rfc8046
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Henderson, Ed.
Request for Comments: 8046 University of Washington
Obsoletes: 5206 C. Vogt
Category: Standards Track Independent
ISSN: 2070-1721 J. Arkko
Ericsson
February 2017
Host Mobility with the Host Identity Protocol
Abstract
This document defines a mobility extension to the Host Identity
Protocol (HIP). Specifically, this document defines a "LOCATOR_SET"
parameter for HIP messages that allows for a HIP host to notify peers
about alternate addresses at which it may be reached. This document
also defines how the parameter can be used to preserve communications
across a change to the IP address used by one or both peer hosts.
The same LOCATOR_SET parameter can also be used to support end-host
multihoming (as specified in RFC 8047). This document obsoletes RFC
5206.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8046.
Henderson, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Protocol Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Operating Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1. Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1.2. Mobility Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2.1. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (No Rekeying) . . . . 10
3.2.2. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (Mobile-Initiated
Rekey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.3. Mobility Messaging through the Rendezvous Server . . 13
3.2.4. Network Renumbering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3. Other Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.1. Address Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3.2. Credit-Based Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.3. Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4. LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1. Traffic Type and Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2. Locator Type and Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3. UPDATE Packet with Included LOCATOR_SET . . . . . . . . . 19
5. Processing Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.1. Locator Data Structure and Status . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2. Sending the LOCATOR_SET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.3. Handling Received LOCATOR_SETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.4. Verifying Address Reachability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.5. Changing the Preferred Locator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.6. Credit-Based Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5.6.1. Handling Payload Packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.6.2. Credit Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6.1. Impersonation Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.1. Flooding Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.2.2. Memory/Computational-Exhaustion DoS Attacks . . . . . 32
6.3. Mixed Deployment Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.4. Privacy Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8. Differences from RFC 5206 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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1. Introduction and Scope
The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [RFC7401] supports an architecture
that decouples the transport layer (TCP, UDP, etc.) from the
internetworking layer (IPv4 and IPv6) by using public/private key
pairs, instead of IP addresses, as host identities. When a host uses
HIP, the overlying protocol sublayers (e.g., transport-layer sockets
and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Security Associations (SAs))
are instead bound to representations of these host identities, and
the IP addresses are only used for packet forwarding. However, each
host needs to also know at least one IP address at which its peers
are reachable. Initially, these IP addresses are the ones used
during the HIP base exchange.
One consequence of such a decoupling is that new solutions to
network-layer mobility and host multihoming are possible. There are
potentially many variations of mobility and multihoming possible.
The scope of this document encompasses messaging and elements of
procedure for basic network-level host mobility, leaving more
complicated mobility scenarios, multihoming, and other variations for
further study. More specifically, the following are in scope:
This document defines a LOCATOR_SET parameter for use in HIP
messages. The LOCATOR_SET parameter allows a HIP host to notify a
peer about alternate locators at which it is reachable. The
locators may be merely IP addresses, or they may have additional
multiplexing and demultiplexing context to aid with the packet
handling in the lower layers. For instance, an IP address may
need to be paired with an ESP Security Parameter Index (SPI) so
that packets are sent on the correct SA for a given address.
This document also specifies the messaging and elements of
procedure for end-host mobility of a HIP host. In particular,
message flows to enable successful host mobility, including
address verification methods, are defined herein.
The HIP rendezvous server (RVS) [RFC8004] can be used to manage
simultaneous mobility of both hosts, initial reachability of a
mobile host, location privacy, and some modes of NAT traversal.
Use of the HIP RVS to manage the simultaneous mobility of both
hosts is specified herein.
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The following topics are out of scope:
While the same LOCATOR_SET parameter supports host multihoming
(simultaneous use of a number of addresses), procedures for host
multihoming are out of scope and are specified in [RFC8047].
While HIP can potentially be used with transports other than the
ESP transport format [RFC7402], this document largely assumes the
use of ESP and leaves other transport formats for further study.
We do not consider localized mobility management extensions (i.e.,
mobility management techniques that do not involve directly
signaling the correspondent node); this document is concerned with
end-to-end mobility.
Finally, making underlying IP mobility transparent to the
transport layer has implications on the proper response of
transport congestion control, path MTU selection, and Quality of
Service (QoS). Transport-layer mobility triggers, and the proper
transport response to a HIP mobility or multihoming address
change, are outside the scope of this document.
The main sections of this document are organized as follows.
Section 3 provides a summary overview of operations, scenarios, and
other considerations. Section 4 specifies the messaging parameter
syntax. Section 5 specifies the processing rules for messages.
Section 6 describes security considerations for this specification.
2. Terminology and Conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
LOCATOR_SET. A HIP parameter containing zero or more Locator fields.
locator. A name that controls how the packet is routed through the
network and demultiplexed by the end host. It may include a
concatenation of traditional network addresses such as an IPv6
address and end-to-end identifiers such as an ESP SPI. It may
also include transport port numbers or IPv6 Flow Labels as
demultiplexing context, or it may simply be a network address.
Locator. When capitalized in the middle of a sentence, this term
refers to the encoding of a locator within the LOCATOR_SET
parameter (i.e., the 'Locator' field of the parameter).
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Address. A name that denotes a point of attachment to the network.
The two most common examples are an IPv4 address and an IPv6
address. The set of possible addresses is a subset of the set of
possible locators.
Preferred locator. A locator on which a host prefers to receive
data. Certain locators are labeled as preferred when a host
advertises its locator set to its peer. By default, the locators
used in the HIP base exchange are the preferred locators. The use
of preferred locators, including the scenario where multiple
address scopes and families may be in use, is defined more in
[RFC8047] than in this document.
Credit-Based Authorization (CBA). A mechanism allowing a host to
send a certain amount of data to a peer's newly announced locator
before the result of mandatory address verification is known.
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3. Protocol Model
This section is an overview; a more detailed specification follows
this section.
3.1. Operating Environment
HIP [RFC7401] is a key establishment and parameter negotiation
protocol. Its primary applications are for authenticating host
messages based on host identities and establishing SAs for the ESP
transport format [RFC7402] and possibly other protocols in the
future.
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
| | | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | Key | | HIP | | Key | |
| | Management | <-+-----------------------+-> | Management | |
| | Process | | | | Process | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| ^ | | ^ |
| | | | | |
| v | | v |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | IPsec | | ESP | | IPsec | |
| | Stack | <-+-----------------------+-> | Stack | |
| | | | | | | |
| +------------+ | | +------------+ |
| | | |
| | | |
| Initiator | | Responder |
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
Figure 1: HIP Deployment Model
The general deployment model for HIP is shown above, assuming
operation in an end-to-end fashion. This document specifies an
extension to HIP to enable end-host mobility. In summary, these
extensions to the HIP base protocol enable the signaling of new
addressing information to the peer in HIP messages. The messages are
authenticated via a signature or keyed Hash Message Authentication
Code (HMAC) based on its Host Identity (HI). This document specifies
the format of this new addressing (LOCATOR_SET) parameter, the
procedures for sending and processing this parameter to enable basic
host mobility, and procedures for a concurrent address verification
mechanism.
