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Security COSE Internet-Draft This specification defines hybrid public-key encryption (HPKE) for use with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE). HPKE offers a variant of public-key encryption of arbitrary-sized plaintexts for a recipient public key. HPKE is a general encryption framework utilizing an asymmetric key encapsulation mechanism (KEM), a key derivation function (KDF), and an Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithm. This document defines the use of HPKE with COSE. Authentication for HPKE in COSE is provided by COSE-native security mechanisms or by the pre-shared key authenticated variant of HPKE.

Introduction Hybrid public-key encryption (HPKE) is a scheme that provides public key encryption of arbitrary-sized plaintexts given a recipient's public key. This document defines the use of the HPKE with COSE (, ).

Conventions and Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. This specification uses the following abbreviations and terms: Content-encryption key (CEK), a term defined in CMS . Hybrid Public Key Encryption (HPKE) is defined in . pkR is the public key of the recipient, as defined in . skR is the private key of the recipient, as defined in . Key Encapsulation Mechanism (KEM), see . Key Derivation Function (KDF), see . Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD), see . Additional Authenticated Data (AAD), see .

HPKE for COSE

Overview This specification supports two modes of HPKE in COSE, namely HPKE Integrated Encryption mode, where HPKE is used to encrypt the plaintext. This mode can only be used with a single recipient. provides the details. HPKE Key Encryption mode, where HPKE is used to encrypt a content encryption key (CEK) and the CEK is subsequently used to encrypt the plaintext. This mode supports multiple recipients. provides the details. In both cases, a new COSE header parameter called 'ek' is used to convey the content of the enc structure defined in the HPKE specification. The enc value represents the serialized encapsulated public key. When used with HPKE, the 'ek' header parameter MUST be present in the unprotected header and MUST contain the encapsulated key, which is the output of the HPKE KEM. The value of 'ek' MUST be a bstr. For all modes, the HPKE info parameter defaults to the empty string; mutually known private information MAY be used instead. The concept of mutually known private information is defined in as an input to the key derivation function. HPKE defines several authentication modes, as described in Table 1 of . In COSE HPKE, only 'mode_base' and 'mode_psk' are supported. The mode is 'mode_psk' if the 'psk_id' header parameter is present; otherwise, the mode defaults to 'mode_base'. 'mode_base' is described in Section 5.1.1 of , which only enables encryption to the holder of a given KEM private key. 'mode_psk' is described in Section 5.1.2 of , which authenticates using a pre-shared key.

HPKE Integrated Encryption Mode This mode applies if the COSE_Encrypt0 structure uses a COSE-HPKE algorithm and has no recipient structure(s). Because COSE-HPKE supports header protection, if the 'alg' parameter is present, it MUST be included in the protected header and MUST be a COSE-HPKE algorithm. Although the use of the 'kid' parameter in COSE_Encrypt0 is discouraged by RFC 9052, this document RECOMMENDS the use of the 'kid' parameter (or other parameters) to explicitly identify the static recipient public key used by the sender. If the COSE_Encrypt0 structure includes a 'kid' parameter, the recipient MAY use it to select the corresponding private key. When encrypting, the inputs to the HPKE Seal operation are set as follows: kem_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. pkR: The recipient public key, converted into an HPKE public key. kdf_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. aead_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. info: Defaults to the empty string; mutually known private information MAY be used instead. aad: Canonical encoding of the Recipient_structure. pt: The raw message plaintext. The outputs are used as follows: enc: MUST be placed raw into the 'ek' (encapsulated key) parameter in the unprotected bucket. ct: MUST be used as layer ciphertext. If not using detached content, this is directly placed as ciphertext in COSE_Encrypt0 structure. Otherwise, it is transported separately and the ciphertext field is nil. See Section 5 of for a description of detached payloads. If 'mode_psk' has been selected, then the 'psk_id' parameter MUST be present. If 'mode_base' has been chosen, then the 'psk_id' parameter MUST NOT be present. When decrypting, the inputs to the HPKE Open operation are set as follows: kem_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. skR: The recipient private key, converted into an HPKE private key. kdf_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. aead_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. info: Defaults to the empty string; mutually known private information MAY be used instead. aad: Canonical encoding of the Recipient_structure. enc: The contents of the layer 'ek' parameter. ct: The contents of the layer ciphertext. The plaintext output is the raw message plaintext. The COSE_Encrypt0 MAY be tagged or untagged. An example is shown in .

