapsulator's check of the IPv6
source address (i.e., the same IPv6 source address SHOULD NOT be used
with more than one IPv6 destination address, independent of whether
that destination address is a unicast or multicast address). Use of
MPLS-in-UDP may be extended to networks within a set of closely
cooperating network administrations (such as network operators who
have agreed to work together to jointly provide specific services)
[RFC7510].
The requirement for MPLS-in-UDP endpoints to check the source IPv6
address in addition to the destination IPv6 address, plus the strong
recommendation against reuse of source IPv6 addresses among MPLS-in-
UDP tunnels collectively provide some mitigation for the absence of
UDP checksum coverage of the IPv6 header. In addition, the MPLS data
plane only forwards packets with valid labels (i.e., labels that have
been distributed by the tunnel egress Label Switched Router, LSR),
providing some additional opportunity to detect MPLS-in-UDP packet
misdelivery when the misdelivered packet contains a label that is not
valid for forwarding at the receiving LSR. The expected result for
IPv6 UDP zero-checksum mode for MPLS-in-UDP is that corruption of the
destination IPv6 address will usually cause packet discard, as
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offsetting corruptions to the source IPv6 and/or MPLS top label are
unlikely.
Additional assurance is provided by the restrictions in the above
exceptions that limit usage of IPv6 UDP zero-checksum mode to well-
managed networks for which MPLS packet corruption has not been a
problem in practice. Hence, MPLS-in-UDP is suitable for transmission
over lower layers in well-managed networks that are allowed by the
exceptions stated above and the rate of corruption of the inner IP
packet on such networks is not expected to increase by comparison to
MPLS traffic that is not encapsulated in UDP. For these reasons,
MPLS-in-UDP does not provide an additional integrity check when UDP
zero-checksum mode is used with IPv6, and this design is in
accordance with requirements 2, 3 and 5 specified in Section 5 of
[RFC6936].
The MPLS-in-UDP encapsulation does not provide a mechanism to safely
fall back to using a checksum when a path change occurs that
redirects a tunnel over a path that includes a middlebox that
discards IPv6 datagrams with a zero UDP checksum. In this case, the
MPLS-in-UDP tunnel will be black-holed by that middlebox.
Recommended changes to allow firewalls, NATs and other middleboxes to
support use of an IPv6 zero UDP checksum are described in Section 5
of [RFC6936]. MPLS does not accumulate incorrect state as a
consequence of label stack corruption. A corrupt MPLS label results
in either packet discard or forwarding (and forgetting) of the packet
without accumulation of MPLS protocol state. Active monitoring of
MPLS-in-UDP traffic for errors is REQUIRED because the occurrence of
errors will result in some accumulation of error information outside
the MPLS protocol for operational and management purposes. This
design is in accordance with requirement 4 specified in Section 5 of
[RFC6936]. In addition, IPv6 traffic with a zero UDP checksum MUST
be actively monitored for errors by the network operator.
Operators SHOULD also deploy packet filters to prevent IPv6 packets
with a zero UDP checksum from escaping from the network due to
misconfiguration or packet errors. In addition, IPv6 traffic with a
zero UDP checksum MUST be actively monitored for errors by the
network operator.
Appendix B. Revision Notes
Note to RFC-Editor: please remove this entire section prior to
publication.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-19:
o Addressed IESG review comments.
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Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-18:
o Fix a nit.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-17:
o Incorporated text from Mark Allman for the section on "Protocol
Timer Guidelines".
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-16:
o Addressed suggestions by David Black.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-15:
o Addressed more suggestions by Takeshi Takahashi.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-14:
o Addressed SEC_DIR review by Takeshi Takahashi.
o Addressed Gen-ART review by Paul Kyzivat.
o Addressed OPS-DIR review by Tim Chown.
o Addressed some of Mark Allman's comments regarding RTTs and RTOs.
o Addressed some of Brian Trammell;s comments regarding new IETF
transports.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-13:
o Minor corrections.
o Changes recommended by Spencer Dawkins.
o Placed the recommendations on timers within section 3.1
o Updated the recommendations on reliability to also reference the
recommendations on timers.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-12:
o Introduced a separate section on the usage of timers to avoid
repeating similar guidance in multiple sections.
o Updated RTT measurement text to align with revised min RTO
recommendation for TCP.
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o Updated text based on draft-ietf-tcpm-rto-consider-03 and to now
cite this draft.
o Fixed inconsistency in term used for keep-alive messages (keep-
alive packet, keep-alives).