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---------
| TCP | (sockets bound to HITs)
---------
|
---------
----> | ESP | {HIT_s, HIT_d} <-> SPI
| ---------
| |
---- ---------
| MH |-> | HIP | {HIT_s, HIT_d, SPI} <-> {IP_s, IP_d, SPI}
---- ---------
|
---------
| IP |
---------
Figure 2: Architecture for HIP Host Mobility and Multihoming
Figure 2 depicts a layered architectural view of a HIP-enabled stack
using the ESP transport format. In HIP, upper-layer protocols
(including TCP and ESP in this figure) are bound to Host Identity
Tags (HITs) and not IP addresses. The HIP sublayer is responsible
for maintaining the binding between HITs and IP addresses. The SPI
is used to associate an incoming packet with the right HITs. The
block labeled "MH" corresponds to the function that manages the
bindings at the ESP and HIP sublayers for mobility (specified in this
document) and multihoming (specified in [RFC8047]).
Consider first the case in which there is no mobility or multihoming,
as specified in the base protocol specification [RFC7401]. The HIP
base exchange establishes the HITs in use between the hosts, the SPIs
to use for ESP, and the IP addresses (used in both the HIP signaling
packets and ESP data packets). Note that there can only be one such
set of bindings in the outbound direction for any given packet, and
the only fields used for the binding at the HIP layer are the fields
exposed by ESP (the SPI and HITs). For the inbound direction, the
SPI is all that is required to find the right host context. ESP
rekeying events change the mapping between the HIT pair and SPI, but
do not change the IP addresses.
Consider next a mobility event, in which a host moves to another IP
address. Two things need to occur in this case. First, the peer
needs to be notified of the address change using a HIP UPDATE
message. Second, each host needs to change its local bindings at the
HIP sublayer (new IP addresses). It may be that both the SPIs and IP
addresses are changed simultaneously in a single UPDATE; the protocol
described herein supports this. Although internal notification of
transport-layer protocols regarding the path change (e.g., to reset
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congestion control variables) may be desired, this specification does
not address such internal notification. In addition, elements of
procedure for traversing network address translators (NATs) and
firewalls, including NATs and firewalls that may understand HIP, may
complicate the above basic scenario and are not covered by this
document.
3.1.1. Locator
This document defines a generalization of an address called a
"locator". A locator specifies a point of attachment to the network
but may also include additional end-to-end tunneling or a per-host
demultiplexing context that affects how packets are handled below the
logical HIP sublayer of the stack. This generalization is useful
because IP addresses alone may not be sufficient to describe how
packets should be handled below HIP. For example, in a host
multihoming context, certain IP addresses may need to be associated
with certain ESP SPIs to avoid violating the ESP anti-replay window.
Addresses may also be affiliated with transport ports in certain
tunneling scenarios. Locators may simply be traditional network
addresses. The format of the Locator fields in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter is defined in Section 4.
3.1.2. Mobility Overview
When a host moves to another address, it notifies its peer of the new
address by sending a HIP UPDATE packet containing a single
LOCATOR_SET parameter and a single ESP_INFO parameter. This UPDATE
packet is acknowledged by the peer. For reliability in the presence
of packet loss, the UPDATE packet is retransmitted as defined in the
HIP specification [RFC7401]. The peer can authenticate the contents
of the UPDATE packet based on the signature and keyed hash of the
packet.
When using the ESP transport format [RFC7402], the host may, at the
same time, decide to rekey its security association and possibly
generate a new Diffie-Hellman key; all of these actions are triggered
by including additional parameters in the UPDATE packet, as defined
in the base protocol specification [RFC7401] and ESP extension
[RFC7402].
When using ESP (and possibly other transport modes in the future),
the host is able to receive packets that are protected using a HIP-
created ESP SA from any address. Thus, a host can change its IP
address and continue to send packets to its peers without necessarily
rekeying. However, the peers are not able to send packets to these
new addresses before they can reliably and securely update the set of
addresses that they associate with the sending host. Furthermore,
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mobility may change the path characteristics in such a manner that
reordering occurs and packets fall outside the ESP anti-replay window
for the SA, thereby requiring rekeying.
3.2. Protocol Overview
In this section, we briefly introduce a number of usage scenarios for
HIP host mobility. These scenarios assume that HIP is being used
with the ESP transform [RFC7402], although other scenarios may be
defined in the future. To understand these usage scenarios, the
reader should be at least minimally familiar with the HIP
specification [RFC7401] and with the use of ESP with HIP [RFC7402].
According to these specifications, the data traffic in a HIP session
is protected with ESP, and the ESP SPI acts as an index to the right
host-to-host context. More specification details are found later in
Sections 4 and 5.
The scenarios below assume that the two hosts have completed a single
HIP base exchange with each other. Therefore, both of the hosts have
one incoming and one outgoing SA. Further, each SA uses the same
pair of IP addresses, which are the ones used in the base exchange.
The readdressing protocol is an asymmetric protocol where a mobile
host informs a peer host about changes of IP addresses on affected
SPIs. The readdressing exchange is designed to be piggybacked on
existing HIP exchanges. In support of mobility, the LOCATOR_SET
parameter is carried in UPDATE packets.
The scenarios below at times describe addresses as being in either an
ACTIVE, UNVERIFIED, or DEPRECATED state. From the perspective of a
host, newly learned addresses of the peer need to be verified before
put into active service, and addresses removed by the peer are put
into a deprecated state. Under limited conditions described below
(Section 5.6), an UNVERIFIED address may be used. The addressing
states are defined more formally in Section 5.1.
Hosts that use link-local addresses as source addresses in their HIP
handshakes may not be reachable by a mobile peer. Such hosts SHOULD
provide a globally routable address either in the initial handshake
or via the LOCATOR_SET parameter.
3.2.1. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (No Rekeying)
A mobile host sometimes needs to change an IP address bound to an
interface. The change of an IP address might be needed due to a
change in the advertised IPv6 prefixes on the link, a reconnected PPP
link, a new DHCP lease, or an actual movement to another subnet. In
order to maintain its communication context, the host needs to inform
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its peers about the new IP address. This first example considers the
case in which the mobile host has only one interface, one IP address
in use within the HIP session, a single pair of SAs (one inbound, one
outbound), and no rekeying occurring on the SAs. We also assume that
the new IP addresses are within the same address family (IPv4 or
IPv6) as the previous address. This is the simplest scenario,
depicted in Figure 3. Note that the conventions for message
parameter notations in figures (use of parentheses and brackets) is
defined in Section 2.2 of [RFC7401].
Mobile Host Peer Host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, SEQ)
----------------------------------->
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, ECHO_REQUEST)
<-----------------------------------
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
----------------------------------->
Figure 3: Readdress without Rekeying but with Address Check
The steps of the packet processing are as follows:
1. The mobile host may be disconnected from the peer host for a
brief period of time while it switches from one IP address to
another; this case is sometimes referred to in the literature as
a "break-before-make" case. The host may also obtain its new IP
address before losing the old one ("make-before-break" case). In
either case, upon obtaining a new IP address, the mobile host
sends a LOCATOR_SET parameter to the peer host in an UPDATE
message. The UPDATE message also contains an ESP_INFO parameter
containing the values of the old and new SPIs for a security
association. In this case, both the OLD SPI and NEW SPI
parameters are set to the value of the preexisting incoming SPI;
this ESP_INFO does not trigger a rekeying event but is instead
included for possible parameter-inspecting firewalls on the path
([RFC5207] specifies some such firewall scenarios in which the
HIP-aware firewall may want to associate ESP flows to host
identities). The LOCATOR_SET parameter contains the new IP
address (embedded in a Locator Type of "1", defined below) and a
lifetime associated with the locator. The mobile host waits for
this UPDATE to be acknowledged, and retransmits if necessary, as
specified in the base specification [RFC7401].