HPKE Key Encryption Mode This mode is selected if the COSE_recipient structure uses a COSE-HPKE algorithm. In this approach the following layers are involved: Layer 0 (corresponding to the COSE_Encrypt structure) contains the content (plaintext) encrypted with the CEK. This ciphertext may be detached, and if not detached, then it is included in the COSE_Encrypt structure. Layer 1 (corresponding to a recipient structure) contains parameters needed for HPKE to generate a shared secret used to encrypt the CEK. This layer conveys the encrypted CEK in the COSE_recipient structure using a COSE-HPKE algorithm. The unprotected header MAY contain the kid parameter to identify the static recipient public key that the sender has been using with HPKE. This two-layer structure is used to encrypt content that can also be shared with multiple parties at the expense of a single additional encryption operation. As stated above, the specification uses a CEK to encrypt the content at layer 0.

Recipient Encryption This section describes the Recipient_structure. It serves instead of COSE_KDF_Context for COSE-HPKE recipients (and possibly other COSE algorithms defined outside this document). It MUST be used for COSE-HPKE recipients as it provides the protection for recipient-protected headers. It is patterned after the Enc_structure in , but is specifically for a COSE_recipient, never a COSE_Encrypt. The COSE_KDF_Context MUST NOT be used in COSE-HPKE.

"next_layer_alg" is the algorithm ID of the COSE layer for which the COSE_recipient is encrypting a key. It is the algorithm that the key MUST be used with. This value MUST match the alg parameter in the next lower COSE layer. (This serves the same purpose as the alg ID in the COSE_KDF_Context. It also mitigates attacks where a where the attacker manipulates the content-encryption algorithm identifier. This attack has been demonstrated against CMS and the mitigation can be found in . "recipient_protected_header" contains the protected headers from the COSE_recipient CBOR-encoded deterministically with the "Core Deterministic Encoding Requirements", specified in Section 4.2.1 of RFC 8949 . "recipient_aad" contains any additional context the application wishes to protect. If none, it is a zero-length string. This is distinct from the external_aad for the whole COSE_Encrypt. It is per recipient. Since it is not a header, it may be secret data that is not transmitted. It provides a means to convey many of the fields in COSE_KDF_Context.

COSE-HPKE Recipient Construction Because COSE-HPKE supports header protection, if the 'alg' parameter is present, it MUST be in the protected header and MUST be a COSE-HPKE algorithm. The unprotected header MAY contain the kid parameter to identify the static recipient public key that the sender used. Use of the 'kid' parameter is RECOMMENDED to explicitly identify the static recipient public key used by the sender. When encrypting, the inputs to the HPKE Seal operation are set as follows: kem_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. pkR: The recipient public key, converted into HPKE public key. kdf_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. aead_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. info: Defaults to the empty string; mutually known private information MAY be used instead. aad: Canonical encoding of the Recipient_structure. pt: The raw key for the next layer down. The outputs are used as follows: enc: MUST be placed raw into the 'ek' (encapsulated key) parameter in the unprotected bucket. ct: MUST be placed raw in the ciphertext field in the COSE_recipient. When decrypting, the inputs to the HPKE Open operation are set as follows: kem_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. skR: The recipient private key, converted into HPKE private key. kdf_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. aead_id: Depends on the COSE-HPKE algorithm used. info: Defaults to the empty string; mutually known private information MAY be used instead. aad: Canonical encoding of the Recipient_structure. enc: The contents of the layer 'ek' parameter. ct: The contents of the layer ciphertext field. The plaintext output is the raw key for the next layer down. It is not necessary to fill in recipient_aad as HPKE itself covers the attacks that recipient_aad (and COSE_KDF_Context (and SP800-56A)) are used to mitigate. COSE-HPKE use cases may use it for any purpose they wish, but it should generally be for small identifiers, context or secrets, not to protect bulk external data. Bulk external data should be protected at layer 0 with external_aad. The COSE_recipient structure is repeated for each recipient. When encrypting the content at layer 0, the instructions in MUST be followed, including the calculation of the authenticated data structure. An example is shown in .

