Network Working Group                                         C. Huitema
Request for Comments:  1715                                        INRIA
Category: Informational                                    November 1994


             The H Ratio for Address Assignment Efficiency

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  This memo
   does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of
   this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

   This document was submitted to the IETF IPng area in response to RFC
   1550.  Publication of this document does not imply acceptance by the
   IPng area of any ideas expressed within.  Comments should be
   submitted to the author and/or the sipp@sunroof.eng.sun.com mailing
   list.

Table of Contents

   1.   Efficiency of address assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
   2.   Estimating reasonable values for the ratio H . . . . . . . . 2
   3.   Evaluating proposed address plans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
   4.   Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   5.   Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1. Efficiency of address assignment

   A substantial part of the "IPng" debate was devoted to the choice of
   an address size. A recurring concept was that of "assignment
   efficiency", which most people involved in the discussion expressed
   as a the ratio of the effective number of systems in the network over
   the theoretical maximum. For example, the 32 bits IP addressing plan
   could in theory number over 7 billions of systems; as of today, we
   have about 3.5 millions of addresses reported in the DNS, which would
   translate in an efficiency of 0.05%.












Huitema                                                         [Page 1]

RFC 1715                        H Ratio                    November 1994


   But this classic evaluation is misleading, as it does not take into
   account the number of hierarchical elements. IP addresses, for
   example, have at least three degrees of hierarchy: network, subnet
   and host.  In order to remove these dependencies, I propose to use a
   logarithmic scale for the efficiency ratio:

                             log (number of objects)
                         H = -----------------------
                                  available bits

   The ratio H is not too dependent of the number of hierarchical
   levels. Suppose for example that we have the choice between two
   levels, encoded on 8 bits each, and one single level, encoded in 16
   bits. We will obtain the same efficiency if we allocate in average
   100 elements at each 8 bits level, or simply 10000 elements in the
   single 16 bits level.

   Note that I use base 10 logs in what follows, because they are easier
   to compute mentally. When it comes to large numbers, people tend to
   use "powers of 10", as in "IPng should be capable of numbering 1 E+15
   systems". It follows from this choice of units that H varies between
   0 and a theoretical maximum of 0.30103 (log base 10 of 2).

2. Estimating reasonable values for the ratio H:

   Indeed, we don't expect to achieve a ratio of 0.3 in practice, and
   the interesting question is to assert the values which can be
   reasonably expected. We can try to evaluate them from existing
   numbering plans. What is especially interesting is to consider the
   moment where the plans broke, i.e. when people were forced to add
   digits to phone number, or to add bits to computer addresses. I have
   a number of such figures handy, e.g.:

   * Adding one digit to all French telephone numbers, moving from 8
     digits to 9, when the number of phones reached a threshold of 1.0
     E+7. The log value is 7, the number of bits was about 27 (1 decimal
     digit is about 3.3 bits). The ratio is thus 0.26

   * Expending the number of areas in the US telephone system, making it
     effectively 10 digits long, for about 1.0 E+8 subscribers. The log
     value is 8, the number of bits is 33, the ratio is about 0.24

   * Expending the size of the Internet addresses, from 32 bits to
     something else. There are currently about 3 million hosts on the
     net, for 32 bits. The log of 3.E6 is about 6.5; this gives a ratio
     of 0.20. Indeed, we believe that 32 bits will still be enough for
     some years, e.g. to multiply the number of hosts by 10, in which
     case the ratio would climb to 0.23



Huitema                                                         [Page 2]

RFC 1715                        H Ratio                    November 1994


   * Expending the size of the SITA 7 characters address. According to
     their documentation, they have about 64000 addressed points in
     their network, scattered in 1200 cities, 180 countries. An upper
     case character provides about 5 bits of addressing, which results
     in an efficiency of 0.14. This is an extreme case, as SITA uses
     fixed length tokens in its hierarchy.

   * The globally-connected physics/space science DECnet (Phase IV)
     stopped growing at about 15K nodes (i.e. new nodes were hidden)
     which in a 16 bit space gives a ratio of 0.26

   * There are about 200 million IEEE 802 nodes in a 46 bit space, which
     gives a ratio of 0.18. That number space, however, is not
     saturated.

   From these examples, we can assert that the efficiency ratio usually
   lies between 0.14 and 0.26.

3. Evaluating proposed address plans

   Using a reverse computation, we get the following population counts
   in the network:

                    Pessimistic (0.14)     Optimistic (0.26)

      32 bits             3 E+4 (!)           2 E+8
      64 bits             9 E+8               4 E+16
      80 bits           1.6 E+11            2.6 E+27
     128 bits             8 E+17              2 E+33

   I guess that the figure explains well why some feel that 64 bits is
   "not enough" while other feel it is "sufficient by a large margin":
   depending of the assignment efficiency, we are either well below the
   target or well above. But there is no question, in my view, that 128
   bits is "more than enough". Even if we presume the lowest efficiency,
   we are still way above the hyperbolic estimate of 1.E+15 Internet
   hosts.

   It is also interesting to note that if we devote 80 bits to the
   "network" and use 48 bits for "server less autoconfiguration", we can
   number more that E.11 networks in the pessimistic case - it would
   only take an efficiency of 0.15 to reach the E+12 networks hyperbole.

   I guess this explains well why I feel that 128 bits is entirely safe
   for the next 30 year. The level of constraints that we will have to
   incorporate in the address assignment appears very much in line with
   what we know how to do, today.




Huitema                                                         [Page 3]

RFC 1715                        H Ratio                    November 1994


4.  Security Considerations

   Security issues are not discussed in this memo.

5. Author's Address

   Christian Huitema
   INRIA, Sophia-Antipolis
   2004 Route des Lucioles
   BP 109
   F-06561 Valbonne Cedex
   France

   Phone: +33 93 65 77 15
   EMail: Christian.Huitema@MIRSA.INRIA.FR




































Huitema                                                         [Page 4]