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2. The peer host receives the UPDATE, validates it, and updates any
local bindings between the HIP association and the mobile host's
destination address. The peer host MUST perform an address
verification by placing a nonce in the ECHO_REQUEST parameter of
the UPDATE message sent back to the mobile host. It also
includes an ESP_INFO parameter with both the OLD SPI and NEW SPI
parameters set to the value of the preexisting incoming SPI and
sends this UPDATE (with piggybacked acknowledgment) to the mobile
host at its new address. This UPDATE also acknowledges the
mobile host's UPDATE that triggered the exchange. The peer host
waits for its UPDATE to be acknowledged, and retransmits if
necessary, as specified in the base specification [RFC7401]. The
peer MAY use the new address immediately, but it MUST limit the
amount of data it sends to the address until address verification
completes.
3. The mobile host completes the readdress by processing the UPDATE
ACK and echoing the nonce in an ECHO_RESPONSE, containing the ACK
of the peer's UPDATE. This UPDATE is not protected by a
retransmission timer because it does not contain a SEQ parameter
requesting acknowledgment. Once the peer host receives this
ECHO_RESPONSE, it considers the new address to be verified and
can put the address into full use.
While the peer host is verifying the new address, the new address is
marked as UNVERIFIED (in the interim), and the old address is
DEPRECATED. Once the peer host has received a correct reply to its
UPDATE challenge, it marks the new address as ACTIVE and removes the
old address.
3.2.2. Mobility with a Single SA Pair (Mobile-Initiated Rekey)
The mobile host may decide to rekey the SAs at the same time that it
notifies the peer of the new address. In this case, the above
procedure described in Figure 3 is slightly modified. The UPDATE
message sent from the mobile host includes an ESP_INFO with the OLD
SPI set to the previous SPI, the NEW SPI set to the desired new SPI
value for the incoming SA, and the KEYMAT Index desired. Optionally,
the host may include a DIFFIE_HELLMAN parameter for a new Diffie-
Hellman key. The peer completes the request for a rekey as is
normally done for HIP rekeying, except that the new address is kept
as UNVERIFIED until the UPDATE nonce challenge is received as
described above. Figure 4 illustrates this scenario.
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Mobile Host Peer Host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, SEQ, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN])
----------------------------------->
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, SEQ, ACK, [DIFFIE_HELLMAN,] ECHO_REQUEST)
<-----------------------------------
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE)
----------------------------------->
Figure 4: Readdress with Mobile-Initiated Rekey
3.2.3. Mobility Messaging through the Rendezvous Server
Section 6.11 of [RFC7401] specifies procedures for sending HIP UPDATE
packets. The UPDATE packets are protected by a timer subject to
exponential backoff and resent UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times. It may be,
however, that the peer is itself in the process of moving when the
local host is trying to update the IP address bindings of the HIP
association. This is sometimes called the "double-jump" mobility
problem; each host's UPDATE packets are simultaneously sent to a
stale address of the peer, and the hosts are no longer reachable from
one another.
The HIP Rendezvous Extension [RFC8004] specifies a rendezvous service
that permits the I1 packet from the base exchange to be relayed from
a stable or well-known public IP address location to the current IP
address of the host. It is possible to support double-jump mobility
with this rendezvous service if the following extensions to the
specifications of [RFC8004] and [RFC7401] are followed.
1. The mobile host sending an UPDATE to the peer, and not receiving
an ACK, MAY resend the UPDATE to an RVS of the peer, if such a
server is known. The host MAY try the RVS of the peer up to
UPDATE_RETRY_MAX times as specified in [RFC7401]. The host MAY
try to use the peer's RVS before it has tried UPDATE_RETRY_MAX
times to the last working address (i.e., the RVS MAY be tried in
parallel with retries to the last working address). The
aggressiveness of a host replicating its UPDATEs to multiple
destinations, to try candidates in parallel instead of serially,
is a policy choice outside of this specification.
2. An RVS supporting the UPDATE forwarding extensions specified
herein MUST modify the UPDATE in the same manner as it modifies
the I1 packet before forwarding. Specifically, it MUST rewrite
the IP header source and destination addresses, recompute the IP
header checksum, and include the FROM and RVS_HMAC parameters.
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3. A host receiving an UPDATE packet MUST be prepared to process the
FROM and RVS_HMAC parameters and MUST include a VIA_RVS parameter
in the UPDATE reply that contains the ACK of the UPDATE SEQ.
4. An Initiator receiving a VIA_RVS in the UPDATE reply should
initiate address reachability tests (described later in this
document) towards the end host's address and not towards the
address included in the VIA_RVS.
This scenario requires that hosts using RVSs also take steps to
update their current address bindings with their RVS upon a mobility
event. [RFC8004] does not specify how to update the RVS with a
client host's new address. Section 3.2 of [RFC8003] describes how a
host may send a REG_REQUEST in either an I2 packet (if there is no
active association) or an UPDATE packet (if such association exists).
According to procedures described in [RFC8003], if a mobile host has
an active registration, it may use mobility updates specified herein,
within the context of that association, to readdress the association.
3.2.4. Network Renumbering
It is expected that IPv6 networks will be renumbered much more often
than most IPv4 networks. From an end-host point of view, network
renumbering is similar to mobility, and procedures described herein
also apply to notify a peer of a changed address.
3.3. Other Considerations
3.3.1. Address Verification
When a HIP host receives a set of locators from another HIP host in a
LOCATOR_SET, it does not necessarily know whether the other host is
actually reachable at the claimed addresses. In fact, a malicious
peer host may be intentionally giving bogus addresses in order to
cause a packet flood towards the target addresses [RFC4225].
Therefore, the HIP host needs to first check that the peer is
reachable at the new address.
Address verification is implemented by the challenger sending some
piece of unguessable information to the new address and waiting for
some acknowledgment from the Responder that indicates reception of
the information at the new address. This may include the exchange of
a nonce or the generation of a new SPI and observation of data
arriving on the new SPI. More details are found in Section 5.4 of
this document.
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An additional potential benefit of performing address verification is
to allow NATs and firewalls in the network along the new path to
obtain the peer host's inbound SPI.
3.3.2. Credit-Based Authorization
CBA allows a host to securely use a new locator even though the
peer's reachability at the address embedded in the locator has not
yet been verified. This is accomplished based on the following three
hypotheses:
1. A flooding attacker typically seeks to somehow multiply the
packets it generates for the purpose of its attack because
bandwidth is an ample resource for many victims.
2. An attacker can often cause unamplified flooding by sending
packets to its victim, either by directly addressing the victim
in the packets or by guiding the packets along a specific path by
means of an IPv6 Routing header, if Routing headers are not
filtered by firewalls.
3. Consequently, the additional effort required to set up a
redirection-based flooding attack (without CBA and return
routability checks) would pay off for the attacker only if
amplification could be obtained this way.