Key Representation The COSE_Key with the existing key types can be used to represent KEM private or public keys. When using a COSE_Key for COSE-HPKE, the following checks are made: If the "kty" field is "AKP", then the public and private keys SHALL be the raw HPKE public and private keys (respectively) for the KEM used by the algorithm. Otherwise, the key MUST be suitable for the KEM used by the algorithm. In case the "kty" parameter is "EC2" or "OKP", this means the value of "crv" parameter is suitable. The valid combinations of KEM, "kty" and "crv" for the algorithms defined in this document are shown in . If the "key_ops" field is present, it MUST include only "derive bits" for the private key and MUST be empty for the public key. Examples of the COSE_Key for COSE-HPKE are shown in .

Ciphersuite Registration A ciphersuite is a group of algorithms, often sharing component algorithms such as hash functions, targeting a security level. A COSE-HPKE algorithm is composed of the following choices: HPKE Mode KEM Algorithm KDF Algorithm AEAD Algorithm The "KEM", "KDF", and "AEAD" values are chosen from the HPKE IANA registry . The HPKE mode is determined by the presence or absence of the 'psk_id' parameter and is therefore not explicitly indicated in the ciphersuite. For a list of ciphersuite registrations, please see . The following table summarizes the relationship between the ciphersuites registered in this document and the values registered in the HPKE IANA registry .

The following list maps the ciphersuite labels to their textual description. HPKE-0: DHKEM(P-256, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, HKDF-SHA256 KDF and AES-128-GCM AEAD. HPKE-1: DHKEM(P-384, HKDF-SHA384) KEM, HKDF-SHA384 KDF, and AES-256-GCM AEAD. HPKE-2: DHKEM(P-521, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and AES-256-GCM AEAD. HPKE-3: DHKEM(X25519, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, HKDF-SHA256 KDF, and AES-128-GCM AEAD. HPKE-4: DHKEM(X25519, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, HKDF-SHA256 KDF, and ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD. HPKE-5: DHKEM(X448, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and AES-256-GCM AEAD. HPKE-6: DHKEM(X448, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD. As the list indicates, the ciphersuite labels have been abbreviated at least to some extent to strike a balance between readability and length. The ciphersuite list above is a minimal starting point. Additional ciphersuites can be registered into the already existing registry. For example, once post-quantum cryptographic algorithms have been standardized it might be beneficial to register ciphersuites for use with COSE-HPKE. Additionally, ciphersuites utilizing the compact encoding of the public keys, as defined in , may be standardized for use in constrained environments. As a guideline for ciphersuite submissions to the IANA COSE algorithm registry, the designated experts must only register combinations of (KEM, KDF, AEAD) triple that constitute valid combinations for use with HPKE, the KDF used should (if possible) match one internally used by the KEM, and components should not be mixed between global and national standards.

COSE_Keys for COSE-HPKE Ciphersuites The COSE-HPKE algorithm uniquely determines the KEM for which a COSE_Key is used. The following mapping table shows the valid combinations of the KEM used, COSE_Key type, and its curve/key subtype.

Examples This section provides a set of examples that show all COSE message types (COSE_Encrypt0, COSE_Encrypt and COSE_Mac) to which the COSE-HPKE can be applied, and also provides some examples of key representation for HPKE KEM. Each example of the COSE message includes the following information that can be used to check the interoperability of COSE-HPKE implementations: plaintext: Original data of the encrypted payload. external_aad: Externally supplied AAD. skR: A recipient private key. skE: An ephemeral sender private key paired with the encapsulated key.

HPKE Integrated Encryption Mode This example assumes that a sender wants to communicate an encrypted payload to a single recipient in the most efficient way. An example of the HPKE Integrated Encryption Mode is shown in . Line breaks and comments have been inserted for better readability. This example uses the following: alg: HPKE-0 plaintext: "This is the content." external_aad: "COSE-HPKE app" skR: h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db6090308507b4d3' skE: h'42dd125eefc409c3b57366e721a40043fb5a58e346d51c133128a77237160218'

HPKE Key Encryption Mode In this example we assume that a sender wants to transmit a payload to two recipients using the HPKE Key Encryption mode. Note that it is possible to send two single-layer payloads, although it will be less efficient.