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-11:
o Address some issues that idnits found.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-10:
o Restored changes from -08 that -09 accidentally rolled back.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-09:
o Fix to cross reference in summary table.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-08:
This update introduces new text in the following sections:
o The ID from RTGWG on encap Section 7 makes recommendations on
entropy. Section 5.1 of the 5405bis draft had a single sentence
on use of the UDP source port to inject entropy. Related work
such as UDP-in-MPLS and GRE-in-UDP have also made recommendations
on entropy usage. A new section has been added to address this.
o Added reference to RFC2983 on DSCP with tunnels.
o New text after comment from David Black on needing to improve the
header protection text.
o Replaced replace /controlled network environment/ with /controlled
environment/ to be more consistent with other drafts.
o Section 3.1.7 now explicitly refers to the applicability
subsection describing controlled environments.
o PLPMTUD section updated.
o Reworded checksum text to place IPv6 UDP zero checksum text in a
separate subsection (this became too long in the main section)
o Updated summary table
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-07:
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This update introduces new text in the following sections:
o Addressed David Black's review during WG LC.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-06:
This update introduces new text in the following sections:
o Multicast Congestion Control Guidelines (Section rewritten by Greg
and Gorry to differentiate sender-driven and receiver-driven CC)
o Using UDP Ports (Added a short para on RPF checks protecting from
off-path attacks)
o Applications using Multiple UDP Ports (Added text on layered
multicast)
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-05:
o Amended text in section discussing RTT for CC (feedback from
Colin)
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-04:
o Added text on consent freshness (STUN) - (From Colin)
o Reworked text on ECN (From David)
o Reworked text on RTT with CC (with help from Mirja)
o Added references to [RFC7675], [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-dt-encap],
[I-D.ietf-intarea-tunnels] and [RFC7510]
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-03:
o Mention crypto hash in addition to CRC for integrity protection.
(From Magnus.)
o Mention PCP. (From Magnus.)
o More accurate text on secure RTP (From Magnus.)
o Reordered abstract to reflect .bis focus (Gorry)
o Added a section on ECN, with actual ECN requirements (Gorry, help
from Mirja)
o Added section on Implications of RTT on Congestion Control (Gorry)
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o Added note that this refers to other protocols over IP (E
Nordmark, rtg encaps guidance)
o Added reordering text between sessions (consistent with use of
ECMP, rtg encaps guidance)
o Reworked text on off-path data protection (port usage)
o Updated summary table
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-02:
o Added note that guidance may be applicable beyond UDP to abstract
(from Erik Nordmark).
o Small editorial changes to fix English nits.
o Added a circuit may provide benefit to CC tunnels by controlling
envelope.
o Added tunnels should ingress-filter by packet type (from Erik
Nordmark).
o Added tunnels should perform IETF ECN processing when supporting
ECN.
o Multicast apps may employ CC or a circuit breaker.
o Added programming guidance on off-path attacks (with C. Perkins).
o Added reference to ECN benefits.
Changes in draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-01:
o Added text on DSCP-usage.
o More guidance on use of the checksum, including an example of how
MPLS/UDP allowed support of a zero IPv6 UDP Checksum in some
cases.
o Added description of diffuse usage.
o Clarified usage of the source port field.
draft-eggert-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-01 was adopted by the TSVWG and
resubmitted as draft-ietf-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-00. There were no
technical changes.
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Changes in draft-eggert-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-01:
o Added Greg Shepherd as a co-author, based on the multicast
guidelines that originated with him.
Changes in draft-eggert-tsvwg-rfc5405bis-00 (relative to RFC5405):
o The words "application designers" were removed from the draft
title and the wording of the abstract was clarified abstract.
o New text to clarify various issues and set new recommendations not
previously included in RFC 5405. These include new
recommendations for multicast, the use of checksums with IPv6,
ECMP, recommendations on port usage, use of ECN, use of DiffServ,
circuit breakers (initial text), etc.
Authors' Addresses
Lars Eggert
NetApp
Sonnenallee 1
Kirchheim 85551
Germany
Phone: +49 151 120 55791
EMail: lars@netapp.com
URI: https://eggert.org/
Godred Fairhurst
University of Aberdeen
Department of Engineering
Fraser Noble Building
Aberdeen AB24 3UE
Scotland
EMail: gorry@erg.abdn.ac.uk
URI: http://www.erg.abdn.ac.uk/
Greg Shepherd
Cisco Systems
Tasman Drive
San Jose
USA
EMail: gjshep@gmail.com
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