On this basis, rather than eliminating malicious packet redirection
in the first place, CBA prevents amplifications. This is
accomplished by limiting the data a host can send to an unverified
address of a peer by the data recently received from that peer.
Redirection-based flooding attacks thus become less attractive than,
for example, pure direct flooding, where the attacker itself sends
bogus packets to the victim.
Figure 5 illustrates CBA: Host B measures the amount of data recently
received from peer A and, when A readdresses, sends packets to A's
new, unverified address as long as the sum of the packet sizes does
not exceed the measured, received data volume. When insufficient
credit is left, B stops sending further packets to A until A's
address becomes ACTIVE. The address changes may be due to mobility,
multihoming, or any other reason. Not shown in Figure 5 are the
results of credit aging (Section 5.6.2), a mechanism used to dampen
possible time-shifting attacks.
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+-------+ +-------+
| A | | B |
+-------+ +-------+
| |
address |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
ACTIVE | |
|------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
|<-------------------------------| do not change credit
| |
+ address change |
+ address verification starts |
address |<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
UNVERIFIED |------------------------------->| credit += size(packet)
|<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
| |
|<-------------------------------| credit -= size(packet)
| X credit < size(packet)
| | => do not send packet!
+ address verification concludes |
address | |
ACTIVE |<-------------------------------| do not change credit
| |
Figure 5: Readdressing Scenario
This document does not specify how to set the credit limit value, but
the goal is to allow data transfers to proceed without much
interruption while the new address is verified. A simple heuristic
to accomplish this, if the sender knows roughly its round-trip time
(RTT) and current sending rate to the host, is to allow enough credit
to support maintaining the sending rate for a duration corresponding
to two or three RTTs.
3.3.3. Preferred Locator
When a host has multiple locators, the peer host needs to decide
which to use for outbound packets. It may be that a host would
prefer to receive data on a particular inbound interface. HIP allows
a particular locator to be designated as a preferred locator and
communicated to the peer (see Section 4).
4. LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format
The LOCATOR_SET parameter has a type number value that is considered
to be a "critical parameter" as per the definition in [RFC7401]; such
parameter types MUST be recognized and processed by the recipient.
The parameter consists of the standard HIP parameter Type and Length
fields, plus zero or more Locator sub-parameters. Each Locator sub-
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parameter contains a Traffic Type, Locator Type, Locator Length,
preferred locator bit ("P" bit), Locator Lifetime, and a Locator
encoding. A LOCATOR_SET containing zero Locator fields is permitted
but has the effect of deprecating all addresses.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
. .
. .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Traffic Type | Locator Type | Locator Length | Reserved |P|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Locator |
| |
| |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: LOCATOR_SET Parameter Format
Type: 193
Length: Length in octets, excluding Type and Length fields, and
excluding padding.
Traffic Type: Defines whether the locator pertains to HIP signaling,
user data, or both.
Locator Type: Defines the semantics of the Locator field.
Locator Length: Defines the length of the Locator field, in units of
4-byte words (Locators up to a maximum of 4*255 octets are
supported).
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Reserved: Zero when sent, ignored when received.
P: Preferred locator. Set to one if the locator is preferred for
that Traffic Type; otherwise, set to zero.
Locator Lifetime: Lifetime of the locator, in seconds.
Locator: The locator whose semantics and encoding are indicated by
the Locator Type field. All sub-fields of the Locator field are
integral multiples of four octets in length.
The Locator Lifetime (lifetime) indicates how long the following
locator is expected to be valid. The lifetime is expressed in
seconds. Each locator MUST have a non-zero lifetime. The address is
expected to become deprecated when the specified number of seconds
has passed since the reception of the message. A deprecated address
SHOULD NOT be used as a destination address if an alternate
(non-deprecated) is available and has sufficient address scope.
4.1. Traffic Type and Preferred Locator
The following Traffic Type values are defined:
0: Both signaling (HIP control packets) and user data.
1: Signaling packets only.
2: Data packets only.
The "P" bit, when set, has scope over the corresponding Traffic Type.
That is, when a "P" bit is set for Traffic Type "2", for example, it
means that the locator is preferred for data packets. If there is a
conflict (for example, if the "P" bit is set for an address of Type
"0" and a different address of Type "2"), the more specific Traffic
Type rule applies (in this case, "2"). By default, the IP addresses
used in the base exchange are preferred locators for both signaling
and user data, unless a new preferred locator supersedes them. If no
locators are indicated as preferred for a given Traffic Type, the
implementation may use an arbitrary destination locator from the set
of active locators.
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4.2. Locator Type and Locator
The following Locator Type values are defined, along with the
associated semantics of the Locator field:
0: An IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address [RFC4291]
(128 bits long). This Locator Type is defined primarily for
non-ESP-based usage.
1: The concatenation of an ESP SPI (first 32 bits) followed by an
IPv6 address or an IPv4-in-IPv6 format IPv4 address (an
additional 128 bits). This IP address is defined primarily for
ESP-based usage.
4.3. UPDATE Packet with Included LOCATOR_SET
A number of combinations of parameters in an UPDATE packet are
possible (e.g., see Section 3.2). In this document, procedures are
defined only for the case in which one LOCATOR_SET and one ESP_INFO
parameter are used in any HIP packet. Any UPDATE packet that
includes a LOCATOR_SET parameter SHOULD include both an HMAC and a
HIP_SIGNATURE parameter.
The UPDATE MAY also include a HOST_ID parameter (which may be useful
for HIP-aware firewalls inspecting the HIP messages for the first
time). If the UPDATE includes the HOST_ID parameter, the receiving
host MUST verify that the HOST_ID corresponds to the HOST_ID that was
used to establish the HIP association, and the HIP_SIGNATURE MUST
verify with the public key associated with this HOST_ID parameter.
The relationship between the announced Locators and any ESP_INFO
parameters present in the packet is defined in Section 5.2. This
document does not support any elements of procedure for sending more
than one LOCATOR_SET or ESP_INFO parameter in a single UPDATE.
5. Processing Rules
This section describes rules for sending and receiving the
LOCATOR_SET parameter, testing address reachability, and using CBA on
UNVERIFIED locators.
5.1. Locator Data Structure and Status
Each locator announced in a LOCATOR_SET parameter is represented by a
piece of state that contains the following data:
o the actual bit pattern representing the locator,
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o the lifetime (seconds),
o the status (UNVERIFIED, ACTIVE, DEPRECATED),
o the Traffic Type scope of the locator, and
o whether the locator is preferred for any particular scope.
The status is used to track the reachability of the address embedded
within the LOCATOR_SET parameter:
UNVERIFIED: indicates that the reachability of the address has not
been verified yet,
ACTIVE: indicates that the reachability of the address has been
verified and the address has not been deprecated, and
DEPRECATED: indicates that the locator's lifetime has expired.
The following state changes are allowed:
UNVERIFIED to ACTIVE: The reachability procedure completes
successfully.
UNVERIFIED to DEPRECATED: The locator's lifetime expires while the
locator is UNVERIFIED.
ACTIVE to DEPRECATED: The locator's lifetime expires while the
locator is ACTIVE.
ACTIVE to UNVERIFIED: There has been no traffic on the address for
some time, and the local policy mandates that the address
reachability needs to be verified again before starting to use it
again.