COSE_Encrypt An example of the COSE_Encrypt structure using the HPKE scheme is shown in . Line breaks and comments have been inserted for better readability. This example uses the following: TODO: recompute this for Recipient_structure Encryption alg: AES-128-GCM plaintext: "This is the content." detached ciphertext: h'cc168c4e148c52a83010a75250935a47ccb8682deebcef8fce5d60c161e849f53a2dc664' kid:"01" alg: HPKE-0 external_aad: "COSE-HPKE app" skR: h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db6090308507b4d3' skE: h'97ad883f949f4cdcb1301b9446950efd4eb519e16c4a3d78304eec832692f9f6' kid:"02" alg: HPKE-4 external_aad: "COSE-HPKE app" skR: h'bec275a17e4d362d0819dc0695d89a73be6bf94b66ab726ae0b1afe3c43f41ce' skE: h'b8ed3f4df56c230e36fa6620a47f24d08856d242ea547c5521ff7bd69af8fd6f'

To offer authentication of the sender the payload in is signed with a COSE_Sign1 wrapper, which is outlined in . The payload in is meant to contain the content of .

COSE_Mac An example of the COSE_Mac structure using the HPKE scheme is shown in . This example uses the following: MAC alg: HMAC 256/256 payload: "This is the content." kid:"01" alg: HPKE-0 external_aad: "COSE-HPKE app" skR: h'57c92077664146e876760c9520d054aa93c3afb04e306705db6090308507b4d3' skE: h'e5dd9472b5807636c95be0ba2575020ba91cbb3561b52be141da89678c664307' kid:"02" alg: HPKE-4 external_aad: "COSE-HPKE app" skR: h'bec275a17e4d362d0819dc0695d89a73be6bf94b66ab726ae0b1afe3c43f41ce' skE: h'78a49d7af71b5244498e943f361aa0250184afc48b8098a68ae97ccd2cd7e56f'

Key Representation Examples of private and public KEM key representation are shown below.

KEM Public Key for HPKE-0

KEM Private Key for HPKE-0

KEM Public Key for HPKE-4

Security Considerations This specification is based on HPKE and the security considerations of are therefore applicable also to this specification. Both HPKE and HPKE COSE assume that the sender possesses the recipient's public key. Therefore, some form of public key distribution mechanism is assumed to exist, but this is outside the scope of this document. HPKE relies on a source of randomness to be available on the device. Additionally, with the two layer structure the CEK is randomly generated and it MUST be ensured that the guidelines in for random number generation are followed. HPKE in Base mode does not offer authentication as part of the HPKE KEM. In this case COSE constructs like COSE_Sign, COSE_Sign1, COSE_Mac, or COSE_Mac0 can be used to add authentication. If COSE_Encrypt or COSE_Encrypt0 is used with a detached ciphertext then the subsequently applied integrity protection via COSE_Sign, COSE_Sign1, COSE_Mac, or COSE_Mac0 does not cover this detached ciphertext. Implementers MUST ensure that the detached ciphertext also experiences integrity protection. This is, for example, the case when an AEAD cipher is used to produce the detached ciphertext but may not be guaranteed by non-AEAD ciphers.

IANA Considerations This document requests IANA to add new values to the 'COSE Algorithms' and to the 'COSE Header Parameters' registries.

COSE Algorithms Registry

HPKE-0 Name: HPKE-0 Value: TBD1 (Assumed: 35) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(P-256, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, the HKDF-SHA256 KDF and the AES-128-GCM AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-1 Name: HPKE-1 Value: TBD3 (Assumed: 37) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(P-384, HKDF-SHA384) KEM, the HKDF-SHA384 KDF, and the AES-256-GCM AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-2 Name: HPKE-2 Value: TBD5 (Assumed: 39) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(P-521, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, the HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and the AES-256-GCM AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-3 Name: HPKE-3 Value: TBD7 (Assumed: 41) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(X25519, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, the HKDF-SHA256 KDF, and the AES-128-GCM AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-4 Name: HPKE-4 Value: TBD8 (Assumed: 42) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(X25519, HKDF-SHA256) KEM, the HKDF-SHA256 KDF, and the ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-5 Name: HPKE-5 Value: TBD9 (Assumed: 43) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(X448, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, the HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and the AES-256-GCM AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