DEPRECATED to UNVERIFIED: The host receives a new lifetime for the
locator.
A DEPRECATED address MUST NOT be changed to ACTIVE without first
verifying its reachability.
Note that the state of whether or not a locator is preferred is not
necessarily the same as the value of the preferred bit in the Locator
sub-parameter received from the peer. Peers may recommend certain
locators to be preferred, but the decision on whether to actually use
a locator as a preferred locator is a local decision, possibly
influenced by local policy.
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In addition to state maintained about status and remaining lifetime
for each locator learned from the peer, an implementation would
typically maintain similar state about its own locators that have
been offered to the peer.
A locator lifetime that is unbounded (does not expire) can be
signified by setting the value of the lifetime field to the maximum
(unsigned) value.
Finally, the locators used to establish the HIP association are by
default assumed to be the initial preferred locators in ACTIVE state,
with an unbounded lifetime.
5.2. Sending the LOCATOR_SET
The decision of when to send the LOCATOR_SET is a local policy issue.
However, it is RECOMMENDED that a host send a LOCATOR_SET whenever it
recognizes a change of its IP addresses in use on an active HIP
association and assumes that the change is going to last at least for
a few seconds. Rapidly sending LOCATOR_SETs that force the peer to
change the preferred address SHOULD be avoided.
The sending of a new LOCATOR_SET parameter replaces the locator
information from any previously sent LOCATOR_SET parameter;
therefore, if a host sends a new LOCATOR_SET parameter, it needs to
continue to include all active locators. Hosts MUST NOT announce
broadcast or multicast addresses in LOCATOR_SETs.
We now describe a few cases introduced in Section 3.2. We assume
that the Traffic Type for each locator is set to "0" (other values
for Traffic Type may be specified in documents that separate the HIP
control plane from data-plane traffic). Other mobility cases are
possible but are left for further study.
1. Host mobility with no multihoming and no rekeying. The mobile
host creates a single UPDATE containing a single ESP_INFO with a
single LOCATOR_SET parameter. The ESP_INFO contains the current
value of the SPI in both the OLD SPI and NEW SPI fields. The
LOCATOR_SET contains a single Locator with a Locator Type of "1";
the SPI MUST match that of the ESP_INFO. The preferred bit
SHOULD be set and the "Locator Lifetime" is set according to
local policy. The UPDATE also contains a SEQ parameter as usual.
This packet is retransmitted as defined in the HIP specification
[RFC7401]. The UPDATE should be sent to the peer's preferred IP
address with an IP source address corresponding to the address in
the LOCATOR_SET parameter.
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2. Host mobility with no multihoming but with rekeying. The mobile
host creates a single UPDATE containing a single ESP_INFO with a
single LOCATOR_SET parameter (with a single address). The
ESP_INFO contains the current value of the SPI in the OLD SPI,
the new value of the SPI in the NEW SPI, and a KEYMAT Index as
selected by local policy. Optionally, the host may choose to
initiate a Diffie-Hellman rekey by including a DIFFIE_HELLMAN
parameter. The LOCATOR_SET contains a single Locator with a
Locator Type of "1"; the SPI MUST match that of the NEW SPI in
the ESP_INFO. Otherwise, the steps are identical to the case in
which no rekeying is initiated.
5.3. Handling Received LOCATOR_SETs
A host SHOULD be prepared to receive a single LOCATOR_SET parameter
in a HIP UPDATE packet. Reception of multiple LOCATOR_SET parameters
in a single packet, or in HIP packets other than UPDATE, is outside
of the scope of this specification.
Because a host sending the LOCATOR_SET may send the same parameter in
different UPDATE messages to different destination addresses,
including possibly the RVS of the host, the host receiving the
LOCATOR_SET MUST be prepared to handle the possibility of duplicate
LOCATOR_SETs sent to more than one of the host's addresses. As a
result, the host MUST detect and avoid reprocessing a LOCATOR_SET
parameter that is redundant with a LOCATOR_SET parameter that has
been recently received and processed.
This document describes sending both ESP_INFO and LOCATOR_SET
parameters in an UPDATE. The ESP_INFO parameter is included when
there is a need to rekey or key a new SPI, and is otherwise included
for the possible benefit of HIP-aware NATs and firewalls. The
LOCATOR_SET parameter contains a complete listing of the locators
that the host wishes to make or keep active for the HIP association.
In general, the processing of a LOCATOR_SET depends upon the packet
type in which it is included. Here, we describe only the case in
which ESP_INFO is present and a single LOCATOR_SET and ESP_INFO are
sent in an UPDATE message; other cases are for further study. The
steps below cover each of the cases described in Section 5.2.
The processing of ESP_INFO and LOCATOR_SET parameters is intended to
be modular and support future generalization to the inclusion of
multiple ESP_INFO and/or multiple LOCATOR_SET parameters. A host
SHOULD first process the ESP_INFO before the LOCATOR_SET, since the
ESP_INFO may contain a new SPI value mapped to an existing SPI, while
a Locator Type of "1" will only contain a reference to the new SPI.
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When a host receives a validated HIP UPDATE with a LOCATOR_SET and
ESP_INFO parameter, it processes the ESP_INFO as follows. The
ESP_INFO parameter indicates whether an SA is being rekeyed, created,
deprecated, or just identified for the benefit of HIP-aware NATs and
firewalls. The host examines the OLD SPI and NEW SPI values in the
ESP_INFO parameter:
1. (no rekeying) If the OLD SPI is equal to the NEW SPI and both
correspond to an existing SPI, the ESP_INFO is gratuitous
(provided for HIP-aware NATs and firewalls) and no rekeying is
necessary.
2. (rekeying) If the OLD SPI indicates an existing SPI and the NEW
SPI is a different non-zero value, the existing SA is being
rekeyed and the host follows HIP ESP rekeying procedures by
creating a new outbound SA with an SPI corresponding to the NEW
SPI, with no addresses bound to this SPI. Note that locators in
the LOCATOR_SET parameter will reference this new SPI instead of
the old SPI.
3. (new SA) If the OLD SPI value is zero and the NEW SPI is a new
non-zero value, then a new SA is being requested by the peer.
This case is also treated like a rekeying event; the receiving
host MUST create a new SA and respond with an UPDATE ACK.
4. (deprecating the SA) If the OLD SPI indicates an existing SPI and
the NEW SPI is zero, the SA is being deprecated and all locators
uniquely bound to the SPI are put into the DEPRECATED state.
If none of the above cases apply, a protocol error has occurred and
the processing of the UPDATE is stopped.
Next, the locators in the LOCATOR_SET parameter are processed. For
each locator listed in the LOCATOR_SET parameter, check that the
address therein is a legal unicast or anycast address. That is, the
address MUST NOT be a broadcast or multicast address. Note that some
implementations MAY accept addresses that indicate the local host,
since it may be allowed that the host runs HIP with itself.
The below assumes that all Locators are of Type "1" with a Traffic
Type of "0"; other cases are for further study.
For each Type "1" address listed in the LOCATOR_SET parameter, the
host checks whether the address is already bound to the SPI
indicated. If the address is already bound, its lifetime is updated.
If the status of the address is DEPRECATED, the status is changed to
UNVERIFIED. If the address is not already bound, the address is
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added, and its status is set to UNVERIFIED. Mark all addresses
corresponding to the SPI that were NOT listed in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter as DEPRECATED.
As a result, at the end of processing, the addresses listed in the
LOCATOR_SET parameter have a state of either UNVERIFIED or ACTIVE,
and any old addresses on the old SA not listed in the LOCATOR_SET
parameter have a state of DEPRECATED.
Once the host has processed the locators, if the LOCATOR_SET
parameter contains a new preferred locator, the host SHOULD initiate
a change of the preferred locator. This requires that the host first
verify reachability of the associated address, and only then change
the preferred locator; see Section 5.5.
If a host receives a locator with an unsupported Locator Type, and
when such a locator is also declared to be the preferred locator for
the peer, the host SHOULD send a NOTIFY error with a Notify Message
Type of LOCATOR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED, with the Notification Data field
containing the locator(s) that the receiver failed to process.
Otherwise, a host MAY send a NOTIFY error if a (non-preferred)
locator with an unsupported Locator Type is received in a LOCATOR_SET
parameter.
A host MAY add the source IP address of a received HIP packet as a
candidate locator for the peer even if it is not listed in the peer's
LOCATOR_SET, but it SHOULD prefer locators explicitly listed in the
LOCATOR_SET.
5.4. Verifying Address Reachability
A host MUST verify the reachability of an UNVERIFIED address. The
status of a newly learned address MUST initially be set to UNVERIFIED
unless the new address is advertised in an R1 packet as a new
preferred locator. A host MAY also want to verify the reachability
of an ACTIVE address again after some time, in which case it would
set the status of the address to UNVERIFIED and reinitiate address
verification. A typical verification that is protected by
retransmission timers is to include an ECHO REQUEST within an UPDATE
sent to the new address.
A host typically starts the address-verification procedure by sending
a nonce to the new address. A host MAY choose from different message
exchanges or different nonce values so long as it establishes that
the peer has received and replied to the nonce at the new address.
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For example, when the host is changing its SPI and sending an
ESP_INFO to the peer, the NEW SPI value SHOULD be random and the
random value MAY be copied into an ECHO_REQUEST sent in the rekeying
UPDATE. However, if the host is not changing its SPI, it MAY still
use the ECHO_REQUEST parameter for verification but with some other
random value. A host MAY also use other message exchanges as
confirmation of the address reachability.
In some cases, it MAY be sufficient to use the arrival of data on a
newly advertised SA as implicit address reachability verification as
depicted in Figure 7, instead of waiting for the confirmation via a
HIP packet. In this case, a host advertising a new SPI as part of
its address reachability check SHOULD be prepared to receive traffic
on the new SA.
Mobile Host Peer Host
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, LOCATOR_SET, ...)
---------------------------------->
prepare incoming SA
UPDATE(ESP_INFO, ...) with new SPI
<-----------------------------------
switch to new outgoing SA
data on new SA
----------------------------------->
mark address ACTIVE
UPDATE(ACK, ECHO_RESPONSE) later arrives
----------------------------------->
Figure 7: Address Activation via Use of a New SA
When address verification is in progress for a new preferred locator,
the host SHOULD select a different locator listed as ACTIVE, if one
such locator is available, to continue communications until address
verification completes. Alternatively, the host MAY use the new
preferred locator while in UNVERIFIED status to the extent CBA
permits. CBA is explained in Section 5.6. Once address verification
succeeds, the status of the new preferred locator changes to ACTIVE.
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5.5. Changing the Preferred Locator
A host MAY want to change the preferred outgoing locator for
different reasons, e.g., because traffic information or ICMP error
messages indicate that the currently used preferred address may have
become unreachable. Another reason may be due to receiving a
LOCATOR_SET parameter that has the "P" bit set.
To change the preferred locator, the host initiates the following
procedure:
1. If the new preferred locator has an ACTIVE status, the preferred
locator is changed and the procedure succeeds.
2. If the new preferred locator has an UNVERIFIED status, the host
starts to verify its reachability. The host SHOULD use a
different locator listed as ACTIVE until address verification
completes if one such locator is available. Alternatively, the
host MAY use the new preferred locator, even though in UNVERIFIED
status, to the extent CBA permits. Once address verification
succeeds, the status of the new preferred locator changes to
ACTIVE, and its use is no longer governed by CBA.
3. If the peer host has not indicated a preference for any address,
then the host picks one of the peer's ACTIVE addresses randomly
or according to local policy. This case may arise if, for
example, ICMP error messages that deprecate the preferred locator
arrive, but the peer has not yet indicated a new preferred
locator.
4. If the new preferred locator has a DEPRECATED status and there is
at least one non-deprecated address, the host selects one of the
non-deprecated addresses as a new preferred locator and
continues. If the selected address is UNVERIFIED, the address
verification procedure described above will apply.
5.6. Credit-Based Authorization
To prevent redirection-based flooding attacks, the use of a CBA
approach MUST be used when a host sends data to an UNVERIFIED
locator. The following algorithm addresses the security
considerations for prevention of amplification and time-shifting
attacks. Other forms of credit aging, and other values for the
CreditAgingFactor and CreditAgingInterval parameters in particular,
are for further study, and so are the advanced CBA techniques
specified in [CBA-MIPv6].
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5.6.1. Handling Payload Packets
A host maintains a "credit counter" for each of its peers. Whenever
a packet arrives from a peer, the host SHOULD increase that peer's
credit counter by the size of the received packet. When the host has
a packet to be sent to the peer, and when the peer's preferred
locator is listed as UNVERIFIED and no alternative locator with
status ACTIVE is available, the host checks whether it can send the
packet to the UNVERIFIED locator. The packet SHOULD be sent if the
value of the credit counter is higher than the size of the outbound
packet. If the credit counter is too low, the packet MUST be
discarded or buffered until address verification succeeds. When a
packet is sent to a peer at an UNVERIFIED locator, the peer's credit
counter MUST be reduced by the size of the packet. The peer's credit
counter is not affected by packets that the host sends to an ACTIVE
locator of that peer.
Figure 8 depicts the actions taken by the host when a packet is
received. Figure 9 shows the decision chain in the event a packet is
sent.
Inbound
Packet
|
| +----------------+ +---------------+
| | Increase | | Deliver |
+-----> | credit counter |-------------> | packet to |
| by packet size | | application |
+----------------+ +---------------+
Figure 8: Receiving Packets with Credit-Based Authorization
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Outbound
Packet
| _________________
| / \ +---------------+
| / Is the preferred \ No | Send packet |
+-----> | destination address |-------------> | to preferred |
\ UNVERIFIED? / | address |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| Yes
|
v
_________________
/ \ +---------------+
/ Does an ACTIVE \ Yes | Send packet |
| destination address |-------------> | to ACTIVE |
\ exist? / | address |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| No
|
v
_________________
/ \ +---------------+
/ Is credit counter \ No | |
| >= |-------------> | Drop or |
\ packet size? / | buffer packet |
\_________________/ +---------------+
|
| Yes
|
v
+---------------+ +---------------+
| Reduce credit | | Send packet |
| counter by |----------------> | to preferred |
| packet size | | address |
+---------------+ +---------------+
Figure 9: Sending Packets with Credit-Based Authorization
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5.6.2. Credit Aging
A host ensures that the credit counters it maintains for its peers
gradually decrease over time. Such "credit aging" prevents a
malicious peer from building up credit at a very slow speed and using
this, all at once, for a severe burst of redirected packets.