HPKE-6 Name: HPKE-6 Value: TBD10 (Assumed: 44) Description: Cipher suite for COSE-HPKE in Base Mode that uses the DHKEM(X448, HKDF-SHA512) KEM, the HKDF-SHA512 KDF, and the ChaCha20Poly1305 AEAD. Capabilities: [kty] Change Controller: IESG Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]] Recommended: Yes

COSE Header Parameters

ek Header Parameter Name: ek Label: TBDX (Assumed: -4) Value type: bstr Value Registry: N/A Description: HPKE encapsulated key Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]]

psk_id Header Parameter Name: psk_id Label: TBDX (Assumed: -5) Value type: bstr Value Registry: N/A Description: A key identifier (kid) for the pre-shared key as defined in Reference: [[TBD: This RFC]]

In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. This document describes a scheme for hybrid public key encryption (HPKE). This scheme provides a variant of public key encryption of arbitrary-sized plaintexts for a recipient public key. It also includes three authenticated variants, including one that authenticates possession of a pre-shared key and two optional ones that authenticate possession of a key encapsulation mechanism (KEM) private key. HPKE works for any combination of an asymmetric KEM, key derivation function (KDF), and authenticated encryption with additional data (AEAD) encryption function. Some authenticated variants may not be supported by all KEMs. We provide instantiations of the scheme using widely used and efficient primitives, such as Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) key agreement, HMAC-based key derivation function (HKDF), and SHA2. This document is a product of the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) in the IRTF. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need to be able to define basic security services for this data format. This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol. This specification describes how to create and process signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to represent cryptographic keys using CBOR. This document, along with RFC 9053, obsoletes RFC 8152. Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need to be able to define basic security services for this data format. This document defines a set of algorithms that can be used with the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol (RFC 9052). This document, along with RFC 9052, obsoletes RFC 8152. The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include the possibility of extremely small code size, fairly small message size, and extensibility without the need for version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 and MessagePack. This document obsoletes RFC 7049, providing editorial improvements, new details, and errata fixes while keeping full compatibility with the interchange format of RFC 7049. It does not create a new version of the format. Randomness is a crucial ingredient for Transport Layer Security (TLS) and related security protocols. Weak or predictable "cryptographically secure" pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNGs) can be abused or exploited for malicious purposes. An initial entropy source that seeds a CSPRNG might be weak or broken as well, which can also lead to critical and systemic security problems. This document describes a way for security protocol implementations to augment their CSPRNGs using long-term private keys. This improves randomness from broken or otherwise subverted CSPRNGs. This document is a product of the Crypto Forum Research Group (CFRG) in the IRTF. This document describes the Cryptographic Message Syntax. This syntax is used to digitally sign, digest, authenticate, or encrypt arbitrary messages. [STANDARDS-TRACK] Hewlett-Packard Enterprise This document describes enhancements to the Hybrid Public Key Encryption standard published by CFRG. These include use of "compact representation" of relevant public keys, support for key-wrapping, and two ways to address the use of HPKE on lossy networks: a determinstic, nonce-less AEAD scheme, and use of a rolling sequence number with existing AEAD schemes. Vigil Security, LLC This document specifies the derivation of the content-encryption key or the content-authenticated-encryption key in the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) using HMAC-based Extract-and-Expand Key Derivation Function (HKDF) with SHA-256. The use of this mechanism provides protection against where the attacker manipulates the content-encryption algorithm identifier or the content-authenticated- encryption algorithm identifier. IANA National Institute of Standards and Technology

Contributors We would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions to the design of embedding the HPKE output into the COSE structure following a long and lively mailing list discussion: Richard Barnes Ilari Liusvaara Finally, we would like to thank Russ Housley and Brendan Moran for their contributions to the draft as co-authors of initial versions.

Acknowledgements We would like to thank Michael B. Jones, John Mattsson, Mike Prorock, Michael Richardson, Thomas Fossati, and Göran Selander for their review feedback.