Credit aging may be implemented by multiplying credit counters with a
factor, CreditAgingFactor (a fractional value less than one), in
fixed-time intervals of CreditAgingInterval length. Choosing
appropriate values for CreditAgingFactor and CreditAgingInterval is
important to ensure that a host can send packets to an address in
state UNVERIFIED even when the peer sends at a lower rate than the
host itself. When CreditAgingFactor or CreditAgingInterval are too
small, the peer's credit counter might be too low to continue sending
packets until address verification concludes.
The parameter values proposed in this document are as follows:
CreditAgingFactor 7/8
CreditAgingInterval 5 seconds
These parameter values work well when the host transfers a file to
the peer via a TCP connection, and the end-to-end round-trip time
does not exceed 500 milliseconds. Alternative credit-aging
algorithms may use other parameter values or different parameters,
which may even be dynamically established.
6. Security Considerations
The HIP mobility mechanism provides a secure means of updating a
host's IP address via HIP UPDATE packets. Upon receipt, a HIP host
cryptographically verifies the sender of an UPDATE, so forging or
replaying a HIP UPDATE packet is very difficult (see [RFC7401]).
Therefore, security issues reside in other attack domains. The two
we consider are malicious redirection of legitimate connections as
well as redirection-based flooding attacks using this protocol. This
can be broken down into the following:
1) Impersonation attacks
- direct conversation with the misled victim
- man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack
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2) Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
- flooding attacks (== bandwidth-exhaustion attacks)
* tool 1: direct flooding
* tool 2: flooding by botnets
* tool 3: redirection-based flooding
- memory-exhaustion attacks
- computational-exhaustion attacks
3) Privacy concerns
We consider these in more detail in the following sections.
In Sections 6.1 and 6.2, we assume that all users are using HIP. In
Section 6.3, we consider the security ramifications when we have both
HIP and non-HIP hosts.
6.1. Impersonation Attacks
An attacker wishing to impersonate another host will try to mislead
its victim into directly communicating with them or carry out a MitM
attack between the victim and the victim's desired communication
peer. Without mobility support, such attacks are possible only if
the attacker resides on the routing path between its victim and the
victim's desired communication peer or if the attacker tricks its
victim into initiating the connection over an incorrect routing path
(e.g., by acting as a router or using spoofed DNS entries).
The HIP extensions defined in this specification change the situation
in that they introduce an ability to redirect a connection, both
before and after establishment. If no precautionary measures are
taken, an attacker could potentially misuse the redirection feature
to impersonate a victim's peer from any arbitrary location. However,
the authentication and authorization mechanisms of the HIP base
exchange [RFC7401] and the signatures in the UPDATE message prevent
this attack. Furthermore, ownership of a HIP association is securely
linked to a HIP HI/HIT. If an attacker somehow uses a bug in the
implementation to redirect a HIP connection, the original owner can
always reclaim their connection (they can always prove ownership of
the private key associated with their public HI).
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MitM attacks are possible if an on-path attacker is present during
the initial HIP base exchange and if the hosts do not authenticate
each other's identities. However, once such an opportunistic base
exchange has taken place, a MitM attacker that comes later to the
path cannot steal the HIP connection because it is very difficult for
an attacker to create an UPDATE packet (or any HIP packet) that will
be accepted as a legitimate update. UPDATE packets use HMAC and are
signed. Even when an attacker can snoop packets to obtain the SPI
and HIT/HI, they still cannot forge an UPDATE packet without
knowledge of the secret keys. Also, replay attacks on the UPDATE
packet are prevented as described in [RFC7401].
6.2. Denial-of-Service Attacks
6.2.1. Flooding Attacks
The purpose of a DoS attack is to exhaust some resource of the victim
such that the victim ceases to operate correctly. A DoS attack can
aim at the victim's network attachment (flooding attack), its memory,
or its processing capacity. In a flooding attack, the attacker
causes an excessive number of bogus or unwanted packets to be sent to
the victim, which fills their available bandwidth. Note that the
victim does not necessarily need to be a node; it can also be an
entire network. The attack functions the same way in either case.
An effective DoS strategy is distributed denial of service (DDoS).
Here, the attacker conventionally distributes some viral software to
as many nodes as possible. Under the control of the attacker, the
infected nodes (e.g., nodes in a botnet) jointly send packets to the
victim. With such an "army", an attacker can take down even very
high bandwidth networks/victims.
With the ability to redirect connections, an attacker could realize a
DDoS attack without having to distribute viral code. Here, the
attacker initiates a large download from a server and subsequently
uses the HIP mobility mechanism to redirect this download to its
victim. The attacker can repeat this with multiple servers. This
threat is mitigated through reachability checks and CBA. When
conducted using HIP, reachability checks can leverage the built-in
authentication properties of HIP. They can also prevent redirection-
based flooding attacks. However, the delay of such a check can have
a noticeable impact on application performance. To reduce the impact
of the delay, CBA can be used to send a limited number of packets to
the new address while the validity of the IP address is still in
question. Both strategies do not eliminate flooding attacks per se,
but they preclude: (i) their use from a location off the path towards
the flooded victim; and (ii) any amplification in the number and size
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of the redirected packets. As a result, the combination of a
reachability check and CBA lowers a HIP redirection-based flooding
attack to the level of a direct flooding attack in which the attacker
itself sends the flooding traffic to the victim.
6.2.2. Memory/Computational-Exhaustion DoS Attacks
We now consider whether or not the proposed extensions to HIP add any
new DoS attacks (consideration of DoS attacks using the base HIP
exchange and updates is discussed in [RFC7401]). A simple attack is
to send many UPDATE packets containing many IP addresses that are not
flagged as preferred. The attacker continues to send such packets
until the number of IP addresses associated with the attacker's HI
crashes the system. Therefore, a HIP association SHOULD limit the
number of IP addresses that can be associated with any HI. Other
forms of memory/computationally exhausting attacks via the HIP UPDATE
packet are handled in the base HIP document [RFC7401].
A central server that has to deal with a large number of mobile
clients MAY consider increasing the SA lifetimes to try to slow down
the rate of rekeying UPDATEs or increasing the cookie difficulty to
slow down the rate of attack-oriented connections.
6.3. Mixed Deployment Environment
We now assume an environment with hosts that are both HIP and non-HIP
aware. Four cases exist:
1. A HIP host redirects its connection onto a non-HIP host. The
non-HIP host will drop the reachability packet, so this is not a
threat unless the HIP host is a MitM that could somehow respond
successfully to the reachability check.
2. A non-HIP host attempts to redirect their connection onto a HIP
host. This falls into IPv4 and IPv6 security concerns, which are
outside the scope of this document.
3. A non-HIP host attempts to steal a HIP host's session (assume
that Secure Neighbor Discovery is not active for the following).
The non-HIP host contacts the service that a HIP host has a
connection with and then attempts to change its IP address to
steal the HIP host's connection. What will happen in this case
is implementation dependent, but such a request should fail by
being ignored or dropped. Even if the attack were successful,
the HIP host could reclaim its connection via HIP.
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4. A HIP host attempts to steal a non-HIP host's session. A HIP
host could spoof the non-HIP host's IP address during the base
exchange or set the non-HIP host's IP address as its preferred
address via an UPDATE. Other possibilities exist, but a solution
is to prevent the local redirection of sessions that were
previously using an unverified address, but outside of the
existing HIP context, into the HIP SAs until the address change
can be verified.
6.4. Privacy Concerns
The exposure of a host's IP addresses through HIP mobility extensions
may raise privacy concerns. The administrator of a host may be
trying to hide its location in some context through the use of a VPN
or other virtual interfaces. Similar privacy issues also arise in
other frameworks such as WebRTC and are not specific to HIP.
Implementations SHOULD provide a mechanism to allow the host
administrator to block the exposure of selected addresses or address
ranges. While this issue may be more relevant in a host multihoming
scenario in which multiple IP addresses might be exposed [RFC8047],
it is worth noting also here that mobility events might cause an
implementation to try to inadvertently use a locator that the
administrator would rather avoid exposing to the peer host.
7. IANA Considerations
[RFC5206], obsoleted by this document, specified an allocation for a
LOCATOR parameter in the "Parameter Types" subregistry of the "Host
Identity Protocol (HIP) Parameters" registry, with a type value of
193. IANA has renamed the parameter to "LOCATOR_SET" and has updated
the reference from [RFC5206] to this specification.
[RFC5206], obsoleted by this document, specified an allocation for a
LOCATOR_TYPE_UNSUPPORTED type in the "Notify Message Types" registry,
with a type value of 46. IANA has updated the reference from
[RFC5206] to this specification.
8. Differences from RFC 5206
This section summarizes the technical changes made from [RFC5206].
This section is informational, intended to help implementors of the
previous protocol version. If any text in this section contradicts
text in other portions of this specification, the text found outside
of this section should be considered normative.
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This document specifies extensions to the HIP Version 2 protocol,
while [RFC5206] specifies extensions to the HIP Version 1 protocol.
[RFC7401] documents the differences between these two protocol
versions.
[RFC5206] included procedures for both HIP host mobility and basic
host multihoming. In this document, only host mobility procedures
are included; host multihoming procedures are now specified in
[RFC8047]. In particular, multihoming-related procedures related to
the exposure of multiple locators in the base exchange packets; the
transmission, reception, and processing of multiple locators in a
single UPDATE packet; handovers across IP address families; and other
multihoming-related specifications have been removed.
The following additional changes have been made:
o The LOCATOR parameter in [RFC5206] has been renamed to
LOCATOR_SET.
o Specification text regarding the handling of mobility when both
hosts change IP addresses at nearly the same time (a "double-jump"
mobility scenario) has been added.
o Specification text regarding the mobility event in which the host
briefly has an active new locator and old locator at the same time
(a "make-before-break" mobility scenario) has been added.
o Specification text has been added to note that a host may add the
source IP address of a received HIP packet as a candidate locator
for the peer even if it is not listed in the peer's LOCATOR_SET,
but that it should prefer locators explicitly listed in the
LOCATOR_SET.
o This document clarifies that the HOST_ID parameter may be included
in UPDATE messages containing LOCATOR_SET parameters, for the
possible benefit of HIP-aware firewalls.
o The previous specification mentioned that it may be possible to
include multiple LOCATOR_SET and ESP_INFO parameters in an UPDATE.
This document only specifies the case of a single LOCATOR_SET and
ESP_INFO parameter in an UPDATE.
o The previous specification mentioned that it may be possible to
send LOCATOR_SET parameters in packets other than the UPDATE.
This document only specifies the use of the UPDATE packet.
o This document describes a simple heuristic for setting the credit
value for CBA.
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o This specification mandates that a host must be able to receive
and avoid reprocessing redundant LOCATOR_SET parameters that may
have been sent in parallel to multiple addresses of the host.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4291] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.
[RFC7401] Moskowitz, R., Ed., Heer, T., Jokela, P., and T.
Henderson, "Host Identity Protocol Version 2 (HIPv2)",
RFC 7401, DOI 10.17487/RFC7401, April 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7401>.
[RFC7402] Jokela, P., Moskowitz, R., and J. Melen, "Using the
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Transport Format with
the Host Identity Protocol (HIP)", RFC 7402,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7402, April 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7402>.
[RFC8003] Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Registration Extension", RFC 8003, DOI 10.17487/RFC8003,
October 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8003>.
[RFC8004] Laganier, J. and L. Eggert, "Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Rendezvous Extension", RFC 8004, DOI 10.17487/RFC8004,
October 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8004>.
9.2. Informative References
[CBA-MIPv6]
Vogt, C. and J. Arkko, "Credit-Based Authorization for
Mobile IPv6 Early Binding Updates", Work in Progress,
draft-vogt-mobopts-credit-based-authorization-00, February
2005.
[RFC4225] Nikander, P., Arkko, J., Aura, T., Montenegro, G., and E.
Nordmark, "Mobile IP Version 6 Route Optimization Security
Design Background", RFC 4225, DOI 10.17487/RFC4225,
December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4225>.
Henderson, et al. Standards Track [Page 35]
RFC 8046 HIP Host Mobility February 2017
[RFC5206] Nikander, P., Henderson, T., Ed., Vogt, C., and J. Arkko,
"End-Host Mobility and Multihoming with the Host Identity
Protocol", RFC 5206, DOI 10.17487/RFC5206, April 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5206>.
[RFC5207] Stiemerling, M., Quittek, J., and L. Eggert, "NAT and
Firewall Traversal Issues of Host Identity Protocol (HIP)
Communication", RFC 5207, DOI 10.17487/RFC5207, April
2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5207>.
[RFC8047] Henderson, T., Ed., Vogt, C., and J. Arkko, "Host
Multihoming with the Host Identity Protocol", RFC 8047,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8047, February 2017,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8047>.
[SIMPLE-CBA]
Vogt, C. and J. Arkko, "Credit-Based Authorization for
Concurrent Reachability Verification", Work in Progress,
draft-vogt-mobopts-simple-cba-00, February 2006.
Acknowledgments
Pekka Nikander and Jari Arkko originated this document; Christian
Vogt and Thomas Henderson (editor) later joined as coauthors. Greg
Perkins contributed the initial text of the security section. Petri
Jokela was a coauthor of the initial individual submission.
CBA was originally introduced in [SIMPLE-CBA], and portions of this
document have been adopted from that earlier document.
The authors thank Jeff Ahrenholz, Baris Boyvat, Rene Hummen, Miika
Komu, Mika Kousa, Jan Melen, and Samu Varjonen for improvements to
the document.
Henderson, et al. Standards Track [Page 36]
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Authors' Addresses
Thomas R. Henderson (editor)
University of Washington
Campus Box 352500
Seattle, WA
United States of America
Email: tomhend@u.washington.edu
Christian Vogt
Independent
3473 North First Street
San Jose, CA 95134
United States of America
Email: mail@christianvogt.net
Jari Arkko
Ericsson
Jorvas, FIN-02420
Finland
Phone: +358 40 5079256
Email: jari.arkko@piuha.net
Henderson, et al. Standards Track [Page 37]
ERRATA
